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1. Back to forests in pre-Saharan Morocco? When prickly pear cultivation and traditional agropastoralism reduction promote argan tree regeneration

Author

Genin, Miguel, Alifriqui, Mohamed, Fakhech, Abdessamad, Hafidi, Mohamed, Ouahmane, Lahcen, and Genin, Didier

Subjects
Forestry, SD1-669.5
Abstract

In the southwestern pre-Saharan arid zone of Morocco, the endemic argan forest () had been almost completely destroyed in the 1960s due to intensive coal mining and mixed cereal-livestock farming. These activities turned out to be unviable and a massive rural exodus occurred in the 1970s. Local populations started to develop maintenance-free prickly pear () cultivation at large scale in order to keep their land ownership rights, while reducing their traditional agropastoral activity. We conducted a survey in order to characterize the relationships between the age of prickly pear orchards and argan tree regeneration. We also explored facilitating factors, such as soil organic matter and mycorrhiza. Results showed a high positive correlation (râ=â0.75, pâ

Published
2017
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9. Traditional Pollarding Practices for Dimorphic Ash Tree (Fraxinus dimorpha) Support Soil Fertility in the Moroccan High Atlas

Author

Fakhech, Abdessamad, Genin, Didier, Ait-El-Mokhtar, Mohamed, Outamamat, El, M’sou, Soufiane, Alifriqui, Mohamed, Meddich, Abdelilah, Hafidi, Mohamed, Outamamat, El Mustapha, Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire Population-Environnement-Développement (LPED), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), and ANR-12-TMED-0001,MED-INN-LOCAL,Innovations autour de la valorisation des spécificités locales dans les arrière-pays méditerranéens(2012)

Subjects
soil chemical characteristics, traditional ecological knowledge, Fraxinus dimorpha, mycorrhizal attributes, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, agroforest, anastomosis
Abstract

International audience; Shaping and pollarding of dimorphic ash tree (Fraxinus dimorpha) are two traditional practices used by the local inhabitants in agropastoral parklands of the Moroccan High Atlas to secure their production systems and increase tree production and strength. This study focused on assessing the impact of these practices on soil quality. Abiotic parameters and mycorrhizal attributes of the samples of four soil types related to different ash tree morphotypes were assessed and compared. Rhizospheric soils (Rs) of three F. dimorpha morphotypes were sampled: trees regularly pollarded and shaped for stem anastomosis (An), regularly pollarded multistemmed trees (Na), and multistemmed trees belonging to a public forest under national forestry service management and sporadically illegally pollarded (Fo). The fourth soil was a non-Rs found in bare soils, which represented the control (Nr). Results showed a sizable difference between An soil properties and the other soil types ones, with significantly higher phosphorus (×6), nitrogen (×5), and carbon (×2) levels and higher mycorrhizal (×6) status than Nr soil, and showed 37% more mycorrhization intensity than Fo. Na showed intermediary levels between An and Fo. Fo had ×2 P, ×3 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), 58% more Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content, and twice the spore density compared with Nr. It is concluded that shaping and pollarding have a positive impact on the soil characteristics of the studied species and could make a useful contribution to sound agroforest management schemes.

Published
2020
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10. Sub-chapter 2.4.1. Mediterranean forests, biocultural heritage and climate change

Author

Gauquelin, Thierry, Michon, Geneviève, Joffre, Richard, Duponnois, Robin, Genin, Didier, Fady, Bruno, Bou Dagher, Magda, Derridj, Arezki, Slimani, Said, Badri, Wadi, Alifriqui, Mohamed, Auclair, Laurent, Simenel, Romain, Aderghal, Mohamed, Baudoin, Ezekiel, Galiana, Antoine, Prin, Yves, Sanguin, Hervé, Fernandez, Catherine, and Baldy, Virginie

Abstract

Mediterranean forests, unique ecosystems? A Mediterranean forest is defined as a forest growing under a Mediterranean climate characterized by a marked rainfall deficit in summer that causes the vegetation stress (Gauquelin 2011). Forests in the Mediterranean basin cover more than 48.2 million ha of which 35 million are located in southern Europe, 8.8 million ha in the Middle East and 4.4 million ha in North Africa (adapted from Quézel and Médail 2003; Fady and Médail 2004). The seasonality o...

