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Background Anesthesia trainees are expected to perform tasks under non-direct supervision as soon as possible in their clinical training. Often they rely on only superficial rote learning, which might lead to medical errors. We have developed a lesson plan that is based on this educational need using Gagne’s Instructional Design for the example of teaching the complex preoperative management of diabetic patients. Our aim was to use Gagne’s approach successfully for the teaching of non-procedural skills. Methods We implemented a comprehensive lesson plan that was developed on the example of a clinical pattern – the preoperative assessment of diabetic patients - using Gagne’s systematic nine-step model of instruction design. After the lesson, we analysed the trainees’ opinions with the use of a standardized questionnaire. Results Nine trainees with 2.1 ± 0.8 years of anesthesia experience attended the lesson. The assessment of knowledge revealed in 82% the correct answers to the treatment options, and the residents’ overall view on the lecture concept were 4.8 ± 0.3 for lecture concept and realization and 4.7 ± 0.5 regarding motivation, participation and climate. Conclusions Applying Gagne’s Instructional Design model guides seems to effectively guide the development of a comprehensive lesson plan to teach non-procedural skills in a small group setting.

Context: Previous research has shown a weak relationship between intended and actual training load in various sports. Due to variety in group and content, this relationship is expected to be even weaker during group rehabilitation. Objective: The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between intended and actual training load during sport-specific rehabilitation in a group setting. Design: Observational study. Setting: Three outdoor rehabilitation sessions. Participants: Nine amateur soccer players recovering from lower limb injury participated in the study (age 22 ± 3 y, height 179 ± 9 cm, body mass 75 ± 13 kg). Main Outcome Measures: We collected physiotherapists’ ratings of intended exertion (RIE) and players’ ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Furthermore, Zephyr Bioharness 3 equipped with GPS-trackers provided heart rate and distance data. We computed heart rate–based training loads using Edwards’ method and a modified TRIMP. Results: Overall, we found weak correlations (N = 42) between RIE and RPE (r = 0.35), Edwards’ (r = 0.34), TRIMPMOD (r = 0.07), and distance (r = 0.26). Conclusions: In general, physiotherapists tended to underestimate training loads. To check whether intended training loads are met, it is thus recommended to monitor training loads during rehabilitation.

One might wonder how intuitive art can connect to neuroscience and how this could be accomplished. In this descriptive article, research connecting art therapy and neuroscience has been collected and a workshop on Intuitive Painting has been described in detail. The connection was made by the author based on an article by Barker (2017), ‘4 Rituals to be more Happy,’ who writes a popular science blog. The rituals: gratefulness, expressing negative emotions, decision making and human touch were combined with Dr. Pinkie Feinstein’s method of Intuitive Painting in a small group setting. Although subjective, it would seem that at least for that moment in time, a small amount of happiness was achieved through combining art and science.

Reflective practice may ameliorate the burnout, empathy loss, and depression that medical students experience during clerkships. We describe a student-led reflective writing workshop in a safe and structured small group setting. We provide twelve tips for implementing such a workshop, informed by the existing literature on reflective writing and near-peer teaching, which include developing writing prompts, guiding student facilitators, and obtaining feedback. Common topics include patient suffering, workplace dynamics, and the joys of practicing medicine. Participants develop camaraderie with peers as well as tools they can carry forward as they continue to process the challenging experiences intrinsic to clinical medicine.

