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Abstract Purpose To research the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) calculation formulas and investigate the effect of anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT) measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography biometer (IOLMaster 700) in patients with posterior chamber phakic IOL (PC-pIOL). Methods Retrospective case series. The IOLMaster 700 biometer was used to measure axial length (AL) and anterior segment parameters. The traditional formulas (SRK/T, Holladay 1 and Haigis) with or without Wang-Koch (WK) AL adjustment, and new-generation formulas (Barret Universal II [BUII], Emmetropia Verifying Optical [EVO] v2.0, Kane, Pearl-DGS) were utilized in IOL power calculation. Results This study enrolled 24 eyes of 24 patients undergoing combined PC-pIOL removal and cataract surgery at Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China. The median absolute prediction error in ascending order was EVO 2.0 (0.33), Kane (0.35), SRK/T-WKmodified (0.42), Holladay 1-WKmodified (0.44), Haigis-WKC1 (0.46), Pearl-DGS (0.47), BUII (0.58), Haigis (0.75), SRK/T (0.79), and Holladay 1 (1.32). The root-mean-square absolute error in ascending order was Haigis-WKC1 (0.591), Holladay 1-WKmodified (0.622), SRK/T-WKmodified (0.623), EVO (0.673), Kane (0.678), Pearl-DGS (0.753), BUII (0.863), Haigis (1.061), SRK/T (1.188), and Holladay 1 (1.513). A detailed analysis of ACD and LT measurement error revealed negligible impact on refractive outcomes in BUII and EVO 2.0 when these parameters were incorporated or omitted in the formula calculation. Conclusion The Kane, EVO 2.0, and traditional formulas with WK AL adjustment displayed high prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the ACD and LT measurement error does not exert a significant influence on the accuracy of IOL power calculation formulas in highly myopic eyes implanted with PC-pIOL.

Direct incorporation of straw into the flooded paddy has been widely confirmed to induce substantial methane (CH4) emissions. Exploring innovative modes of straw return and associated field water management is necessary to mitigate CH4 emissions without compromising crop yield. Here, a 2-year field experiment was conducted with two wheat straw returning modes [straw evenly-plowed returning (SR) with conventional flooding water management, and straw centralized returning (SCR) under rainfed conditions], to evaluate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, crop yields, carbon footprint (CF), and net ecosystem economic benefit (NEEB) in the rice-wheat rotation system. The results showed that the GHG emissions contributed significantly to the total annual carbon source value, accounting for 48.0 % and 43.0 % in SR and SCR, respectively. The mean CF in SCR was 6760 kg CO2-eq ha–1, which was 17.6 % lower than that in SR, primarily due to the significantly lower CH4 (by 27.5 %) during the rice seasons. Lower soil water contents might partly regulate the CH4 emissions by decreasing DOC contents and increasing the soil Eh, leading to a lower CH4 production potential (decreased by 44.3–45.8 %) and production/oxidation potential ratio in SCR. Annually, the total yields of rice and wheat were 9.53 t ha–1 and 9.38 t ha–1 in SR and SCR, respectively. However, the irrigation electricity consumption and CF costs were lower in SCR, resulting in an increased NEEB of 179 CNY ha–1 relative to SR. The findings suggest that straw centralized returning under rainfed conditions in the rice season could reduce both CH4 emissions and carbon footprint while sustaining food security and economic benefit in the rice-wheat rotation system.

Purpose: To evaluate near, intermediate, distance visual acuity and stereopsis after bilateral implantation of Toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) in high myopic patients with astigmatism. Methods: Bilateral Toric or non-Toric IOL implantation (n ​= ​40 eyes each) was performed on high myopic cataract eyes with astigmatism. Best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UCIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UCNVA), residual refractive astigmatism (RRA), and near, intermediate, and distance stereoacuity were measured postoperatively at 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months. Results: The three-month postoperative BCDVA, UCIVA, and UCNVA of the Toric group were 0.08 ​± ​0.07, 0.30 ​± ​0.11, and 0.23 ​± ​0.14 LogMAR. All improved over the preoperative assessments (P ​ ​0.05). Conclusions: In bilateral high myopic cataract patients with astigmatism, Toric IOLs not only improved UCIVA, UCNVA, and RRA, but also enhanced near and intermediate stereopsis acuity.

