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The article presents a case study of a 10-year-old boy diagnosed with familial gigantic melanocytosis, characterized by diffuse brown hyperpigmentation and silvery grey hair. It discusses the clinical features, histopathological findings, and differential diagnosis of this rare condition, emphasizing the importance of histopathological examination in accurately diagnosing familial gigantic melanocytosis and differentiating it from similar disorders.

One of the rare but a common symptom of some genetic diseases presenting in Pediatric age group is silvery hair. These disorders termed as "silvery hair syndrome" consist of Griscelli syndrome (GS), Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) and Elejalde disease. Among these syndromes primary immunodeficiency is present only in CHS and GS type II. CHS which is characterized by severe defect in phagocytic function leading to recurrent infections with pyogenic organism, silver blond hair, partial oculocutaneous albinism, progressive motor or sensory neurologic defects and bleeding tendencies is a rare autosomal recessive defect. Griscelli syndrome 2 is also a rare disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance associated with dilution of pigments in skin, hair, splenohepatomegaly, immune and neurological dysfunction and pancytopenia. Because of overlapping clinical presentation, they closely mimic each other. Hence here we are focusing on differentiating these two disorders and highlighting the diagnostic dilemma. We report two cases which were referred to our tertiary care center of central India with varied clinical manifestations and complications, sharing a common feature of silvery hair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Griscelli syndrome type 2 (GS2) is an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency characterized by hair hypopigmentation, recurrent fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. This study aims to find new genetic changes and clinical features in 18 children with GS2 caused by the RAB27A gene defect. In all, 18 Iranian children with GS2 who presented with silver grey hair and frequent pyogenic infection were included in this study. After recording demographic and clinical data, PCR sequencing of the RAB27A gene was performed for all exons and exon–intron boundaries. Two patients in this study were subjected to whole‐exome sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing. Light microscopy study of hair showed large irregular clumps of pigment with the absence of giant granules on the blood smear. Mutation analysis of the RAB27A gene identified two novel missense mutations as homozygous in a patient, one in exon 2, c.140G>C and another in exon 4, c.328G>T. In addition, for 17 other patients, 6 reported mutations were obtained including c.514_518delCAAGC, c.150_151delAGinsC, c.400_401delAA, c.340delA, c.428T>C and c.221A>G. The mutation c.514_518delCAAGC was the most frequent and found in 10 patients; this mutation may be considered a hotspot in Iran. Early diagnosis and treatment of RAB27A deficiency can contribute to better disease outcomes. In affected families, genetic results could be urgently needed to make a timely decision about haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and prenatal diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study evaluating how physicians differentiate between Chediak–Higashi syndrome (CHS) and Griscelli syndrome (GS) based on facial photographs. Topics include the clinical features of both syndromes, the use of a PowerPoint-based quiz to assess diagnostic accuracy, and the statistical analysis of physicians' ability to distinguish between the two conditions based on facial characteristics such as sunburnt-cheeks sign in CHS versus uniform tanning in GS.

Introduction: Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder, belongs to group of “silvery hair syndromes” which includes Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) and Elejalde syndrome. Hair light microscopy helps in the differentiation of GS and CHS, as both manifest with clinical features. Trichoscopy is useful in the diagnosis of many hair shaft disorders. Here, authors describe the trichoscopic features of GS in skin of color. Materials and Methods: This was an observational study conducted in a private dermatology clinic and in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 5 cases of suspected GS were referred by pediatrician. Consent was obtained. The demographic data in terms of age, gender, consanguinity, and clinical history was documented. Trichoscopic examination was performed with FotoFinder videodermoscope with 20× magnification, the clinical images were captured with Medicam 1000. Trichoscopy showed large and irregular pigment clumps in 4 cases. One case demonstrated hypopigmentation of hair without pigment clumps [Figure 3]a. Results: Trichoscopy showed large and irregular pigment clumps in 4 cases. One case demonstrated hypopigmentation of hair without pigment clumps. Conclusion: Trichoscopy shows characteristic features GS. It is a useful method when facility for light or polarized microscope is unavailable.

Griscelli syndrome type 1 (GS1) is a rare inherited autosomal recessive disease caused by a deleterious variant in the MYO5A gene and characterized by general hypopigmentation, neurological symptoms, motor disability, hypotonia, and vision abnormality. Only nine pathogenic variants in the MYO5A gene have been confirmed in association with the GS1. All of the reported pathogenic variants are truncating. Herein, two siblings from a consanguineous Iranian family with abnormal pigmentation and neurological symptoms were referred for genetic counseling. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed a novel homozygous truncating variant c.1633_1634delAA (p.Asn545Glnfs*10) in the MYO5A gene, which was completely co-segregated with the phenotype in all affected and unaffected family members. Computational analysis and protein modeling demonstrated the deleterious effects of this variant on the structure and function of the protein. The variant, according to ACMG guidelines, was classified as pathogenic. Besides the novelty of the identified variant, our patients manifested more severe clinical symptoms and presented distal hyperlaxity in all four limbs, which was a new finding. In conclusion, we expanded the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of the GS1. Moreover, by studying clinical manifestations in all molecularly confirmed reported cases, provided a comprehensive overview of clinical presentation, and attempted to find a genotype–phenotype correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypopigmentation of skin and hair. Griscelli syndrome type 2, one of the three subtypes of Griscelli syndrome, is characterized by recurrent infections, in addition to pigmentary abnormalities. We present the case of a 15-year-old girl with late onset of Griscelli syndrome type 2 features: pigmentary changes of hair and skin, hepatosplenomegaly, pancreatitis and pancytopenia. We also highlight the diagnostic dilemma in patients with coexisting features of malnutrition. Both conditions show some overlapping clinical features and hence, establishing a diagnosis may be challenging.

Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) are a group of functionally diverse, cell type-specific compartments. LROs include melanosomes, alpha and dense granules, lytic granules, lamellar bodies and other compartments with distinct morphologies and functions allowing specialised and unique functions of their host cells. The formation, maturation and secretion of specific LROs are compromised in a number of hereditary rare multisystem disorders, including Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes, Griscelli syndrome and the Arthrogryposis, Renal dysfunction and Cholestasis syndrome. Each of these disorders impacts the function of several LROs, resulting in a variety of clinical features affecting systems such as immunity, neurophysiology and pigmentation. This has demonstrated the close relationship between LROs and led to the identification of conserved components required for LRO biogenesis and function. Here, we discuss aspects of this conserved machinery among LROs in relation to the heritable multisystem disorders they associate with, and present our current understanding of how dysfunctions in the proteins affected in the disease impact the formation, motility and ultimate secretion of LROs. Moreover, we have analysed the expression of the members of the CHEVI complex affected in Arthrogryposis, Renal dysfunction and Cholestasis syndrome, in different cell types, by collecting single cell RNA expression data from the human protein atlas. We propose a hypothesis describing how transcriptional regulation could constitute a mechanism that regulates the pleiotropic functions of proteins and their interacting partners in different LROs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Hair microscopy is a fast and effortless diagnostic method for many diseases affecting hair in daily practice. Many diseases can present with hair shaft disorders in pediatric neurology practice. Methods. Children with pathological hair findings were included in our study. Microscopic evaluation of the hair was performed under light microscopy. The clinical findings, pathological hair shaft findings, laboratory tests, and final diagnosis of the patients were evaluated. Results. In our study,16 patients with rare pathological hair findings were identified. Of these 16 patients, nine were diagnosed with giant axonal neuropathy, three with Griscelli syndrome, two with Menkes disease, and two with autosomal recessive woolly hair disease. In hair inspection, curly and tangled hair in patients with giant axonal neuropathy; silvery blond hair in patients with Griscelli syndrome; sparse, coarse, and light-colored hair in patients with Menkes disease; and hypotrichosis in patients with autosomal recessive woolly hair were remarkable findings. Dystrophic hair was detected in most of the patients on light microscopy. In addition, signs of trichorrhexis nodosa, tricoptylosis, and pili torti were found. In particular, pigment deposition in the hair shaft of two patients diagnosed with Griscelli syndrome and pili torti findings in two patients with Menkes disease were the most important findings suggestingthe diagnosis. Conclusions. Detection of hair findings in the physical examination and performing light microscopic evaluation facilitates the diagnosis of rare diseases accompanied by hair findings. A hair examination should be performed as a part of physical and neurological examinationson eachpatient regardless of the complaint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Silvery Hair Syndromes (SHS), an autosomal recessive inherited disorder, includes Chediak–Higashi syndrome (CHS), Griscelli syndrome (GS), Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS), and Elejalde syndrome. Associated immunological and neurological defects and predilection for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) makes them a distinctive entity in pediatric practice. Thorough clinical examination, bedside investigations such as peripheral blood smear (PBS) and hair microscopy, and bone marrow (BM) examination are inexpensive and reliable diagnostic tools. Methods: We report 12 cases with SHS (CHS, n = 06; GS, n = 04; HPS, n = 02). Results: 8 out of 12 SHS children (CHS-05, GS-03) presented with HLH. Out of 5 cases of CHS with HLH, 2 died, 3rd is stable post-chemotherapy; 4th completed chemotherapy, underwent matched related hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), and is stable 8 months off treatment. The 5th child completed chemotherapy and is in process of transplant. One CHS child without HLH is thriving without any treatment. Of the 4 GS cases, 3 presented with HLH and received chemotherapy (HLH 2004 protocol). One lost follow-up after initial remission; another had recurrence 7 months off treatment and discontinued further treatment. The third child had recurrence 1.5 years after initial chemotherapy; HLH 2004 protocol was restarted followed by HSCT from matched sibling donor; is currently well, 2.5 years post-transplant. One child with GS had neurological features with no evidence of HLH and did not take treatment. Of 2 children with HPS, one presented with severe sepsis and the other with neurological problems. They were managed symptomatically. Conclusion: In SHS with HLH, chemotherapy followed by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a promising curative option.