SummaryLittle is known about the brain mechanisms that underpin how humans learn while interacting with one another in ecologically-valid environments (1-3). This is because cognitive neuroscientists typically measure one participant at a time in a highly constrained environment (e.g., inside a brain scanner). In the past few years, researchers have begun comparing brain responses across individuals (4-6) demonstrating that brain-to-brain synchrony can predict subsequent memory retention (7-9). Yet previous research has been constrained to non-interacting individuals. Surprisingly, the one study that was conducted in a group setting found that brain synchrony between students in a classroom predicted how engaged the students were, but not how much information they retained (10). This is unexpected because brain-to-brain synchrony is hypothesized to be driven, at least partially, by shared attention (11, 12), and shared attention has been shown to affect subsequent memory (13). Here we used EEG to simultaneously record brain activity from groups of four students and a teacher in a simulated classroom to investigate whether brain-to-brain synchrony, both between students and between the students and the teacher, can predict learning outcomes (Fig. 1A). We found that brain-to-brain synchrony in the Alpha band (8-12Hz) predicted students’ delayed memory retention. Further, moment-to-moment variation in alpha-band brain-to-brain synchrony discriminated between content that was retained or forgotten. Whereas student-to-student brain synchrony best predicted delayed memory retention at a zero time lag, student-to-teacher brain synchrony best predicted memory retention when adjusting for a ∼200 millisecond lag in the students’ brain activity relative to the teacher’s brain activity. These findings provide key new evidence for the importance of brain data collected simultaneously from groups of individuals in ecologically-valid settings.HighlightsElectroencephalogram (EEG) was concurrently recorded in a simulated classroom from groups of four students and a teacher.Alpha-band (8-12Hz) brain-to-brain synchrony predicted students’ performance in a delayed post-test.Moment-to-moment variation in alpha-band brain-to-brain synchrony indicated what specific information was retained by students.Whereas student-to-student brain synchrony best predicted learning at a zero time lag, student-to-teacher brain synchrony best predicted learning when adjusting for a ∼200 millisecond lag in the students’ brain activity relative to the teacher’s brain activity.

The Integrative Psychiatry Curriculum (IPC) was developed to train psychiatry residents and fellows to apply an Integrative Medicine (IM) approach for patients presenting with psychiatric disorders. Launched in 2015, IPC includes interactive online courses, in-person experiential sessions, and a clinical component with supervision. Twenty-one residents and fellows have completed the curriculum. The purpose of the IPC is 2-fold: to enhance patient wellness through training residents and fellows in evidence-based whole-person care and to improve physician well-being through enhanced stress management and self-awareness utilizing the practice of mind–body skills within a supportive small group setting. Course participants are trained in a broad range of prevention and treatment options and learn about their evidence base; they then practice incorporating IM into diagnosis and treatment plans through supervised clinical experience. This article describes the development of IPC and its elements. Efforts are underway to further develop and standardize the offerings and increase the portability of the course, making it easier for Psychiatry training programs with limited faculty expertise in IM to provide the curriculum for residents and fellows. To reach the goal of disseminating such a curriculum for integrative psychiatry, further funding and collaboration with multiple residency training programs is needed.

Using content analysis, this study examines how citizens may use memes to share grassroots political ideas in a social media group setting during elections. Specifically, it offers a glimpse at the types of meme-related Facebook pages that emerged during the 2016 presidential election with an emphasis on representations of the two front-runner candidates—Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. Generally, Facebook-meme pages and profile photos of both candidates were negative in tone with Trump more likely to be framed in terms of his hairstyle and facial expressions and Clinton in terms of the email scandal and her relationships with people. Political party and gender differences between these two candidates contributed to variations in representations. Study findings are important as they offer a look at grassroots use of memes during a major election and provide a general overview of Facebook user depictions of the two politicians.