PurposeTo investigate the effects of the three-dimension visualization system on dry eye in patients after cataract phacoemulsification.MethodsSeventy-one patients (104 eyes) were enrolled in this study and assigned to the conventional microscopic group (CM group) or three-dimension group (3D group). Ocular Surface Disease Index, The Schirmer I test (SIt), lipid layer thickness (LLT), noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT) and other factors associated with dry eye were recorded before and 1 week and 1 month after surgery. The operation time and intraoperative light intensity (ILI) were also recorded.ResultsThe ILI in the 3D group was significantly lower than that in the CM group (33% vs. 60%, p

Conclusion: Compared with EDF, TIOL leads to better near-vision outcomes without significant differences for intermediate and distant vision outcomes.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact on surgical efficiency and labor time cost of preloaded intraocular lens (IOL) implantation system compared with manual IOL implantation system in age-related cataract surgery in China. Methods This study was an observational, multicenter, prospective time-motion analysis. IOL preparation time, operation time, cleaning time, number and cost of cataract surgeries in eight participating hospitals were collected. The linear mixed model was used to explore factors associated with the difference in operation time between the preloaded IOL implantation system and the manual IOL implantation system. A time-motion model was constructed to convert the operation time cost saved by using preloaded IOL into economic benefits from hospital and social perspective, respectively. Results There were 2,591 cases included in the study (preloaded IOL: 1,591 cases; manual IOL: 1,000 cases). The preloaded IOL implantation system was significant time-saving in both preparation time and operation time compared to the manual IOL implantation system (25.48s vs. 47.04s, P

Abstract To compare the visual outcomes and subjective experience of three intraocular lenses (IOL) implant strategies. Retrospective comparative study. This study comprised patients who underwent phacoemulsification and bilateral implantation of extended depth of focus (EDOF) IOL (ZXR00; EDOF group), blended implantation of EDOF and bifocal IOL (ZXR00/ZLB00; blended group), and bilateral implantation of trifocal IOL (AT LISA tri 839MP; trifocal group). The outcomes included visual acuity (VA), visual defocus curve, contrast sensitivity, visual quality, quality of life, spectacle independence, and patient satisfaction. Follow-up was performed 3 months after the surgery. This study included 114 eyes of 57 patients (20 in EDOF group; 16 in blended group; 21 in trifocal group). Patients in the three groups had high quality of life, patient satisfaction, and good contrast sensitivity. The EDOF group had the worst near VA, but the visual quality was the best. The blended group had good VA and slight photic disturbance. The trifocal group obtained the best whole range of VA, but the photic disturbance was significantly severe than the EDOF group. Both the blended and trifocal groups achieved high spectacle independence, but some patients in the EDOF group need spectacle when dealing with close-range tasks.

PurposeThe study aimed to assess the accuracy of the FY-L formula in calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).MethodsFor the post-SMILE IOL calculation of the same eye, the IOL power targeting the pre-SMILE eyes' lowest myopic refractive error was used. The FY-L formula, the Emmetropia Verifying Optical Formula (EVO-L), the Barrett True-K no history, and the Shammas-L, respectively, were used to calculate the predicted refractive error of target IOL power. A comparison was made between the change in spherical equivalent induced by SMILE (SMILE-Dif) and the variance between IOL-Dif (IOL-Induced Refractive Error) before and after SMILE. The prediction error (PE) was defined as SMILE-Dif minus IOL-Dif. The proportion of eyes with PEs within ±0.25 D, ±0.50 D, ±0.75 D, and ±1.00 D, the numerical and absolute prediction errors (PEs and AEs), and the median absolute error (MedAE) were compared.ResultsIn total, 80 eyes from 42 patients who underwent SMILE were included in the study. The FY-L formula generated the sample's lowest mean PE (0.06 ± 0.76 D), MAE (0.58 ± 0.50 D), and MedAE (0.47 D), respectively. The PEs in ±0.25 D, ±0.50 D, ±0.75 D, and ±1.00 D comprised 28.8%, 46.3%, 70.0%, and 87.5%, respectively, for the FY-L formula. Compared to other formulas, the FY-L formula produced the highest value with PEs for the percentage of eyes in ±0.50 D, ±0.75 D, and ±1.00 D.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the FY-L formula provides satisfactory outcomes in estimating the IOL power in the eyes after SMILE.