Silvery white hair is an infrequent clinical manifestation seen in Chediak Higashi syndrome, Elejalde disease and Griscelli syndrome. Pigmentary dilution is common to all the three conditions. Clinical examination, hair and skin microscopic examination are instrumental in differentiating these syndromes. Presence of silvery hair in a patient should prompt the physician to look for any associated features. Presence of neurologic and immunologic impairment carries a poor prognosis. Here we describe a series of three cases of Griscelli syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare disease that is characterized by silvery hair and fair skin. It is included in congenital grey hair syndromes, a rare group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by silvery grey hair and severe multisystem disorders, such as immune system impairment, defects in immunological function, ocular and skeletal alterations, and nervous system defects. Herein, we report a rare case of GS type 1 and highlight the importance of a dermatological and hair examination to make an early diagnosis of these life-threatening diseases.

Melanophilin (MLPH) functions as a linker between RAB27A and myosin Va (MYO5A) in regulating skin pigmentation during the melanosome transport process. The MYO5A-MLPH-RAB27A ternary protein complex is required for anchoring mature melanosomes in the peripheral actin filaments of melanocytes for subsequent transfer to adjacent keratinocytes. Griscelli syndrome type 3 (GS3) is caused by mutations in the MLPH gene. So far, only five variants of MLPH associated with GS3 have been reported. Here, we reported the first patient with GS3 in a Chinese population. The proband carried a novel homozygous missense mutation (c.73G>C; p.D25H), residing in the conserved Slp homology domain of MLPH, and presented with hypopigmentation of the hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes. Light microscopy revealed the presence of abnormal pigment clumping in his hair shaft. In silico tools predicted this MLPH variant to be likely pathogenic. Using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analysis, we demonstrated that the MLPH (D25H) variant had an inhibitory effect on melanosome transport by exhibiting perinuclear melanosome aggregation in melanocytes, and greatly reduced its binding to RAB27A, although the protein level of MLPH in the patient was not changed. Our findings suggest that MLPH (D25H) is a pathogenic variant that expands the genetic spectrum of the MLPH gene.