Primates display high efficiency in finding food in complex environments. Knowledge that many plant species produce fruit simultaneously, can help primates to anticipate fruit finding at the start of fruiting seasons. Knowledge of elapsed time can help primates decide when to revisit food trees to find ripened fruit and to return before competitors find these fruits. To investigate whether mandrills are able to learn time intervals of recurring food, we recorded the foraging choices of captive mandrills in a group setting. We used a procedure with renewable food rewards that could be searched for: carrots and grapes, hidden underground in specific places with different renewal intervals (2 and 5 days, respectively). We monitored the first choice of location for individuals, if other individuals had not already searched at the same location, to exclude possible effects of individuals following others rather than relying on memory. Throughout the study, the mandrills became increasingly likely to first search at carrot locations on carrot days, while the probability of them searching at carrot locations decreased on days without carrot. Due to model instability, our results were inconclusive about an effect of grape days on the choice of the mandrills. Cues provided by conspecifics indicating the availability of simultaneously emerging food rewards did not affect the choice of the mandrills. We conclude that mandrills can take into account elapsed time in a foraging context. Thereby, this study indicates how mandrills can use temporal cognitive abilities to overcome temporal challenges of food-finding in a group setting. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10071-020-01451-7.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate time-trial (TT) performance in the presence of one competitor and in a group with competitors of various abilities. Methods: In a randomized order, 24 participants performed a 5-km cycling TT individually (IND), with one similarly matched participant (1v1), and in a group of four participants (GRP). For the GRP session, two pairs of matched participants from the 1v1 session were used. Pairs were selected so that TT duration was considered either inferior (INF) or superior (SUP) compared to the other pair of participants. Results: Overall, TT duration (P = 0.86, ηp2 < 0.01) was not different between conditions, while heart rate (HR) was significantly greater in GRP compared to IND (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.16). For INF, a large effect size for both mean power (P = 0.07, ηp2 = 0.15) and HR (P = 0.05, ηp2 = 0.16), indicates greatest effort in GRP. Pacing behavior was affected by competition but similar in 1v1 and GRP for SUP, while large effect sizes indicate an increased power output in the initial 750-m for INF in GRP. Additionally, for INF, there was a significant correlation with ego orientation for an increase in TT duration between the GRP session and both the IND (r = 0.43, P = 0.04) and 1v1 (r = 0.54, P = 0.01) sessions. Conclusion: For INF participants, intensity was increased when competing in GRP. Yet, the presence of the SUP competitors resulted in lesser performance improvements for ego oriented INF participants. These findings demonstrate that consideration should be given to the ability of competitors in a group setting to provide adequate motivation. © 2018 Hibbert, Billaut, Varley and Polman.

Jedan od uvjeta za edukaciju za grupnog analitičara je pripremna izobrazba iz grupne analize koja se sastoji od teorijskog dijela i vlastitog iskustva grupne analize. U ovom radu je opisano vlastito iskustvo i viđenje uvodne izobrazbe s posebnim osvrtom na iskustvenu grupu u formi dnevnika. Naglasak je stavljen na proces stjecanja iskustva u maloj grupi, emocionalnom učenju i pronalaženju razumijevanja dobivenih iskustava u ponuđenoj teoriji., The group analysis introductory course is one of the requirements for group analysis training and consists of a theoretical part and personal experience gained through group analysis sessions. This paper presents personal experience and the perception of the introductory course with a special focus on the experience group in a form of a diary. Emphasis has been put on the process of gaining experience in a small group, emotional learning and finding the understanding of the experiences gained in the offered theory.

Background Motivation towards an exercise program is higher in a small group setting in comparison to individual therapy. Due to attentional problems, group exercises are difficult for people with Alzheimer disease (AD). This study evaluates the feasibility of a music-supported video-based group exercise program in older adults suffering from AD. Methods Five participants with moderate AD were recruited from a nursing home. A progressive physical exercise program using a video-based training with musical accompaniment was performed and digitally recorded to investigate the adherence and performed accuracy of the exercises. Results The overall participation during the exercises was 84.1%. The quality of the performance was for all exercises above the cut-off scores. Conclusion A music-supported video-based group exercise program is feasible in persons with AD. The participants were motivated and the expectations towards the program increased over time. Music seemed an important factor for attention in participants with AD.