Published
2018

11. The Mediterranean region under climate change

Author

A. Osman, Mona, Aboul-Naga, Adel, Adallal, Rachid, Aderghal, Mohamed, Afif, Charbel, Alary, Véronique, Alifriqui, Mohamed, Alkama, Rezak, Alleaume, Samuel, Alpert, Pinhas, Ancona, Carla, Annabi, Mohamed, Annesi-Maesano, Isabella, Anquetin, Sandrine, Ardilouze, Constantin, Auclair, Laurent, Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Yildiz, Azuara, Julien, B. Nicolas, José, Badri, Wadi, Bailly, Alicia, Baldy, Virginie, Bard, Edouard, Barouki, Robert, Barre, Philippe, Bassetti, Maria-Angela, Batté, Lauriane, Baudoin, Ezekiel, Beekmann, Matthias, Belhimer, Ammar, Benaïssa, Fatima, Benedetti, Fabio, Benjelloun, Badr, Benkaddour, Abdel, Ben Rais Lasram, Frida, Bergametti, Gilles, Berger, Jean-François, Bernoux, Martial, Beveren, Elisabeth Van, Bissonnais, Yves Le, Blanchet, Juliette, Blanfuné, Aurélie, Boissard, Christophe, Bonnet, Pascal, Boone, Aaron, Borbon, Agnès, Borga, Marco, Boudevillain, Brice, Bouet, Christel, Boulet, Gilles, Bounouara, Zohra, Bou Dagher, Magda, Brahim, Nadhem, Bras, Jean-Philippe, Braud, Isabelle, Briche, Elodie, Brousseau, Pierre, Cardinael, Rémi, Carozza, Jean-Michel, Carozza, Laurent, Cavicchia, Leone, Chapron, Emmanuel, Charef, Mohamed, Charki, Abderafi, Chenu, Claire, Chevallier, Tiphaine, Chiraz, Belhadj Kheder, Chotte, Jean-Luc, Colette, Augustin, Coll, Marta, Combourieu-Nebout, Nathalie, Coppola, Erika, Costes, Evelyne, Cournac, Laurent, Courp, Thierry, Cozannet, Gonéri Le, Cramer, Wolfgang, Creutin, Jean-Dominique, Dahech, Salem, Dakhlaoui, Hamouda, Daoud, Ibrahim, Darmaraki, Sofia, Darras, Sabine, Dayan, Uri, Débevec, Cécile, Delon, Claire, Delrieu, Guy, Déqué, Michel, Derridj, Arezki, Desboeufs, Karine, Dezileau, Laurent, Diakakis, Michalis, Di Sarra, Alcide, Dollé, Vincent, Doraï, Kamel, Dounias, Edmond, Douvinet, Johnny, Driouech, Fatima, Drobinski, Philippe, Ducrocq, Véronique, Dulac, François, Duponnois, Robin, Dupret, Baudouin, Durand, Pierre, Dusanter, Sébastien, D’Anna, Barbara, Elyazami, Driss, El Mehdi Saidi, Mohamed, Fady, Bruno, Fakir, Younes, Farah, Wehbeh, Fehri, Noômène, Fernandez, Catherine, Fischer, Claude, Flaounas, Emmanouil, Forastiere, Francesco, Formenti, Paola, Forslund, Agneta, Fourrié, Nadia, François Boudouresque, Charles, Galiana, Antoine, Gallali, Tahar, Garcia, Marta, Gaume, Eric, Gauquelin, Thierry, Geniez, Philippe, Genin, Didier, Genty, Dominique, Ghilardi, Matthieu, Gourley, Jonathan, Gros, Valérie, Gualdi, Silvio, Guégan, Jean-François, Guilhaumon, François, Guiot, Joël, Hachicha, Mohamed, Haddouch, Hassan, Hafidi, Mohamed, Haité, Hakima El, Halouani, Ghassen, Hamdi, Salwa, Hamdi-Aissa, Baelhadj, Hamonou, Eric, Hanich, Lahoucine, Harzallah, Ali, Hattab, Tarek, Hebert, Bertil, Himbert, Marc, Hmimsa, Younes, Hochman, Assaf, Hugot, Laetitia, Jalali, Bassem, Jambert, Corinne, Jarlan, Lionel, Javelle, Pierre, Joffre, Richard, Jorda, Gabriel, Jouve, Guillaume, Kallel, Nejib, Kallida, Rajae, Kathra, Nabil