Introduction: Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder, belongs to group of "silvery hair syndromes" which includes Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) and Elejalde syndrome. Hair light microscopy helps in the differentiation of GS and CHS, as both manifest with clinical features. Trichoscopy is useful in the diagnosis of many hair shaft disorders. Here, authors describe the trichoscopic features of GS in skin of color. Materials and Methods: This was an observational study conducted in a private dermatology clinic and in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 5 cases of suspected GS were referred by pediatrician. Consent was obtained. The demographic data in terms of age, gender, consanguinity, and clinical history was documented. Trichoscopic examination was performed with FotoFinder videodermoscope with 20x magnification, the clinical images were captured with Medicam 1000. Trichoscopy showed large and irregular pigment clumps in 4 cases. One case demonstrated hypopigmentation of hair without pigment clumps [Figure 3a]. Results: Trichoscopy showed large and irregular pigment clumps in 4 cases. One case demonstrated hypopigmentation of hair without pigment clumps. Conclusion: Trichoscopy shows characteristic features GS. It is a useful method when facility for light or polarized microscope is unavailable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypopigmentation of skin and hair. Griscelli syndrome type 2, one of the three subtypes of Griscelli syndrome, is characterized by recurrent infections, in addition to pigmentary abnormalities. We present the case of a 15-year-old girl with late onset of Griscelli syndrome type 2 features: pigmentary changes of hair and skin, hepatosplenomegaly, pancreatitis and pancytopenia. We also highlight the diagnostic dilemma in patients with coexisting features of malnutrition. Both conditions show some overlapping clinical features and hence, establishing a diagnosis may be challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Silvery Hair Syndromes (SHS), an autosomal recessive inherited disorder, includes Chediak–Higashi syndrome (CHS), Griscelli syndrome (GS), Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS), and Elejalde syndrome. Associated immunological and neurological defects and predilection for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) makes them a distinctive entity in pediatric practice. Thorough clinical examination, bedside investigations such as peripheral blood smear (PBS) and hair microscopy, and bone marrow (BM) examination are inexpensive and reliable diagnostic tools. Methods: We report 12 cases with SHS (CHS, n = 06; GS, n = 04; HPS, n = 02). Results: 8 out of 12 SHS children (CHS-05, GS-03) presented with HLH. Out of 5 cases of CHS with HLH, 2 died, 3rd is stable post-chemotherapy; 4th completed chemotherapy, underwent matched related hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), and is stable 8 months off treatment. The 5th child completed chemotherapy and is in process of transplant. One CHS child without HLH is thriving without any treatment. Of the 4 GS cases, 3 presented with HLH and received chemotherapy (HLH 2004 protocol). One lost follow-up after initial remission; another had recurrence 7 months off treatment and discontinued further treatment. The third child had recurrence 1.5 years after initial chemotherapy; HLH 2004 protocol was restarted followed by HSCT from matched sibling donor; is currently well, 2.5 years post-transplant. One child with GS had neurological features with no evidence of HLH and did not take treatment. Of 2 children with HPS, one presented with severe sepsis and the other with neurological problems. They were managed symptomatically. Conclusion: In SHS with HLH, chemotherapy followed by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a promising curative option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver hair in a neonate is an uncommon occurrence. The aetiology of this condition is varied and is associated with immunodeficiency disorders such as Griscelli syndrome and Chédiak-Higashi syndrome. A preterm neonate with Griscelli syndrome type 2 might present with just silver colour staining of hair including the lanugo hair with no other complications. In those with associated systemic abnormalities such as congenital pulmonary airway malformation, further evaluation for conditions such as Menke-Kinke hair syndrome is required. In this case series, we describe two unique cases of silver hair syndrome in preterm neonates with their clinical description, course in the hospital, role of hair mount and genetic testing for further identification and diagnosis of this disorder., Competing Interests: None declared., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Introduction: Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that primarily manifests as hair and skin hypopigmentation, with three types differentiated by their specific genetic defects as well as by their clinical features. Clinically, GS type 1 is characterized by early neurological alterations, while GS type 2 is characterized by immunodeficiency and could present with neurological symptoms, and type 3 is characterized by a chromosomal anomaly without a specific clinical profile besides hypopigmentation. This article details the challenges faced in the diagnosis of a patient with GS who presents with neurological symptoms followed by immunological deficits., Case Presentation: A 7-month-old female presented with complaints of developmental delay following an otitis media infection. Upon examination, she exhibited signs of psychomotor developmental regression and had pale bronze skin and silvery-gray hair, as well as hepatosplenomegaly. The examination of her hair shaft revealed a pattern consistent with GS. During her hospitalization, the patient developed an intermittent fever and signs of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). She subsequently developed recurrent seizures treated with phenytoin and Aciclovir. Shortly she succumbed to respiratory distress syndrome and multisystem failure., Discussion: The presence of HLH confirms the type of GS. However, in some cases, the HLH criteria could not be fulfilled, presenting a diagnostic challenge., Conclusion: The genetic examination is the only way to differentiate GS type 1 from type 2. However, when it is not available, the presence of specific symptoms and features may assist in the classification. Furthermore, treatments should be administered when GS type 2 is suspected since they have the potential to improve life quality through treating HLH, delaying and altering the neurological symptoms., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Hair, having distinct stages of growth, is a dynamic component of the integumentary system. Nonetheless, derangement in its structure and growth pattern often provides vital clues for the diagnosis of systemic diseases. Assessment of the hair structure by various microscopy techniques is, hence, a valuable tool for the diagnosis of several systemic and cutaneous disorders. Systemic illnesses like Comel-Netherton syndrome, Griscelli syndrome, Chediak Higashi syndrome, and Menkes disease display pathognomonic findings on hair microscopy which, consequently, provide crucial evidence for disease diagnosis. With minimal training, light microscopy of the hair can easily be performed even by clinicians and other health care providers which can, thus, serve as a useful tool for disease diagnosis at the patient's bedside. This is especially true for resource-constrained settings where access and availability of advanced investigations (like molecular diagnostics) is a major constraint. Despite its immense clinical utility and non-invasive nature, hair microscopy seems to be an underutilized diagnostic modality. Lack of awareness regarding the important findings on hair microscopy may be one of the crucial reasons for its underutilization. Herein, we, therefore, present a comprehensive overview of the available methods for hair microscopy and the pertinent findings that can be observed in various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To report the phenotypic, genetic findings and outcome of children with lupus manifestations associated with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs). Methods: Data are retrospectively collected on patients with lupus manifestations and PIDs seen between 1998 and 2019. Data comprised the clinical findings and genetic testing, the response to treatment and the accrual damage related to SLE. Results: A total of 39 patients (22 female) were reviewed. Thirty-four patients had lupus manifestations and six patients with SLE-like manifestations. Genetic analysis was performed in 25 patients. Complement deficiency was the most frequent PIDs; 26 patients were C1q deficient, three patients had C3 deficiency, two patients had C4 deficiency and one patient with heterozygous C8b variant. The other seven patients had different PIDs genetic defects that include SCID caused by PNP deficiency, CGD, CVID (PIK3CD), IL-2RB mutation, DNase II deficiency, STAT1 mutation, ISG15 mutation and Griscelli syndrome type 3. Mucocutaneous lesions, arthritis and lung involvement were the main clinical features. 84.1% experienced recurrent infections. The mean accrual damage was 2.7 ± 2.2. There were five deaths because of infection. Conclusion: This study suggests that patients with lupus manifestations and early onset disease, family history of SLE or recurrent infections should undergo immunological work-up and genetic testing to rule out PIDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Granulomatous lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) has been increasingly recognized in children affected with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). In this study, we aimed to better characterize the spectrum of pediatric PIDs coexisting with GLILD including clinical and immunological predictors, thoracic imaging findings, and histopathologic features. Methods: We respectively reviewed records of six representative cases of children, three of them affected with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and three with syndromic immunodeficiencies, in whom a diagnosis of GLILD was established based on clinical, radiological, and histopathologic findings. Clinical and immunological predictors for GLILD were also analyzed in the patients studied. Results: All the children with GLILD had a history of autoimmune phenomena, organ-specific immunopathology, and immune dysregulation. Defective B-cell maturation and deficiency of memory B cells were found in all the children with GLILD. The radiological and histopathological features consistent with the diagnosis of GLILD, granulomatous disease, and lymphoid hyperplasia, were accompanied by chronic airway disease with bronchiectasis in children with CVID and syndromic PIDs. Conclusions: Our study shows that both CVID and syndromic PIDs may be complicated with GLILD. Further studies are required to understand the predictive value of coexisting autoimmunity and immune dysregulation in the recognition of GLILD in children with PIDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Griscelli syndrome type 3 is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the melanophilin gene and does not have any mucocutaneous or systemic abnormalities other than a pigmentary dilution of skin and hair. We report a case of an 8-year-old girl who presented with silvery grey hair of scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, and entire body surface with associated universal dyschromia of the skin. After establishing a definite diagnosis of Griscelli syndrome 3, the prognosis was explained and counseling was given. A review of the literature revealed only 27 cases of Griscelli syndrome type 3 in the English language of which only one case by Batrani et al. has reported an associated dyschromia. We report this case to add to the existing literature on this rare condition and to highlight the coexistence of universal dyschromia with Griscelli syndrome type 3.