The Bergen 4-day concentrated exposure treatment (cET) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has proven highly acceptable; with practically no drop-out and a 6 month remission rate of nearly 70%. The aim of the present study was to evaluate long term gains of the approach, and to compare the results to findings from our recent meta-analysis. Sixty-nine of 95 patients consecutively referred to an outpatient clinic in the specialist health care, were offered the Bergen 4-day treatment. Among the 65 who initiated treatment, 60.0% were classified with “severe” to “extreme” OCD. None of the patients dropped-out during treatment. Independent Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale interviews were conducted post-treatment, and at 3- and 12-month follow-up. Using the international consensus criteria, 83.1% responded to treatment at 12-month follow-up, and 67.7% of patients were classified as recovered. Significant changes were also seen in depression, as measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and in generalized anxiety, as measured by Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale. A total of 89% of the patients rated the treatment as very good and 100% would recommend the treatment to a friend. Compared to results in a recent meta-analysis, the Bergen 4-day treatment is favorable in respect to attrition, response and 12-month recovery. In sum the Bergen 4-day treatment is a feasible way to deliver treatment for OCD, and the effects are stable at 12-month follow-up. Implications for dissemination are discussed. © 2018 Hansen, Hagen, Öst, Solem and Kvale. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

In this paper, we describe a method to position a group of avatars in a virtual environment. The method aims at a group setting that seems natural for a group of people attending a guided tour and was developed in particular to assist participants by autonomously positioning their avatars on each stop of a virtual tour. The geometry of the virtual environment is key input, but also engagement of participants and possible social networks are taken into account. Consequently, it may serve to position avatars in similar type of situations.

Parenting capacity assessment in court evaluations is a particularly complex task, given that it is necessary to consider the vast array of distinct and interrelated aspects and abilities which represent parenting, as well as the elevated number of contextual levels that influence parenting quality. The perspective we want to introduce regards the potentiality of the multifamily group as the elective observational setting in parenting capacity assessment.

Author(s): Lee, David R; Kawas, Claudia H; Gibbs, Lisa; Corrada, Maria M | Abstract: ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence of frailty and examine factors associated with frailty in the 90+ Study.DesignCross-sectional.SettingPopulation-based longitudinal study of people aged 90 and older.Participants90+ Study participants (N = 824).MeasurementsParticipants were assessed at baseline for five components of frailty (low weight, weakness, exhaustion, slowness, low physical activity). Frailty status was defined as meeting the criteria for at least three of the five components of frailty. The prevalence of frailty in people aged 90 and older was estimated according to sex and age (90-94, ≥95). Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the relationship between the prevalence of frailty and sex, age, education level, living situation, and marital status.ResultsThis study estimated the overall prevalence of frailty in people aged 90 and older to be 28.0%. The overall prevalence of frailty was 24% in those aged 90 to 94 and 39.5% in those aged 95 and older. The prevalence of frailty was significantly associated with age in women but not men and with living with relatives or caregiver or in a group setting. Sex, education, and marital status were not significantly associated with frailty.ConclusionThe prevalence of frailty was high in people aged 90 and older and continued to increase with age, particularly for women. As the number of people aged 90 and older continues to increase, it will be increasingly important to identify factors associated with frailty that may provide potential targets for the prevention of adverse health outcomes in this population.

Bladder training (BT) given individually for overactive bladder symptoms (OAB) is time consuming, and patients tend to need reinforcement. We hypothesized that a specified BT programme for female OAB patients performed as group training would have the same effect as the identical programme used for individual training. A randomized, controlled, non-blinded trial in six hospital-situated clinics in Denmark. A total of 91 women were randomized to either individual BT or group BT (three-four patients in each group). In both settings BT was to be performed daily for a 2-month period supported by a diary and with three training sessions at the hospital coached by a continence nurse. All analyses were performed as intention-to-treat. Main outcome measures were urgency episodes, urgency incontinence episodes and scores from a symptom-specific visual analogue scale (VAS). A total of 38 women with individual BT and 41 with group BT were included in the analyses. No significant differences in urgency episodes, urgency incontinence episodes, voiding frequency between the two settings were observed after treatment. Neither did scores from the VAS scale differ. Median values showed a daily 50% reduction in urgency incontinence episodes. Daily voiding frequency of 8·5-10 was reduced to 7·5 voidings. Women were equally satisfied with the programme in both settings. Compliance in training was equal, and no serious adverse events were reported in either setting. This particular BT programme for female OAB patients showed no difference between group training and individual training with respect to clinical end points, patient satisfaction or compliance.