Ben, Khabba, Saïd, Khadari, Bouchaib, Khatteli, Houcine, Kotroni, Vassilki, Kuzucuoglu, Catherine, Labiadh, Mohamed, Lacroix, Denis, Lang, Michel, Lasram, Frida Ben Rais, Lasseur, Jacques, Lathière, Juliette, Laurent, Benoît, Leduc, Christian, Legave, Jean-Michel, Leriche, Maud, Lespez, Laurent, Le Loc’H, François, Li, Laurent, Lili-Chabaane, Zohra, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lionello, Piero, Liousse, Catherine, Llasat, Maria Carmen, Locoge, Nadine, Loc’H, François Le, Loireau, Maud, Longepierre, Damien, Lutoff, Céline, Mailler, Sylvain, Malinowski, Dariusz, Mallet, Marc, Manceron, Stéphane, Maouche, Said, Marchi, Lorenzo, Marcos, Marta, Martin, Eric, Martin, Luc, Martin, Nicolas, Marty, Pascal, Marty, Pauline, Massuel, Sylvain, Médail, Frédéric, Mekki, Insaf, Mellas, Samira, Menad, Wahiba, Menut, Laurent, Michon, Geneviève, Michoud, Vincent, Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos, Moatti, Jean-Paul, Mohamed Zaghloul, Alaa, Molénat, Jérôme, Molinié, Gilles, Monier, Marie, Montagna, Paulo, Montoroi, Jean-Pierre, Morillon, Raphaël, Mouaqit, Mohamed, Mouël, Chantal Le, Mouillot, Florent, Moukhli, Abdelmajid, Moullec, Fabien, Mrad Nakhlé, Myriam, Munoz, François, Nabat, Pierre, Nasrallah, Wafa, Neppel, Luc, Norton, Mark, Ouahmane, Lahcen, Ouelhazi, Bahri, Öztürk, Fatma, Page, Michel Le, Payrastre, Olivier, Planton, Serge, Podwojewski, Pascal, Pradel, Roger, Prévot, Laurent, Prin, Yves, Pulido Bosch, Antonio, Quintana-Seguí, Pere, Raclot, Damien, Raimbault, Patrick, Rajot, Jean-Louis, Ramadan Ali, Rafat, Rambal, Serge, Regnard, Jean-Luc, Remini, Boualem, Renard, Jean-Baptiste, Rhaz, Khalid EL, Rhoujjati, Ali, Ricaud, Philippe, Richard, Franck, Ruelland, Denis, Ruin, Isabelle, Sabir, Mohamed, Saint-Martin, Clotilde, Salah, Ehab, Salameh, Thérèse, Sánchez, Enrique, Sanguin, Hervé, Saraux, Claire, Sartelet, Karine, Satta, Alessio, Sauvage, Stéphane, Schatz, Bertrand, Schmitt, Bertrand, Sciare, Jean, Scolobig, Anna, Sellegri, Karine, Shin, Yunne-Jai, Sicard, Michaël, Sicre, Marie-Alexandrine, Silva, Anne Da, Simenel, Romain, Simmoneau, Anaëlle, Slimani, Said, Snoussi, Maria, Solmon, Fabien, Somot, Samuel, Sonzogni, Corinne, Soussana, Jean-François, Stafoggia, Massimo, Sylvestre, Florence, Szczypta, Camille, Tachikawa, Kazuyo, Taschen, Elisa, Thibaut, Thierry, Thibon, Maxime, Thiébault, Stéphanie, Torquebiau, Emmanuel, Tramblay, Yves, Valentin, Christian, Vallet-Coulomb, Christine, Vanniere, Boris, Vennetier, Michel, Verlaque, Marc, Vicente-Serrano, Sergio, Vidal, Jean-Philippe, Vidal, Laurence, Vinet, Freddy, Viry, Elisabeth, Vogt-Schilb, Hélène, Volaire, Florence, Voltz, Marc, Waked, Antoine, Wattrelot, Eric, Yazami, Driss El, Zaher, Hayat, Zappa, Massimiliano, Zbinden, Régina, Zitouna-Chebbi, Rim, Zribi, Mehrez, Moatti, Jean-Paul, and Thiébault, Stéphane