Type II Griscelli Syndrome (GS) is caused by a mutation in the RAB27A gene and usually manifests with silvery-gray hair, immune deficiency and the development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). A hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the curative treatment for HLH and reduced-intensity conditioning prevents the morbidity/mortality in the transplantation related to myeloablative conditioning. We report on a 21-month old boy with cerebral involvement of HLH related to GS.

Abstract In this study, a case of Griscelli Syndrome (GS) in a 7 years old girl was reported. The patient initially presented with fever and pancytopenia in laboratory results; after ruling out the malignancies, she went under treatment with the diagnosis of infectious disease and was discharged after two weeks. Nevertheless, ten days after discharge, she developed new symptoms. Due to patient symptoms and general appearance, microscopic analysis of her hair shaft was done, and the abnormal distribution of pigments in the shaft was observed, indicating GS.

In this study, a case of Griscelli Syndrome (GS) in a 7 years old girl was reported. The patient initially presented with fever and pancytopenia in laboratory results; after ruling out the malignancies, she went under treatment with the diagnosis of infectious disease and was discharged after two weeks. Nevertheless, ten days after discharge, she developed new symptoms. Due to patient symptoms and general appearance, microscopic analysis of her hair shaft was done, and the abnormal distribution of pigments in the shaft was observed, indicating GS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare disease that is characterized by silvery hair and fair skin. It is included in congenital grey hair syndromes, a rare group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by silvery grey hair and severe multisystem disorders, such as immune system impairment, defects in immunological function, ocular and skeletal alterations, and nervous system defects. Herein, we report a rare case of GS type 1 and highlight the importance of a dermatological and hair examination to make an early diagnosis of these life-threatening diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanosomes are specialized intracellular organelles that produce and store melanin pigments in melanocytes, which are present in several mammalian tissues and organs, including the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanosomes form and mature stepwise (stages I–IV) in melanocytes and then are transported toward the plasma membrane along the cytoskeleton. They are subsequently transferred to neighboring keratinocytes by a largely unknown mechanism, and incorporated melanosomes are transported to the perinuclear region of the keratinocytes where they form melanin caps. Melanocytes also extend several dendrites that facilitate the efficient transfer of the melanosomes to the keratinocytes. Since the melanosome biogenesis, transport, and transfer steps require multiple membrane trafficking processes, Rab GTPases that are conserved key regulators of membrane traffic in all eukaryotes are crucial for skin and hair pigmentation. Dysfunctions of two Rab isoforms, Rab27A and Rab38, are known to cause a hypopigmentation phenotype in human type 2 Griscelli syndrome patients and in chocolate mice (related to Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome), respectively. In this review article, I review the literature on the functions of each Rab isoform and its upstream and downstream regulators in mammalian melanocytes and keratinocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Griscelli syndrome (GS) type II is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by partial albinism, immunodeficiency, and the subsequent development of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). Herein, we present a case involving a four-month-old infant admitted to our facility due to a prolonged fever complicated by HPS. The diagnosis of GS type 2 was established based on a constellation of clinical and laboratory findings: consanguinity, familial history of early infectious fatalities, ocular-cutaneous hypopigmentation, characteristic silvery hair sheen, onset of HPS, and notably, the pathognomonic appearance upon microscopic examination of a hair sample. The absence of giant granules within nucleated cells helped exclude Chediak-Higashi syndrome., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. CERBO issued approval Not applicable. The authors of this article declare that there are no conflicts of interest or ethical concerns with the research presented. Our research is involving human participants, and it has been conducted by ethical standards and guidelines. Informed consent has been obtained from the patient involved in the study and appropriate ethical review board approvals have been obtained. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Bouhafs et al.)