We examined the influence of cultural orientation salience on the emotion perception process in a contextualized emotion recognition task. We primed individual and collective focus in participants who later rated the emotion expressions of a central character (target) showing a happy, sad, angry, or neutral facial expression in a group setting. Facial orientation of a group of four other persons towards the target person was manipulated so that they faced either “inwards,” towards the central character, or “outwards,” towards the observer. Priming a collectivistic mind-set resulted in the perception of more intense emotions in the “inwards” facial orientation condition when the target showed angry, happy, or neutral expressions. Individualist focus influenced emotion perception in the “outwards” facial orientation condition in few cases. The findings highlight the significance of perceivers’ cultural orientation and social elements of the situation for emotion perception in line with the “culture as situated cognition” model.

The new youth resource guide, “Common Courtesies and First Impressions: A 4-H Life Skills Activity Guide to Modern American Etiquette,” is designed to help teenagers understand the significance and positive impact of using proper etiquette in today’s society. Though designed with 4-H members in mind, the guide employs the social theory of learning by emphasizing learning in a social setting with a group of one’s peers. It could be employed easily in any youth group setting, including Campfire, Boy & Girl Scouts, or Parks & Rec. It will help to build positive social skills by providing answers to such questions as how to behave and react in social situations.

There are a number of Distributed Generations (DGs) installed in microgrid, which may have diverse path and direction of power flow or fault current. The overcurrent protection scheme for the traditional radial type distribution system will no longer meet the needs of microgrid protection. Integrating the Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) and a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) with IEC 61850 communication protocol, the paper proposes a Microgrid Protection Management System (MPMS) to protect power system from the fault. In the proposed method, the MPMS performs logic programming of each IED to coordinate their tripping sequence. The GOOSE message defined in IEC 61850 is used as the transmission information medium among IEDs. Moreover, to cope with the difference in fault current of microgrid between grid-connected mode and islanded mode, the proposed MPMS applies the group setting feature of IED to protect system and robust adaptability. Once the microgrid topology varies, the MPMS will recalculate the fault current and update the group setting of IED. Provided there is a fault, IEDs will isolate the fault at once. Finally, the Matlab/Simulink and Elipse Power Studio software are used to simulate and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method., {"references":["A. K. Sahoo, \"Protection of Microgrid through Coordinated Directional\nOver-current Relays,\" in Proceeding of Global Humanitarian Technology\nConference, pp. 129-134, Trivandrum, 26-27 September, 2014.","L. J. Jin, M. M. Jiang, and G. Y. Yang, \"Fault Analysis of Microgrid and\nAdaptive Distance Protection Based on Complex Wavelet Transform,\" in\nProceeding of Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition\n(PEAC), pp. 360-364, Shanghai, 5-8 November, 2014.","S. M. Brahma, J. Trejo, and J. Stamp, \"Insight into Microgrid Protection,\"\nin Proceeding of Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe\n(ISGT-Europe), pp. 1-6, Istanbul, 12-15 October, 2014.","M. A. Zamani, T. S. Sidhu, and A. Yazdani, \"A Protection Strategy and\nMicroprocessor-Based Relay for Low-Voltage Microgrids,\" IEEE\nTransactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 1873-1883, July,\n2011.","W. K. A. Najy, H. H. Zeineldin, and W. L. Woon, \"Optimal Protection\nCoordination for Microgrids with Grid-Connected and Islanded\nCapability,\" IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 60, No. 4,\npp. 1668-1677, April, 2013.","S.-K. Huang, \"Implementation of Protection Systems in Microgrids\nBased on IEC 61850 Communication,\" (in Traditional Chinese), M.S.\nthesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University\nof Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 2013.","Y.-S. Huang, \"Implementation of an IEC 61850 Based Protection\nManagement Systems in Microgrids,\" (in Traditional Chinese), M.S.\nthesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University\nof Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 2014.","T. S. Ustun, C. Ozansoy, and A. Ustun, \"Fault Current Coefficient and\nTime Delay Assignment for Microgrid Protection System with Central\nProtection Unit,\" IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 28, No. 2,\npp.598-606, May, 2013.","P. P. Barker and R. W. De Mello, \"Determining the Impact of Distributed\nGeneration on Power Systems. I. Radial Distribution Systems,\" in Power\nEngineering Society Summer Meeting, Vol. 3, pp. 1645–1656, Seattle,\n16-20 July, 2000.\n[10] X. Wang, \"Research on Fault Reconstruction Technology of Micro-grid,\"\n(in Simplified Chinese), M.S. thesis, China Three Gorges University,\nYichang, P.R.China, 2013."]}