Subjects
Méditerranée, Allenvi, changement climatique, climatic change, RNK, Environmental Studies, COP22, Mediterranean, NAT011000
Abstract

This book has been published by Allenvi (French National Alliance for Environmental Research) to coincide with the 22nd Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP22) in Marrakesh. It is the outcome of work by academic researchers on both sides of the Mediterranean and provides a remarkable scientific review of the mechanisms of climate change and its impacts on the environment, the economy, health and Mediterranean societies. It will also be valuable in developing responses that draw on “scientific evidence” to address the issues of adaptation, resource conservation, solutions and risk prevention. Reflecting the full complexity of the Mediterranean environment, the book is a major scientific contribution to the climate issue, where various scientific considerations converge to break down the boundaries between disciplines.

Published
2018

12. Ethnoarcheology of Wood Tar Production in the Altas Mountains (Morocco). Part 1 : from Plant to Tar

Author

Burri, Sylvain, Durand, Aline, Alifriqui, Mohamed, Satrani, Badr, Ghanmi, Mohamed, Genin, Didier, Ollivier, David, Cenzon-Salvayre, Carine, Vaschalde, Christophe, Cesarini, Roxanne, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Médiévale et Moderne en Méditerranée (LA3M), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire (CReAAH), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Université Caddi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Centre de Recherche Forestière [Maroc] (CRF), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes (ASM), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Aix-Marseille Université - Faculté des Arts, Lettres, Langues et Sciences Humaines (AMU ALLSH), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Nantes Université (NU)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Le Mans Université (UM), Centre de Recherche Forestière (CRF), Centre de Recherche Forestière, Centre Camille Jullian - Histoire et archéologie de la Méditerranée et de l'Afrique du Nord de la protohistoire à la fin de l'Antiquité (CCJ), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), and Musacchia, Sandrine

Subjects
wood Tar, Morocco, [SHS.ARCHEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Ethnoarcheology, Production, Altas Mountains
Abstract

International audience; Wood tar, extracted by dry distillation, has been used in human and veterinary medicine since ancient times. This is particularly the case of tars from conifers in the Mediterranean region, where they are still produced and used for these purposes. The ONGUENT project is focused on the multi-disciplinary investigation of the production and use of medicinal tar in a systemic way, from the plant raw material to the end product and its use, on both sides of the Mediterranean today and in the past, by characterizing their chemical composition and by assessing their actual medicinal effects, or toxicity. This poster deals with different space-times: medieval and post-medieval Provence (France) and current Atlas mountains (Morocco). From an ethnoarchaeological perspective, the aim of this research is to provide a better understanding of past technical processes and knowledges, throught the observation and analysis of current productions. It highlights the diversity of plant species from Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, and Taxodiaceae families exploited and the wide range of techniques using fire to extract tar from the wooden material (direct or indired-fired kilns, pots etc.). The recording of depositional and post-depositional processes helps in return to better interpret archaeological data.

Published
2017

13. Another vision of sound tree and forest management: Insights from traditional ash shaping in the Moroccan Berber mountains.

Author

Genin, Didier, M'Sou, Soufiane, Ferradous, Abderrahim, and Alifriqui, Mohamed

Subjects
FOREST management, MOUNTAIN forests, ASH (Tree), FOREST regeneration, AGROFORESTRY
Abstract

Highlights • Traditional Berber practices on Dimorphic ash pollarding and regeneration are described. • Precise nested exploitation cycles provide diversified resources from a single living tree. • Traditional ash regeneration practices favors trunk anastomosis. • Trunk anastomosis increases leave production by 36% after a 4-year pollarding cycle. • Alternative bases for rethinking forest management strategies are suggested. Abstract The dimorphic Ash tree (Fraxinus dimorpha) is a keystone species in the functioning of agro-sylvo pastoral systems and livelihoods found on the northern slopes of the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. It grows in spontaneous woodlands and forests which are fully integrated within agro-ecosystems. Local populations have for centuries shaped ash stands by sequentially trimming and pollarding individual trees for providing fodder, house roof building material and ecosystem services for the overall social-ecological system. Exploitation follows very strictly observed 4-year cycles of exploitation of pollarded trees, which allows the harvesting of each individual tree for foliar forage after 4 years of regrowths, and at the same time shaping and letting some well-grown branches develop for further cycles in order to provide diameter-standardized poles (after 8 years) and beams (after 28–32 years) for house roof construction. The management of tree regeneration is also illustrative of deep-seated Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Overgrazed trees or new seedlings are protected by means of stone walls. Resprouts with the most vigorous and straightest stems are selected and linked to each other, in order to favor, when growing, trunk anastomosis. This highly original practice allows an increase in foliage production of 36% after a 4-year cycle, compared to non-anastomosed trees, and promotes the resilience and longevity of the trees. The main discrepancies in the vision of what might constitute ‘good’ forest management between local stakeholders and professional foresters concern (1) the scale of the management unit (individual trees and overall forested landscape vs tree stand), (2) the partial (diffuse) exploitation of living trees vs intensive cycles of exploitation of the whole tree stand, and (3) flexibility and pro-active management of heterogeneity vs homogenization. This perspective offers an alternative basis for rethinking forest management strategies in a context of global change, and original insights for conserving anthropized forest ecosystems without excluding people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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14. Impacts of extensive livestock systems on terrestrial ecosystems