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that affects hair, skin, and immune system. Here, we describe an 8.5-month-old infant with multiple admissions due to fever, petechial purpura, and several recurrent vomiting episodes with a presumptive diagnosis of recurrent sepsis. He was born from parents with consanguineous marriage. The initial examinations revealed huge splenomegaly and hepatomegaly without any source of infection. Laboratory tests revealed a hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) like a picture with a high blood level of ferritin in all episodes, but the bone marrow test result was normal. Although he had normal hair and skin pigmentation on physical examination, the accumulation of melanosomes was found in his hair shafts on microscopic investigations. Eventually, a genetic test revealed a mutation in the RAB27A gene, which confirmed GS-II diagnosis. Our case is the first case of GS-II from Iran without any apparent clinical features of GS, such as hypopigmented skin and silvery-gray hair. Therefore, a genetic test, together with the microscopic examination of hair and skin, is necessary for the diagnosis and confirmation of GS-II. Since GS-II is an autosomal recessive disorder and consanguineous marriages are popular in Iran, premarital genetic counseling is recommended for this region.

Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by hypopigmentation, silver colored hair, and associated immunological deficiency, which proves fatal in the absence of timely intervention. Our patients diagnosed with Griscelli syndrome-2 presented with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and deranged hematological and biochemical parameters. Both cases underwent detailed investigations comprising of hair mount microscopic examination, degranulation assay, and mutational studies. Our cases showed defective degranulation activity by NK cells and gene mutation analysis revealed RAB27A mutation that causes defect of cytotoxic granule exocytosis from natural killer (NK) and T-cells, manifesting clinically as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in one of the patients resulted in stable chimerism; however, the second case relapsed within a month after SCT. Stem cell transplantation is the only curative therapeutic option for GS2; thus, improvement in posttransplantation management may reduce mortality and posttransplant complications. Hence, any child who presents with partial albinism and clinical features suggestive of HLH, a peripheral blood, hair shaft mount examination along with basic immunological NK and T-cell cytotoxicity assay by flow cytometry will help clinch the diagnosis early. It can subsequently be confirmed by molecular study. Timely therapeutic intervention can prevent relapses and severe infection and improve outcome in these cases.

Griscelli syndrome type 3 is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the melanophilin gene and does not have any mucocutaneous or systemic abnormalities other than a pigmentary dilution of skin and hair. We report a case of an 8-year-old girl who presented with silvery grey hair of scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, and entire body surface with associated universal dyschromia of the skin. After establishing a definite diagnosis of Griscelli syndrome 3, the prognosis was explained and counseling was given. A review of the literature revealed only 27 cases of Griscelli syndrome type 3 in the English language of which only one case by Batrani et al. has reported an associated dyschromia. We report this case to add to the existing literature on this rare condition and to highlight the coexistence of universal dyschromia with Griscelli syndrome type 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Griscelli syndrome is a multisystemic disorder. It is of three types with a common feature of pigmentary dilution. The clinical types depend on the gene involved leading to a varied presentation ranging from only pigmentary dilution and excellent prognosis in type 3 to a severe disease with multisystem involvement in type 2. Type 3 is the least reported variant. We describe a 23-year-old male with sporadic presence of light-colored skin and silver gray hair.

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that affects hair, skin, and immune system. Here, we describe an 8.5-month-old infant with multiple admissions due to fever, petechial purpura, and several recurrent vomiting episodes with a presumptive diagnosis of recurrent sepsis. He was born from parents with consanguineous marriage. The initial examinations revealed huge splenomegaly and hepatomegaly without any source of infection. Laboratory tests revealed a hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) like a picture with a high blood level of ferritin in all episodes, but the bone marrow test result was normal. Although he had normal hair and skin pigmentation on physical examination, the accumulation of melanosomes was found in his hair shafts on microscopic investigations. Eventually, a genetic test revealed a mutation in the RAB27A gene, which confirmed GS-II diagnosis. Our case is the first case of GS-II from Iran without any apparent clinical features of GS, such as hypopigmented skin and silvery-gray hair. Therefore, a genetic test, together with the microscopic examination of hair and skin, is necessary for the diagnosis and confirmation of GS-II. Since GS-II is an autosomal recessive disorder and consanguineous marriages are popular in Iran, premarital genetic counseling is recommended for this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type II Griscelli Syndrome (GS) is caused by a mutation in the RAB27A gene and usually manifests with silvery-gray hair, immune deficiency and the development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). A hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the curative treatment for HLH and reduced-intensity conditioning prevents the morbidity/mortality in the transplantation related to myeloablative conditioning. We report on a 21-month old boy with cerebral involvement of HLH related to GS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysosome‐related organelles (LROs) comprise a diverse group of cell type‐specific, membrane‐bound subcellular organelles that derive at least in part from the endolysosomal system but that have unique contents, morphologies and functions to support specific physiological roles. They include: melanosomes that provide pigment to our eyes and skin; alpha and dense granules in platelets, and lytic granules in cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, which release effectors to regulate hemostasis and immunity; and distinct classes of lamellar bodies in lung epithelial cells and keratinocytes that support lung plasticity and skin lubrication. The formation, maturation and/or secretion of subsets of LROs are dysfunctional or entirely absent in a number of hereditary syndromic disorders, including in particular the Hermansky‐Pudlak syndromes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of LROs in humans and model organisms and presents our current understanding of how the products of genes that are defective in heritable diseases impact their formation, motility and ultimate secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by pigmentary dilution of the hair and skin. Three different types (1–3) caused by mutation in three different genes have been described. GS2 is characterized by partial albinism, immunodeficiency, organomegaly, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Long-term prognosis of GS2 is poor, and in most cases, it leads to death within the first decade of life. GS2 is most common among three types with 11 cases reported from the Indian literature. We report a case of GS2 which was diagnosed well before the development of life-threatening HLH.

