Search

Building on the Effort Recovery Model and Conservation of Resources Theory, this study provides new theoretical and empirical insights into how entrepreneurs increase their resilience by engaging in recovery experiences. Employing a longitudinal repeated survey design applied to 346 entrepreneurs, our findings reveal that control is the only recovery experience that directly influences resilience. We also uncover more complex indirect pathways through positive reappraisal and sleep. Overall, the study demonstrates that each recovery experience has a unique relationship with resilience, allowing us to theorize potential underlying mechanisms for how recovery translates into resilience. We offer practical suggestions for effective interventions addressing the recovery paradox in entrepreneurship during times of change and uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace sexual harassment remains an insidious yet pervasive component of organizational life. Building on research that has established that leaders play an important role in condoning or revoking sexual harassment, we theorize that a CEO's appearance—specifically, the extent to which their face is prototypically masculine—can influence employee assumptions about the patriarchal nature of organizational hierarchy, which, in turn, influences their perceptions of the degree to which sexual harassment will be tolerated. We test these ideas in three complementary studies. Study 1 observes that employees in large organizations headed by a CEO with a more masculine face report more instances of sexual harassment in online reviews. Study 2 uses an experiment to show that CEO facial masculinity drives followers' perceptions that sexual harassment is tolerated in an organization by increasing the presumption that the organization is patriarchal. Study 3 affirms these results with a sample of new employees both before and after their first day on the job. Together, these studies provide evidence that a presumption of patriarchy increases the perceived tolerance for sexual harassment, which yields more observations of sexual harassment in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two‐dimensional (2D) antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductors are promising components of opto‐spintronic devices due to terahertz operation frequencies and minimal interactions with stray fields. However, the lack of net magnetization significantly limits the number of experimental techniques available to study the relationship between magnetic order and semiconducting properties. Here, they demonstrate conditions under which photocurrent spectroscopy can be employed to study many‐body magnetic excitons in the 2D AFM semiconductor NiI2. The use of photocurrent spectroscopy enables the detection of optically dark magnetic excitons down to bilayer thickness, revealing a high degree of linear polarization that is coupled to the underlying helical AFM order of NiI2. In addition to probing the coupling between magnetic order and dark excitons, this work provides strong evidence for the multiferroicity of NiI2 down to bilayer thickness, thus demonstrating the utility of photocurrent spectroscopy for revealing subtle opto‐spintronic phenomena in the atomically thin limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two‐dimensional (2D) antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductors are promising components of opto‐spintronic devices due to terahertz operation frequencies and minimal interactions with stray fields. However, the lack of net magnetization significantly limits the number of experimental techniques available to study the relationship between magnetic order and semiconducting properties. Here, they demonstrate conditions under which photocurrent spectroscopy can be employed to study many‐body magnetic excitons in the 2D AFM semiconductor NiI2. The use of photocurrent spectroscopy enables the detection of optically dark magnetic excitons down to bilayer thickness, revealing a high degree of linear polarization that is coupled to the underlying helical AFM order of NiI2. In addition to probing the coupling between magnetic order and dark excitons, this work provides strong evidence for the multiferroicity of NiI2 down to bilayer thickness, thus demonstrating the utility of photocurrent spectroscopy for revealing subtle opto‐spintronic phenomena in the atomically thin limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People undergoing career transitions often bring aspects of old roles into their new work contexts, and this interface can create conflict between lingering aspects of one's work self and the newer aspects of one's work self. Yet, we know little about how this conflict between old and new selves shapes employee outcomes. We examine this issue among ex‐entrepreneurs—individuals who have transitioned from a business owner to a wage employee. Drawing from role identity theory, we develop a model of the consequences of conflict between a lingering entrepreneur identity and a current work role identity. We propose that ex‐entrepreneurs who experience higher levels of identity conflict will be more likely to experience burnout and less likely to engage in boosterism of their employer, and that these relationships are explained by lower levels of perceived professional identity growth (i.e., progressive identity). We further suggest that the negative effect of conflict on progressive identity is exacerbated by nostalgia for one's entrepreneurial past. In a three‐stage field survey of ex‐entrepreneurs and their romantic partners, we found support for these hypotheses using both partner‐rated outcomes and