Author

Toutain, Bernard, Ickowicz, Alexandre, Dutilly-Diane, Céline, Reid, Robin S., Diop, Amadou Tamsir, Taneja, Vijay Kumar, Gibon, Annick, Genin, Didier, Ibrahim, Muhammad, Behnke, Roy, Ash, Andrew, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Elevage des ruminants en régions chaudes (UMR ERRC), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural (DYNAFOR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Enseñanza (CATIE), Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Partenaires INRAE, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Henning Steinfeld, Harold A. Mooney, Fritz Schneider, Laurie E. Neville, and ProdInra, Migration

Subjects
EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS, PASTORAL, GRAZING, ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [INFO] Computer Science [cs], NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], SOCIOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, RANCHING, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2010

15. Impacts of livestock systems on terrestrial ecosystems

Author

Toutain, Bernard, Ickowicz, Alexandre, Dutilly-Diane, Céline, Reid, Robin, Diop, Amadou Tamsir, Taneja, Vijay Kumar, Gibon, Annick, Genin, Didier, Ibrahim, Muhammad, Behnke, Roy, and Ash, Andrew

Subjects
L01 - Élevage - Considérations générales, Impact sur l'environnement, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Élevage, gestion des ressources naturelles, Écosystème
Published
2010

16. A viability model to assess the sustainability of mixed herds under climatic uncertainty

Author

Porcher, Jocelyne, Hubert, Bernard, Doyen, Luc, Genin, Didier, Systèmes Agraires Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (INA P-G), Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement (ECODEVELOPPEMENT), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Population-Environnement-Développement (LPED), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)

Subjects
DYNAMIC MODELLING, INCERTITUDE, MIXED HERD, [SDV.SA.SPA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Animal production studies, VIABILITY THEORY, UNCERTAINTY, THEORIE DE LA VIABILITE, MODELISATION DYNAMIQUE, CHEPTEL MIXTE
Abstract

International audience; On the Bolivian arid highlands, breeders' strategies combining herd diversification (llamasand sheep) and the control of breeding rate were assessed under unpredictable environmental conditions. A survey of 14 farms made it possible to characterise practices in llama flocks (controlled and uncontrolled breeding practices) and in sheep flocks (high care and low care practices). The efficiency of these practices was evaluated using annual numerical productivity indexes. To assess the effectiveness of these practices, a dynamic model of mixed herds, based on the mathematical framework of the viability theory, was developed. The model made it possible to analyse the long-terminteractions between management practices and climatic uncertainty on livestock system sustainability.Numerical productivity at weaning was found to be significantly lower in llama flocks managed with controlled breeding compared to uncontrolled breeding (44% and 70% respectively). For sheep, numerical productivity at weaning of high-care flocks was not significantly higher than that of low-care ones (83% and 69%, respectively). It was not possible to conclude whether high-care practices were more efficient in increasing numbers than low-care ones. On a long-term perspective,the dynamic analysis showed that the control of the llama flock breeding rate stabilises the evolution of the mixed herd only when a low offtake rate can satisfy a minimum income. Thus, foregoing shorttermyield can be a sound strategy to insure mixed herd viability in an extremely harsh and unpredictable environment. However, the effectiveness of this practice is closely related to wealth (herdsize). The model is discussed in terms of its heuristic value for assessing management practices and sustainability of pastoral systems.; Viabilité de cheptels mixtes sous incertitude climatique. Ce travail évalue les stratégies des éleveurs des hauts plateaux boliviens confrontés à un environnement incertain. Celles-ci combinent la diversification de la composition du cheptel (lamas et ovins) et le contrôle du rythme de reproduction. Un suivi conduit dans 14 élevages caractérise les pratiques dans les troupeaux de lamas (pratiques de reproduction « contrôlée » et « non contrôlée ») et dans les troupeaux d'ovins (« gardiennage rapproché » et « laisser faire »). L'efficacité de ces pratiques est évaluée à l'aide d'un indicateur de productivité numérique. L'effectivité des pratiques est évaluée à l'aide d'un modèle dynamique de cheptel multi-espèces basé sur le cadre théorique de la viabilité. Le modèle permet d'analyser l'effet des interactions entre les pratiques de conduite et l'incertitude climatique sur la durabilité du système d'élevage. La productivité numérique au sevrage est significativement plus faible dans les troupeaux de lamas dont le rythme de reproduction est contrôlé comparativement aux troupeaux non contrôlés (respectivement 44 % et 70 %). Dans le cas des troupeaux d'ovins, les différences de productivité numérique au sevrage pour les deux types de pratiques identifiés ne sont pas significatives (respectivement 83 % et 69 %). L'analyse dynamique montre que le contrôle du rythme de reproduction du troupeau de lamas stabilise l'évolution du cheptel multi-espèces uniquement dans les situations où un revenu minimum peut être assuré à partir d'un faible taux d'exploitation. Renoncer à un profit dans le court terme constitue une stratégie de précaution assurant la viabilité du cheptel dans un environnement difficile et non prévisible. Cependant, l'effectivité de ces pratiques est étroitement dépendante de la taille du cheptel. Le modèle de viabilité est discuté au regard de sa valeur heuristique pour évaluer des pratiques de conduite et la durabilité du système d'élevage.