Griscelli syndrome type 2 is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the RAB27A gene. It is characterized by pigmentary dilution of the skin and hair causing silvery gray hair, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and characteristic light microscopy findings in scalp hair shaft seen as large irregular clumps of pigment as opposed to the evenly distributed pigment along the hair shaft without any clumps. We describe a boy with classic features of Griscelli syndrome type 2 from Pakistan in whom a homozygous mutation in the RAB27A gene was identified that showed a single base substitution (c.598C>T) predicted to cause premature protein termination (p.Arg200∗). We also present a clinical approach to silver blonde hair differentiating between the Griscelli syndrome types 1, 2 and 3, Chediak Hegashi Syndrome and Elejalde Syndrome.

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by variable immunodeficiency, partial albinism, abnormal accumulation of melanosomes in melanocytes, pigmentary dilution of the skin, and shiny silver-gray hair. GS has three types, with the first and second types caused by mutations in two genes being located at band 15q21: RAB27A and MYO5A. The expression of the third form of GS is restricted to the characteristic hypopigmentation of GS, and results from mutation in the gene that encodes melanophilin MLPH. It has also been shown that an identical phenotype can result from the deletion of the MYO5A F-exon. The aim of this case report is the presentation of oral and dental features and SEM images of the hair of a 12-year-old girl with GS type 3. [Arch Clin Exp Surg 2015; 4(3.000): 164-167]

Griscelli syndrome is a rare inherited autosomal recessive syndrome that causes immunodeficiency. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which is characterized by a high mortality rate, may develop because of Griscelli syndrome type 2 (GS2). We aimed to share our experience with the diagnosis and treatment methods of patients who developed HLH secondary to GS2. Patients with GS2 who were diagnosed and treated for HLH between 2017 and 2022 at the Cukurova University Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology and Division of Pediatric Hematology were included in the study. Microscopic examination of the hair shaft and next-generation sequencing for molecular genetic testing of RAB27A helped in the diagnosis of GS2. The first clinical presentation of 8 patients was HLH. One patient presented with CNS involvement and two patients presented with recurrent fever. Over 5 years, GS2 was diagnosed in 15 patients, of whom 11 (73.3%) developed HLH. The HLH-2004 protocol was used to treat these patients. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was performed in five patients who were matched with suitable donors. While all patients who underwent HSCT were alive, three patients who could not undergo HSCT because no donor could be found died. Deletion of CAAGC at nucleotides 514_518 in GS2 patients is associated with CNS involvement and a poor prognosis. HLH may be the first sign of presentation in patients with GS2. Although further research is needed, regardless of the conditioning regimen utilized, early HSCT remains the primary therapy option for preventing GS2-induced mortality in HLH., Competing Interests: None., (AJCEI Copyright © 2023.)