In this paper we propose a new perspective on persuasive technology: Persuasive effects of a group of artificial agents. We argue that while effects of single social agents have been corroborated, understanding of persuasion by multiple agents in a group setting is very limited. In the current research, we argue that conformity effects could occur not only with human majorities, but also with artificial majorities consisting of smart agents or computers. Two studies were conducted to investigate the conformity effect of group pressure on participants’ comparative judgments of lengths of lines, based on the classic Asch paradigm. Group pressure by human majorities was compared with pressure by majorities of boxed PC’s and of artificial virtual agents. Results indicated that normative pressure is limited to human majorities, while informational pressure can also be exerted by artificial majorities. This research revealed that applying majorities of artificial agents opens up a new domain of persuasive technology.

Synchrony, or the coordinated processing of time, is an often-overlooked yet critical context for human interaction. This study tests the relationship between the ability to synchronize rhythmically in a group setting with the ability to attend in 102 elementary schoolchildren. Impairments in temporal processing have frequently been shown to exist in clinical populations with learning disorders, particularly those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Based on this evidence, we hypothesized that the ability to synchronize rhythmically in a group setting—an instance of the type of temporal processing necessary for successful interaction and learning—would be correlated with the ability to attend across the continuum of the population. A music class is an ideal setting for the study of interpersonal timing. In order to measure synchrony in this context, we constructed instruments that allowed the recording and measurement of individual rhythmic performance. The SWAN teacher questionnaire was used as a measurement of attentional behavior. We find that the ability to synchronize with others in a group music class can predict a child's attentional behavior.

Non-governmental organizations and other non-profit organizations attract workers who strongly identify themselves with their missions.Westudy whether these ‘‘good guys’’ are more trustworthy, and how such pronounced group identities affect trust and trustworthiness within the groups and towards out-groups. We find that subjects who strongly identify themselves with a non-profit mission are more trustworthy in a minimal group setting but also harshly discriminate against out-groups when subjects are grouped by the missions they identify themselves with. published

International audience; Authenticated Key Exchange protocols enable several parties to establish a shared cryptographically strong key over an insecure network using various authentication means, such as strong cryptographic keys or short (i.e., low-entropy) common secrets. The latter example is definitely the most interesting in practice, since no additional device is required, but just a human-memorable password, for authenticating the players. After the seminal work by Bellovin and Merritt, many settings and security notions have been defined, and many protocols have been proposed, in the two-user setting and in the group setting.

Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the behavioral treatment of voice disorders in teachers. The focus is on phonogenic disorders, that is voice disorders thought to be caused by voice use. Methods: Review of the literature and commentary. Results: The review exposes distinct holes in the literature on the treatment of voice problems in teachers. However, emerging trends in treatment are noted. For example, most studies identified for review implemented a multiple-therapy approach in a group setting, in contrast to only a few studies that assessed a single-therapy approach with individual patients. Although the review reveals that the evidence around behavioral treatment of voice disorders in teachers is mixed, a growing body of data provides some indicators on how effectively rehabilitation of teachers with phonogenic voice problems might be approached. Specifically, voice amplification demonstrates promise as a beneficial type of indirect therapy and vocal function exercises as well as resonant voice therapy show possible benefits as direct therapies. Finally, only a few studies identified even remotely begin to meet guidelines of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement, a finding that emphasizes the need to increase the number of investigations that adhere to strict research standards. Conclusions: Although data on the treatment of voice problems in teachers are still limited in the literature, emerging trends are noted. The accumulation of sufficient studies will ultimately provide useful evidence about this societally important issue.