Abstract The problem of high‐resolution direction finding is considered using a distributed array network with array position errors, called partly calibrated array. These errors are common in practice, and significantly affect high angular resolution. Existing calibration methods rely on centralized data transmission, which requires all the measurements to be transmitted to a computation center. This centralized mode leads to communication bottlenecks and system inflexibility. Here, a decentralized mode is designed, where each sensor only communicates locally with their neighboring sensors. Based on this mode, a corresponding direction‐finding approach is proposed using sequential methods that process data one by one, which corresponds to the decentralized signal processing sensor by sensor. Simulations verify that the proposed method achieves decentralization with minor cost in estimation accuracy.

The silty fine sand and rounded gravel layers are widely distributed in Nanning City, China. Due to the low clay content, the silty fine sand and rounded gravel layers are prone to disturbance during sampling and transportation, which affects the shear strength test results. The reasonable determination of their shear strength is significant and imperative to the project. The rail transit project in Nanning is under large-scale construction. This work obtained the shear strength of the silty fine sand and the rounded gravel layers by conducting laboratory tests on undisturbed samples from deep foundation pits, combined with large-scale direct shear in situ tests. In addition, geotechnical investigation reports for typical projects in Nanning City were compiled, and the test data for the silty fine sand and the rounded gravel layers were comparatively analyzed using the empirical value. The results show that the shear strength test values of the fine sand layer are consistent with the current standard empirical values, and empirical values can be used for reference. The shear strength test value of the rounded gravel layer has significantly improved compared to the current standard empirical value, with a cohesion (c) value of 0–6.8 kPa and an increase in internal friction angle (φ) of 0%–12.5%. It is recommended to determine the shear strength of the rounded gravel layer based on the actual situation.

Cloud detection is a crucial step in remote sensing image preprocessing. Deep learning (DL) methods are currently preferred for cloud detection, and the original images need to be cropped into smaller patches for DL training and testing. However, in very-high-resolution (VHR) remote sensing cloud-snow coexistence scenes, the cropped patches have low feature richness and high inter-class feature similarity. As a result, the common DL methods are prone to misclassifying clouds in complex regions. Therefore, based on the expanded cloud detection dataset of VHR cloud-snow coexistence regions, this paper proposes a multi-task driven and reconfigurable network (MTDR-Net) to better perform the cloud detection work in the scenes. There are four modules in MTDR-Net: the high-resolution backbone with multiple projection heads module (HRB-MPH), the re-parametrizable multi-scale feature fusion module (RP-MFF), the lightweight and adaptive feature fusion module (LAFF), and the multi-task gradient flow guidance module (MTGFG). HRB-MPH facilitates global information interaction, enhances the multi-level granularity feature representation, and supports feature sharing between pixel-level and superpixel-level segmentation tasks. RP-MFF is used to capture the local multi-scale cloud features in the training stage and simplify losslessly the structure in the testing stage. LAFF is employed to reconstruct meaningful cloud features. MTGFG can provide unbiased guidance on dividing gradient flow between the multi-tasks. The experimental results show that the MTDR-Net obtains the greatest accuracy performance due to its anti-interference capacity for confusing ground objects and its excellent cloud boundary and thin cloud extraction ability. In addition, MTDR-Net has the fewest parameters, forward-reasoning floating point operations, memory footprint, and memory access volume. With the coarse-to-fine strategy, MTDR-Net can be further sped up by avoiding inference resource consumption in cloud-free/all-cloud scenes.

Additives have been widely used for passivating defects in perovskite semiconductors, yet the role of additive and their interaction is not clear. Here, the authors reveal an additive-assisted crystal formation in FAPbI3 perovskite by tracking the chemical interaction in the precursor solution and crystallographic evolution using multi-functional additives.

PurposeTo compare stereopsis and visual acuity (VA) between bilateral implantation of trifocal intraocular lenses (IOL) and blended implantation of an extended depth of focus (EDOF) IOL with a bifocal IOL.MethodsThis is a non-randomized, prospective comparative study included 74 eyes of 37 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and bilateral implantation of AT LISA tri 839MP IOL (bilateral group; 21 patients) or blended implantation of Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 and Tecnis ZLB00 IOL (blended group; 16 patients). The primary outcomes were stereoacuity and binocular VA. The secondary outcomes were visual defocus curve, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. Follow-up was performed 3 months after the surgery.ResultsThe mean near stereoacuity was 49.76 ± 22.67 and 120.63 ± 90.94 seconds of arc (arcsec) in the bilateral and blended groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Near stereoacuity was positively correlated with VA difference of two eyes (r = 0.896, P < 0.001). The mean binocular uncorrected visual acuity at 40 cm, 80 cm, 5 m, and corrected distance visual acuity at 5 m of the bilateral and blended groups was not statistically significant different. The bilateral group had better VA at a vergence from −2.5 to −4.0 D. Both groups obtained high quality of life and patient satisfaction scores.ConclusionThe bilateral and blended groups achieved good binocular VA, quality of life, and high patient satisfaction. However, the near stereoacuity of the blended group was worse.