We herein illustrate a case of an adult male presenting with silvery hair and generalized guttate hypopigmented macules on a background of diffuse cutaneous hyperpigmentation, since birth. Histopathology showed enlarged melanocytes with abundant melanin. Based on these clinicopathological features, differential diagnoses considered were Griscelli syndrome 3 (GS3) and familial giagantic melanocytosis. GS3 belongs to a group of inherited autosomal recessive (AR) disorders of partial albinism, known as silvery hair syndromes, while familial gigantic melanocytosis (FGM) is a putative disorder of dyschromia with silvery hairs. A pertinent literature search revealed hyperpigmentation or dyschromatosis as a rare manifestation of silvery hair syndromes, especially in dark‐skin populations. A comparative analysis of previously reported cases depicted close morphological similarities between GS3 and FGM. We discuss the uncertainty pertaining to cases described in literature as FGM, to be truly representative of a distinctive entity, or merely a morphological variation of GS3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Silvery hair syndrome is a rare, autosomal‐recessive entity characterized by silvery gray hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes and may be associated or not with immunologic or neurologic alterations. Two main types have been recognized: Chediak‐Higashi syndrome and Griscelli syndrome. Hair shaft examination under light microscopy has been a useful tool to differentiate Chediak‐Higashi syndrome from Griscelli syndrome, although distribution of melanin varies according to hair color related to ethnicity. The objective was to compare the pattern of melanin in the skin and with the pattern of melanin distribution in the hair shaft. Methods: Sixteen patients with silvery hair syndrome were selected (Chediak‐Higashi syndrome 5, Griscelli syndrome 11). The distribution of melanin granules in skin and hair shafts was compared and correlated with clinical diagnoses. Results: Chediak‐Higashi syndrome was characterized by small granules of melanin uniformly distributed throughout the thickness of the epidermis. Griscelli syndrome was characterized by an irregular pigment distribution in the epidermal basal layer with large and dense granules alternating with areas lacking melanin pigment. In two cases, study of the hair was not conclusive, but the skin showed the characteristic pattern of Griscelli syndrome. Conclusion: Skin biopsy is a useful tool in differentiating Chediak‐Higashi syndrome from Griscelli syndrome and as a complementary study in cases in which hair shaft pigment distribution does not support the diagnosis, especially in patients with fair hair. The distribution of melanin granules in the skin correlates with that observed in the hair shaft, allowing Chediak‐Higashi syndrome to be differentiated from Griscelli syndrome, at any age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is an autosomal-recessive disorder of the vesicle transport and membrane trafficking system first identified by Griscelli et al in 1978. The three types of GS have specific genetic defects and systemic manifestations apart from classic partial pigmentary dilution, resulting in hypopigmentation of skin and silvery hair. GS-II occurs due to a defect in the Rab27a gene and is characterized by primary immune deficiency along with accelerated phases of a hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) crisis. This rare disorder has been widely studied for dermatological, hematological, and neurological manifestations; however, the oral features and presentations have not been elucidated in detail. This report presents a case of a 4-year-old male with known mutation c.550C > T or p.R184X mutation (ENST00000396307) in Rab27a with oral features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term congenital hypopigmentary disorders refers to a wide group of heterogeneous hereditary diseases, clinically characterized by inborn pigmentary defects of the iris, hair, and/or skin. They include Gray Hair Syndromes (GHSs), a rare group of autosomal recessive genodermatosis hallmarked by inborn silvery gray hair. GHSs encompass Griscelli, Chediak–Higashi, Elejalde, and Cross syndromes, which are all characterized by a broad spectrum of severe multisystem disorders, including neurological, ocular, skeletal, and immune system impairment. In this manuscript, we describe in detail the clinical, trichoscopic, and genetic features of a rare case of Griscelli syndrome; moreover, we provide an overview of all the GHSs known to date. Our report highlights how an accurate clinical examination with noninvasive methods, like trichoscopy, may play a crucial rule in diagnosis of rare and potentially lethal genetic syndromes such as Griscelli syndrome, in which timely diagnosis and therapy may modify the clinical course, quality of life, and likelihood of survival.

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder of pigmentary dilution of skin, silver gray hair, variable immunodeficiency, neurological impairment, and abnormal accumulation of melanosomes in melanocytes. GS type 3 is characterized by hypomelanosis with no immunological and neurological manifestation. Prognosis is very good in type 3 GS and usually require no active intervention, as opposed to type 1 and 2 where early diagnosis and treatment plays a crucial role in patient's survival. The characteristic phenotypic appearance, especially the pigment dilution of the patient's hair, is emphasized here.

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a severe and potentially fatal life-threatening condition associated with excessive activation and expansion of T cells with macrophages and a high expression of cytokines, resulting in an uncontrolled inflammatory response, with high levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and causing multiorgan damage. This syndrome is classified into primary (genetic/familial) or secondary forms to several etiologies, such as infections, neoplasias mainly hemopathies or autoimmune diseases. It is characterised clinically by unremitting high fever, pancytopaenia, hepatosplenomegaly, hepatic dysfunction, encephalopathy, coagulation abnormalities and sharply increased levels of ferritin. The pathognomonic feature of the syndrome is seen on bone marrow examination, which frequently, though not always, reveals numerous morphologically benign macrophages exhibiting haemophagocytic activity. Because MAS can follow a rapidly fatal course, prompt recognition of its clinical and laboratory features and immediate therapeutic intervention are essential. However, it is difficult to distinguish underlying disease flare, infectious complications or medication side effects from MAS. Although, the pathogenesis of MAS is unclear, the hallmark of the syndrome is an uncontrolled activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to massive hypersecretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mutations in cytolytic pathway genes are increasingly being recognised in children who develop MAS in his secondary form. We present here a case of Macrophage activation syndrome associated with Griscelli syndrome type 2 in a 3-years-old boy who had been referred due to severe sepsis with non-remitting high fever, generalized lymphoadenopathy and hepato-splenomegaly. Laboratory data revealed pancytopenia with high concentrations of triglycerides, ferritin and lactic dehydrogenase while the bone marrow revealed numerous morphologically benign macrophages with haemophagocytic activity that comforting the diagnosis of a SAM according to Ravelli and HLH-2004 criteria. Griscelli syndrome (GS) was evoked on; consanguineous family, recurrent infection, very light silvery-gray color of the hair and eyebrows, Light microscopy examination of the hair showed large, irregular clumps of pigments characteristic of GS. The molecular biology showed mutation in RAB27A gene confirming the diagnosis of a Griscelli syndrome type 2. The first-line therapy was based on the parenteral administration of high doses of corticosteroids, associated with immunosuppressive drugs, cyclosporine A and etoposide waiting for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]