self‐rated outcomes. We discuss implications for the literature on entrepreneurship careers and work identity in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is uniquely stressful. Entrepreneurs often cannot avoid entrepreneurial stressors (e.g., uncertainty, workload, resource constraints) and these stressors can deter natural recovery activities (e.g., detachment and sleep). Yet, entrepreneurs may be able to lessen the negative impact of stress on their well-being, health, and productivity by engaging in recovery. In this editorial, we outline how scholars can employ recovery interventions to ameliorate some of entrepreneurship's ill effects and support entrepreneurs' health, well-being, and productivity. We aim to move the focus of scholarly inquiry from documenting the health and well-being challenges of entrepreneurs, toward identifying and implementing solutions to support entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered indium selenide (InSe) has emerged as a promising two-dimensional semiconductor due to its high electron mobility and direct optical bandgap in the few-layer limit. As InSe is integrated into high-performance electronic and optoelectronic systems, thermal management will become critical, thus motivating detailed characterization of intrinsic thermal properties. Here, we report the room-temperature thermal conductivity of exfoliated crystals of InSe along the through-plane and in-plane directions using conventional and beam offset time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR), respectively. InSe crystals with varying thicknesses were prepared by mechanical exfoliation onto Si(100) wafers followed by immediate encapsulation with a 3-nm-thick AlOx passivation layer to prevent ambient degradation prior to coating with metal films for TDTR measurements. The measured thermal conductivity in the in-plane direction, Λin ≈ 8.5 ± 2 W/m K, is an order of magnitude higher than that in the through-plane direction, Λthrough ≈ 0.76±0.15 W/m K, which implies a high thermal anisotropy ≈11 ± 3. These relatively high anisotropy and low thermal conductivity compared to other layered semiconductors imply that InSe will require unique thermal management considerations when implemented in electronic, optoelectronic, and thermoelectric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have persuasively documented the positive influence of ADHD-like tendencies (the impermanent experience of ADHD-like symptoms) on entrepreneurial intentions. Yet, we know little about the causes of ADHD-like tendencies, and thus about factors that could heighten entrepreneurial intentions through such tendencies. Drawing from the biopsychosocial model, sleep physiology literature, and entrepreneurship literature, we propose that the biological experience of sleep problems may heighten the psychological experience of ADHD-like tendencies, which could nudge people toward the socially-embedded intention to venture. Four studies and a mini meta-analysis provide support, extending several literatures and suggesting that sleep problems could contribute to business founding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indium monoselenide (InSe) is an emerging two-dimensional semiconductor with superlative electrical and optical properties whose full potential for high-performance electronics and optoelectronics has been limited by the lack of reliable large-area thin-film synthesis methods. The difficulty in InSe synthesis lies in the complexity of the indium-selenium phase diagram and inadequate understanding of how this complexity is manifested in the growth of thin films. Herein, we present a systematic method for synthesizing InSe thin films by pulsed laser deposition followed by vacuum thermal annealing. The controlled phase evolution of the annealed InSe thin films is elucidated using a comprehensive set of in situ and ex situ characterization techniques. The annealing temperature is identified as the key parameter in controlling phase evolution with pure thin films of InSe developed within a window of 325 °C to 425 °C. To exert finer stoichiometric control over the as-deposited InSe thin film, a co-deposition scheme utilizing InSe and In2Se3 pulsed laser deposition targets is employed to mitigate the effects of mass loss during annealing, ultimately resulting in the synthesis of centimeter-scale, thickness-tunable ε-InSe thin films with high crystallinity. The optimized InSe thin films possess a strong optoelectronic response, exhibited by phototransistors with high responsivities up to 103 A/W. Additionally, enhancement-mode InSe field-effect transistors are fabricated over large areas with device yields exceeding 90% and high on/off current modulation greater than 104, realizing a degree of electronic uniformity previously unattained in InSe thin-film synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the antecedents of an entrepreneur's day-level innovative behavior. Drawing on 2,420 data points from a 10-day experience sampling study with 121 entrepreneurs, we find that sleep quality is a precursor to an entrepreneur's subsequent innovative behavior, in accordance with the effort-recovery model. Moreover, sleep quality is positively related to high-activation positive moods (e.g., enthusiastic, inspired) and negatively related to high-activation negative moods (e.g., tension, anxiety). Our multilevel structural equation model indicates that high-activation positive moods mediate the relationship between sleep quality and innovative behavior on a given day. These results are relevant for managing entrepreneurial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of aluminum homocatenated