Published
2004
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18. Meadow up a tree.

Author

Genin, Didier, Crochot, Céline, MSou, Soufiane, Araba, Abdelilah, and Alifriqui, Mohamed

Subjects
ASH (Tree), TREE farmers
Abstract

The article focuses on role of ash foliage for feeding ruminant flocks and its nutritive value and other topics include study conducted on species of ash tree Fraxinus dimorpha, use and management of ash trees by farmers and chemical composition of the ash foliage.

Published
2016

19. Diverse Ecological, Economic and Socio-Cultural Values of a Traditional Common Natural Resource Management System in the Moroccan High Atlas: The Aït Ikiss Tagdalts.

Author

Domrnguezi, Pablo, Bourbouze, Alain, Demay, Sébastien, Genin, Didier, and Kosoy, Nicolas

Subjects
NATURAL resources management, REGENERATION (Biology), PASTORAL systems, BIOPHYSICS, SOCIAL cohesion, CULTURAL identity, SUSTAINABILITY
Abstract

This study examines the multiple dimensions of the agdal system, a traditional Berber form of environmental management that regulates access to communal natural resources so as to allow the regeneration of natural resources. In fact, this ingenious system of agro-pastoral land rotation is ultimately beneficial for the conservation of the bio-physical environment, the performance of the present-day local economy and the maintenance of prevailing social cohesion and cultural coherence. Hence, agdals constitute a key element for the reinforcement of the sustainability of existing agro-pastoral societies and ecosystems, but need to be better understood in order to explore necessary adaptations in the changing world of today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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20. Can traditional forest management buffer forest depletion? Dynamics of Moroccan High Atlas Mountain forests using remote sensing and vegetation analysis.

Author

Hammi, Sanae, Simonneaux, Vincent, Cordier, Jean Baptiste, Genin, Didier, Alifriqui, Mohamed, Montes, Nicolas, and Auclair, Laurent

Subjects
FOREST management, DEFORESTATION, PLANT canopies, COMMUNITY forests, PLANT populations, REMOTE sensing
Abstract