It is still an open question whether psychotherapists adhere to their therapeutic conceptions in routine practice (clinician's treatment adherence) and thus to what extent the two most common approaches, cognitive-behavioural (CBT) and psychodynamic therapy (PDT), differ from each other as theoretically expected (treatment differentiation). This holds true especially in case of group therapy.The study compares essential process components of CBT and PDT group treatments under clinically representative conditions using non-participating observer ratings. Results demonstrate that CBT group therapists use more cognitive, behavioural and psychoeducational strategies, foster self-efficacy to a larger extent and are more supporting and empathetic. PDT group therapists use more interpretative and confrontative interventions and focus on interactional and dynamic aspects. The results strongly support that not only in individual psychotherapy-as shown in prior research-but also in the group setting do CBT and PDT reveal very distinct profiles and that therapists primarily abide by their theoretical training also in clinical practice. They allow one to identify differential process components of the group setting and to trace back parameters of outcome to the process of CBT and PDT for clinical routines.

This study examined faculty members’ expectations of student behavior in three types of small group settings (student-directed, teacher-directed, and skill-based) at a single institution. Twenty-eight faculty members participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews that addressed how students should prepare for small-group sessions, what learning behaviors informants expect students to exhibit, strategies informants use to stimulate group interaction, and how informants evaluate student performance in the small group settings. Analysis of informant responses indicates small-group instructors have similar expectations of student behavior across all small-group settings. Students are expected to have good interactive skills, be well-prepared and participate in the group, and demonstrate knowledge of the material or facility with the skill taught. Given the results that indicate faculty members’ have largely undifferentiated approaches to their evaluation of student performance, efforts should be taken to help faculty hone their small group teaching skills to enhance students’ knowledge and skill acquisition in small-group teaching formats.

V. Summary Eleven chronically ill outpatients were treated for six months with collaborative group therapy and pharmacotherapy. It was found that patients resistant to group therapy would attend when attendance was mandatory to secure medications. It was not difficult to change, adjust, or regulate medications in a group setting. Thus, combined group therapy and pharmacotherapy can be used for chronically ill individuals who might not benefit from either treatment alone. There are advantages in using collaborative male and female therapists; these stem from the interaction of the therapists, and they facilitate expression of parental conflicts. It is suggested that a nonpsychiatric physician could participate with a trained group psychotherapist in collaborative therapy so that patients could receive pharmacotherapy, even though a psychiatrist might not be available.

This paper highlights the importance of the interoperability of the encrypted DB in terms of the characteristics of DB and efficient schemes. Although most prior researches have developed efficient algorithms under the provable security, they do not focus on the interoperability of the encrypted DB. In order to address this lack of practical aspects, we conduct two practical approaches--efficiency and group search in cloud datacenter. The process of this paper is as follows: first, we create two schemes of efficiency and group search--practical keyword index search--I and II; second, we define and analyze group search secrecy and keyword index search privacy in our schemes; third, we experiment on efficient performances over our proposed encrypted DB. As the result, we summarize two major results: (1)our proposed schemes can support a secure group search without re-encrypting all documents under the group-key update and (2)our experiments represent that our scheme is approximately 935 times faster than Golle's scheme and about 16 times faster than Song's scheme for 10,000 documents. Based on our experiments and results, this paper has the following contributions: (1) in the current cloud computing environments, our schemes provide practical, realistic, and secure solutions over the encrypted DB and (2) this paper identifies the importance of interoperability with database management system for designing efficient schemes.

Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine : SJTREM 21, 30 (2013). doi:10.1186/1757-7241-21-30, Published by BioMed Central, London