compounds (Li nAl nH2 n+2) is proposed based on quantum chemical calculations. In these compounds, Al abstracts an electron from Li, becoming valence isoelectronic with C, Si, and Ge, thus mimicking respective structural features of Group 14 hydrides. Using the Coalescence Kick search program coupled with density functional theory calculations, we investigated the potential energy surfaces of Li2Al2H6 and Li3Al3H6. Then single-point-energy coupled-cluster calculations were performed for the lowest energy structures found. Indeed, the global minima established for Li2Al2H6 and Li3Al3H6 contain the Al2H62− and Al3H63− kernels, which are isostructural with ethane (C2H6), disilane (Si2H6), digermane (Ge2H6) and propane (C3H8), trisilane (Si3H8), trigermane (Ge3H8) molecules, respectively. Structural, energetic, and electronic characteristics of the Li2Al2H6 and Li3Al3H8 compounds are presented and the viability of their synthesis is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of aluminum homocatenated compounds (Li nAl nH2 n+2) is proposed based on quantum chemical calculations. In these compounds, Al abstracts an electron from Li, becoming valence isoelectronic with C, Si, and Ge, thus mimicking respective structural features of Group 14 hydrides. Using the Coalescence Kick search program coupled with density functional theory calculations, we investigated the potential energy surfaces of Li2Al2H6 and Li3Al3H6. Then single-point-energy coupled-cluster calculations were performed for the lowest energy structures found. Indeed, the global minima established for Li2Al2H6 and Li3Al3H6 contain the Al2H62− and Al3H63− kernels, which are isostructural with ethane (C2H6), disilane (Si2H6), digermane (Ge2H6) and propane (C3H8), trisilane (Si3H8), trigermane (Ge3H8) molecules, respectively. Structural, energetic, and electronic characteristics of the Li2Al2H6 and Li3Al3H8 compounds are presented and the viability of their synthesis is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Coalescence Kick search program coupled with DFT calculations on the potential energy surfaces of Li2Al2H6 and Li3Al3H6 a new class of homocatenated LinAlnH2n+2 compounds is proposed in which Al abstracts an electron from Li and thus becomes valence isoelectronic with C, Si, and Ge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invited for the cover of this issue is Alexander I. Boldyrev and co-workers at Utah State University. The image depicts the magician who symbolizes a chemist synthesizing molecules of 'aluminum homocatenated ethane and propane' based on the idea of electronic transmutation. Read the full text of the article at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical prediction of a new class of stable aluminum homocatenated LinAlnH2n+2 compounds is reported by A. I. Boldyrev and co ‐ workers in their Communication on page 5307 ff. For the first time it has been shown that aluminum atoms are capable to homocatenate with the formation of alkane ‐ like species. The wizard shown in the center of the cover picture symbolizes a chemist synthesizing molecules of “aluminum homocatenated ethane and propane” based on the idea of electronic transmutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invited for the cover of this issue is Alexander I. Boldyrev and co-workers at Utah State University. The image depicts the magician who symbolizes a chemist synthesizing molecules of 'aluminum homocatenated ethane and propane' based on the idea of electronic transmutation. Read the full text of the article at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors exhibit unique physical properties at the limit of a few atomic layers that are desirable for optoelectronic, spintronic, and electronic applications. Some of these materials require ambient encapsulation to preserve their properties from environmental degradation. While encapsulating 2D semiconductors is essential to device functionality, they also impact heat management due to the reduced thermal conductivity of the 2D material. There are limited experimental reports on in-plane thermal conductivity measurements in encapsulated 2D semiconductors. These measurements are particularly challenging in ultrathin films with a lower thermal conductivity than graphene since it may be difficult to separate the thermal effects of the sample from the encapsulating layers. To address this challenge, we integrated the frequency domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) and optothermal Raman spectroscopy (OTRS) techniques in the same experimental platform. First, we use the FDTR technique to characterize the cross-plane thermal conductivity and thermal boundary conductance. Next, we measure the in-plane thermal conductivity by model-based analysis of the OTRS measurements, using the cross-plane properties obtained from the FDTR measurements as input parameters. We provide experimental data for the first time on the thickness-dependent in-plane thermal conductivity of ultrathin MoS 2 nanofilms encapsulated by alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) and silica (SiO 2 ) thin films. The measured thermal conductivity increased from 26.0 ± 10.0 W m -1 K -1 for monolayer MoS 2 to 39.8 ± 10.8 W m -1 K -1 for the six-layer films. We also show that the thickness-dependent cross-plane thermal boundary conductance of the Al 2 O 3 /MoS 2 /SiO 2 interface is limited by the low thermal conductance (18.5 MW m -2 K -1 ) of the MoS 2 /SiO 2 interface, which has important implications on heat management in SiO 2 -supported and encased MoS 2 devices. The measurement methods can be generalized to other 2D materials to study their anisotropic thermal properties.