Abstract: On the south shore of the western Mediterranean Basin, mountain forest ecosystems are degraded, mainly due to their overexploitation. Topographic, edaphic and climatic conditions create stressful growing conditions and sensitive ecosystems. Nonetheless, in these ecosystems, forests remain an important resource for the subsistence of local populations. Historically the vulnerability of this resource has prompted mankind to establish traditional control forms of forest and pastoral areas. These common resource management systems are still functioning in the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains under the name of agdal which refers to the territory, the resources and access rules laid down by the local population in order to manage the territory. The estimation of land cover changes was a suitable method to evaluate the effectiveness of these community-based systems for forest conservation. In this paper we highlight the impact of this traditional management on woodland dynamics in a mountainous area (Aït Bouguemez Valley) through the use of remote sensing approaches, associated with forest structure characterisation and the analysis of social mechanisms. A diachronic analysis based on the comparison of aerial photographs (dated 1964) with a recent Spot 5 satellite image (from 2002, 2.5m resolution) was performed. Estimation of changes in canopy cover percentage was achieved using a graphic chart as a base for the photo-interpretation, and a subsequent validation by field sampling. A map of canopy cover changes between 1964 and 2002 was produced. Ecological measurements of trees were also achieved on field plots. The results indicate that in the past 38 years, forest ecosystems have been affected by a relative decrease of 20.7% of the total forest area, and 8.7% for the mean canopy cover percentage. However, strong disparities in forest dynamics arose according to the agdal or non-agdal status of the forest. Significant progression in canopy cover is noted in controlled agdal areas but large degradation has occurred outside. Regarding the stand ecological conditions, we observed significant differences in the stand structure, according to the management mode. We suggest through this study increased recognition of customary forest regulations, which may be adapted and extrapolated to other communities. However, from an ecological point of view, the agdal system alone is not sufficient to reach a viable management mode in the long term. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2010
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21. Improving nutritive value of a North African range grass (Stipa tenacissima): Effect of dung ash and urea treatment on digestion by goats

Author

Genin, Didier, Khorchani, Touhami, and Hammadi, Mohamed

Subjects
*ZOOLOGY, *NATURAL history, *NATURE study, *LIFE sciences
Abstract

Abstract: In arid zones of North Africa, hays formerly harvested from native range forages such as Alfa (Stipa tenacissima), can provide alternative diets for livestock during periods of forage scarcity. However, they usually constitute low-quality forages. Soaking Alfa hay in alkaline solutions prepared from dung ash, with the addition of urea, was evaluated as a potential economic treatment for improving rumen digestibility. A digestion trial was conducted using 3-year-old male goats to compare digestibility of untreated Alfa hay with a treatment containing a 200g/L solution of dung ash from dromedary, and 30g/kg urea. A second experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of dung ash source (dromedary or goat), concentration of dung ash solution (0, 100, 200 or 300g/L) and urea (0 or 30g/kg) on in vitro digestibility of Alfa amongst goats. Results of digestion trials showed that treated Alfa hay had higher (P<0.01) digestion coefficients for dry matter (0.483 versus 0.420), organic matter (0.558 versus 0.487), neutral detergent fiber (0.664 versus 0.531) and acid detergent fiber (0.620 versus 0.545) than untreated hay. Crude protein apparent digestibility presented no significant different values (P>0.05) between untreated and treated hay (0.356 versus 0.402). Daily dry matter intake ranged from 40.8 to 46.2g/kgBW0.75 for untreated and treated hay, respectively (P<0.05). This resulted in an increase of the daily digestible dry matter intake of about 31% for treated hay as compared with the untreated hay. Results of the second experiment showed that in vitro organic matter digestibility coefficient (IVOMD) raised from 0.271 for untreated hay to 0.499 for Alfa hay treated with a 300g/L solution of dung ash from goats and with 30g/kg urea. Dung ash from goats appeared to have a higher effect than those from dromedary. Meanwhile, IVOMD of Alfa hay only treated with 30g/L urea was intermediary (0.403). It is concluded that treating Alfa hay with a 200g/L solution of dung ashes and 30g/kg urea can provide an average quality forage which meets the nutritional maintenance requirements of livestock. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to feeding management strategies for low-input livestock systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2007
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24. Degradability of Andean range forages in llamas and sheep

Author

Genin, Didier and Tichit, Muriel

Abstract

In sacco dry matter degradability (DMD) of the most commonly consumed range forages by llamas and sheep in the arid highlands of Bolivia was measured during the wet and dry seasons to determine if llamas exhibit a higher digestive ability than sheep. Results showed that degradability of low quality forages (DMD below 60% in sheep) was 20 to 30% higher for llamas than sheep, while no significant differences were found for highly digestible forages. There was a high correlation between DMD in llamas and sheep with a coefficient of determination of0.96. Parameters of degradation curves indicated that llamas did nothave higher microbial activity than sheep, since there was no consistent difference in degradation rates of the studied forages. Nonetheless, significantly higher potential degradability and effective degradability found in this study suggested that the longer retention timein the forestomach of llamas may be responsible for higher digestibility of poor quality forages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1997
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