Background: Despite the widespread institution of modern massive transfusion protocols with balanced blood product ratios, survival for patients with traumatic hemorrhage receiving ultramassive transfusion (UMT) (defined as ≥20 U of packed red blood cells [RBCs]) in 24 hours) remains low and resource consumption remains high. Therefore, we aimed to identify factors associated with mortality in trauma patients receiving UMT in the modern resuscitation era., Methods: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter retrospective study of 461 trauma patients from 17 trauma centers who received ≥20 U of RBCs in 24 hours was performed (2014-2019). Multivariable logistic regression and Classification and Regression Tree analysis were used to identify clinical characteristics associated with mortality., Results: The 461 patients were young (median age, 35 years), male (82%), severely injured (median Injury Severity Score, 33), in shock (median shock index, 1.2; base excess, -9), and transfused a median of 29 U of RBCs, 22 U of fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and 24 U of platelets (PLT). Mortality was 46% at 24 hours and 65% at discharge. Transfusion of RBC/FFP ≥1.5:1 or RBC/PLT ≥1.5:1 was significantly associated with mortality, most pronounced for the 18% of patients who received both RBC/PLT and RBC/FFP ≥1.5:1 (odds ratios, 3.11 and 2.81 for mortality at 24 hours and discharge; both p < 0.01). Classification and Regression Tree identified that age older than 50 years, low initial Glasgow Coma Scale, thrombocytopenia, and resuscitative thoracotomy were associated with low likelihood of survival (14-26%), while absence of these factors was associated with the highest survival (71%)., Conclusion: Despite modern massive transfusion protocols, one half of trauma patients receiving UMT are transfused with either RBC/FFP or RBC/PLT in unbalanced ratios ≥1.5:1, with increased associated mortality. Maintaining focus on balanced ratios during UMT is critical, and consideration of advanced age, poor initial mental status, thrombocytopenia, and resuscitative thoracotomy can aid in prognostication., Level of Evidence: Prognostic, level III., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Two-dimensional transitional metal halides have recently attracted significant attention due to their thickness-dependent and electrostatically tunable magnetic properties. However, this class of materials is highly reactive chemically, which leads to irreversible degradation and catastrophic dissolution within seconds in ambient conditions, severely limiting subsequent characterization, processing, and applications. Here, we impart long-term ambient stability to the prototypical transition metal halide CrI 3 by assembling a noncovalent organic buffer layer, perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), which templates subsequent atomic layer deposition (ALD) of alumina. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates the necessity of the noncovalent organic buffer layer since the CrI 3 undergoes deleterious surface reactions with the ALD precursors in the absence of PTCDA. This organic-inorganic encapsulation scheme preserves the long-range magnetic ordering in CrI 3 down to the monolayer limit as confirmed by magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements. Furthermore, we demonstrate field-effect transistors, photodetectors, and optothermal measurements of CrI 3 thermal conductivity in ambient conditions.

Introduction: Interestingly, the pediatric and adult surgeons perform vastly different operations in similar patient populations. Little is known about long-term recurrence and quality of life (QOL) in adolescents and young adults undergoing inguinal hernia repair. We evaluated long-term patient-centered outcomes in this population to determine the optimal operative approach., Methods: The medical records of patients 12-25 years old at the time of a primary inguinal hernia repair at our institution from 2000 to 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients then completed a phone survey of their postoperative courses and QOL. Outcomes of high ligation performed by pediatric surgeons were compared to those of mesh repairs by adult general surgeons. The primary outcome was recurrence. Secondary outcomes included time to recurrence, postoperative complications, and patient-centered outcomes. A Cox regression analysis was used to determine associations for recurrence., Results: Of 213 patients identified, 143 (67.1%) were repaired by adult surgeons and 70 (32.9%) repaired by pediatric surgeons. Overall recurrence rate for the entire cohort was 5.7% with a median time to recurrence of 3.5 years (interquartile range 120-2155 days). High ligation and mesh repairs had similar rates of recurrence (6.3 versus 5.8, P = .57) and postoperative complications (17% versus 16%, P = .45). 101/213 (47%) patients completed the phone survey. Of those surveyed, 20% reported postoperative pain, 10% had residual numbness and tingling, and 10% of patients complained of intermittent bulging. Overall, a survey comparison showed no differences among subgroups., Conclusions: In adolescents and young adults, the long-term recurrence rate after inguinal hernia repair is ∼6% with time to recurrence approaching 4 years. Outcomes of high ligation and mesh repair are similar, highlighting the need for individualized approaches for this unique population.

For older drivers, in-vehicle technology offers much potential to improve safety and increase longevity of retaining both licensure and community mobility. However, little is known about how older drivers perceive Advanced Vehicle Technologies (AVTs) based on everyday driving experience. Interviews with 35 older drivers (20 men; 15 women) aged 60-85 who owned a vehicle with at least two AVTs (e.g., back-up camera, lane departure warning) were conducted to explore the meanings that older drivers assigned to AVTs and motivations for use, including whether age-related functional changes were part of their automobile purchase decision. Findings indicate that age-related changes are not a primary reason for why older adults seek out AVTs, but they still perceived and experienced AVTs to counteract age-related changes in driving performance based upon changes they felt occurring within the body. Older drivers also described AVTs as generating a sense of comfort behind-the-wheel. Comfort with this technology was equated with convenience, ease of use, and increased feelings of safety. Discussion emphasizes how assessments of the quality of driving performance and value of technology occur in relation to an aging body., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Suboptimal position of tunneled central venous catheters (Broviacs) decreases long-term catheter longevity, incurring morbidity and cost. We postulated that catheter malposition is related to patient's age, technique used, and initial catheter tip location (CTL)., Methods: We performed a retrospective review with 1-year follow-up of Broviacs placed in patients at our children's hospital from 3/2010 to 10/2013. We defined malposition as a noncentral CTL that required replacement, excluding catheters physically dislodged. We used logistic regression to determine whether age, technique and CTL predicted malposition with p-value<0.05 deemed significant. We analyzed line longevity for different insertion techniques by survival analysis., Results: Overall, 404 upper body Broviacs were placed in 282 children (median age=1.4years [IQR:0.45-5.35]). Thirty-six (8.9%) were replaced for malposition, at median of 84.5days [IQR:36-159]. We found that older children were less likely to develop malposition (OR=0.91,p=0.002). Adjusting for patient age and placement technique, catheters placed ≥1.5 vertebral bodies below the carina were less likely to be malpositioned (OR=0.37,p=0.015). Cox-regression shows the lateral technique to have the lowest rate of malposition within 90days (HR=0.30,p=0.03)., Conclusion: Older patients and lines placed 1.5 vertebral bodies below the carina are less likely to become malpositioned. Using the lateral approach for insertion improves catheter longevity., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Legumes (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) are unique among cultivated plants for their ability to carry out endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobial bacteria, a process that takes place in a specialized structure known as the nodule. Legumes belong to one of the two main groups of eurosids, the Fabidae, which includes most species capable of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Legumes comprise several evolutionary lineages derived from a common ancestor 60 million years ago (Myr ago). Papilionoids are the largest clade, dating nearly to the origin of legumes and containing most cultivated species. Medicago truncatula is a long-established model for the study of legume biology. Here we describe the draft sequence of the M. truncatula euchromatin based on a recently completed BAC assembly supplemented with Illumina shotgun sequence, together capturing ∼94% of all M. truncatula genes. A whole-genome duplication (WGD) approximately 58 Myr ago had a major role in shaping the M. truncatula genome and thereby contributed to the evolution of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Subsequent to the WGD, the M. truncatula genome experienced higher levels of rearrangement than two other sequenced legumes, Glycine max and Lotus japonicus. M. truncatula is a close relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a widely cultivated crop with limited genomics tools and complex autotetraploid genetics. As such, the M. truncatula genome sequence provides significant opportunities to expand alfalfa's genomic toolbox.

Background Context: Access to care for poor/near poor patients is a concerning and growing problem within the American system of medical care., Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between health insurance status and access to spine care among patients below 65 years of age eventually receiving treatment at our tertiary academic medical center., Study Design: Descriptive study based on chart review and telephone interviews., Patient Sample: Two groups of 64 patients each with surgical pathology of limited complexity and limited comorbidities, one with Medicaid insurance and one with private, commercial insurance., Outcome Measures: Reasons for referral, travel distance, travel time, frequency of visits, and proximity of fellowship-trained spinal surgeons., Methods: Two groups, each with 64 consecutive spine surgical patients, were studied and compared. Group One had "Medicaid" coverage and Group Two was privately insured. All patients (both groups) were treated surgically for similar pathology of limited complexity and had limited comorbidities. They were assessed to determine the difficulties they encountered in receiving care before referral to our medical center including factors such as referral by a local provider based on insurance status alone and travel time/distance/frequency to eventually receive care at our center. The availability of local care for these patients (fellowship-trained spine surgeons in their local area) was also assessed., Results: The great majority (78%) of poor/near poor patients with Medicaid coverage from counties at some distance from (and local to) our center were referred/deferred on the basis of insurance status alone given surgical problems which could have comfortably been addressed by orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, or fellowship-trained spine surgeons local to the patient. This difficulty in access to care results in a significant burden (measured in time/travel/costs) for these patients., Conclusions: The poor/near poor with Medicaid insurance have less access to local spine care than those with private, commercial health insurance. The implications (from both surgeon and patient perspectives) of this dilemma are discussed.