Purpose: To report two challenging intraocular lens power calculation cases with patients each underwent different successive corneal refractive surgeries, respectively. Observations: Biometry data, including the Back to Front corneal radii ratio (B/F ratio), were collected by Lenstar, IOL Master, and Pentacam AXL for Case 1 (received radial keratotomy (RK) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)) and Case 2 (received RK and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)). The IOL power calculation was determined by several methods, including Shammas, Haigis-L, and Barrett True-K, which are available in the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery online calculator and Pentacam AXL. The Barrett True-K (no history, post-RK) was more accurate in Case 1 (increased B/F ratio), whereas the Shammas, Haigis-L, and Barrett True-K (no history, post-LASIK/PRK) were more accurate in Case 2 (decreased B/F ratio). Conclusion and importance: The B/F ratio may be a factor to be considered when selecting the IOL power calculation formula for patients who undergo two different corneal refractive surgeries. The further study focusing on this issue should be performed to clarify the results in the future.

Rice paddies are major contributors to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions via methane (CH4) flux. The accurate quantification of CH4 emissions from rice paddies remains problematic, in part due to uncertainties and omissions in the contribution of microbial aggregates on the soil surface to carbon fluxes. Herein, we comprehensively evaluated the contribution of one form of microbial aggregates, periphytic biofilm (PB), to carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 emissions from paddies distributed across three climatic zones, and quantified the pathways that drive net CH4 production as well as CO2 fixation. We found that PB accounted for 7.1%–38.5% of CH4 emissions and 7.2%–12.7% of CO2 fixation in the rice paddies. During their growth phase, PB fixed CO2 and increased the redox potential, which promoted aerobic CH4 oxidation. During the decay phase, PB degradation reduced redox potential and increased soil organic carbon availability, which promoted methanogenic microbial community growth and metabolism and increased CH4 emissions. Overall, PB acted as a biotic converter of atmospheric CO2 to CH4, and aggravated carbon emissions by up to 2,318 kg CO2 equiv ha−1 season−1. Our results provide proof-of-concept evidence for the discrimination of the contributions of surface microbial aggregates (i.e., PB) from soil microbes, and a profound foundation for the estimation and simulation of carbon fluxes in a potential novel approach to the mitigation of CH4 emissions by manipulating PB growth. Public summary: • Field experiments were conducted in tropical, subtropical, and temperate rice paddies • Periphytic biofilm promoted CO2 fixation and CH4 emission • Periphytic biofilm acted as a biotic converter of atmospheric CO2 to CH4

This paper studies the problem surrounding distributed passive arrays (sensors) locating multiple emitters while performing self-calibration to correct possible errors in the assumed array directions. In our setting, only the angle-of-arrival (AoA) information is available for localization. However, such information may contain bias due to array directional errors. Hence, localization requires self-calibration. To achieve both, the key element behind our approach is that the received signals from the same emitter should be geometrically consistent if sensor arrays are successfully calibrated. This leads to our signal model, which is built on a mapping directly from emitter locations and array directional errors to received signals. Then we formulate an atomic norm minimization and use group sparsity to promote geometric consistency and align ‘ghost’ emitter locations from calibration errors. Simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. We derive the Cramér Rao lower bound and numerically compare it to the simulations. Furthermore, we derive a necessary condition as a rule of thumb to decide the feasibility of joint localization and calibration.

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the completion rate, visual performance, and adverse outcomes of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) in Chinese patients. Methods This is a prospective, single-arm, multicenter registry study of 19 cataract surgery clinics in China. Chinese patients with cataract who underwent FLACS using the Alcon LenSx® laser system in single eye (n = 1140) or both eyes (n = 201) were enrolled and data were collected between March 2015 and August 2016. Clinical characteristics were recorded before surgery, and on postoperative days 1, 7, and 30. For surgery on both eyes, the second eye was included in the analysis only if it was operated within 30 days after the first eye surgery. The primary outcome was the completion rate of circular anterior capsulotomy. Secondary outcomes for lens fragmentation, corneal incision, and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation included best corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA) and completion rates. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. Results The completion rates of circular anterior capsulotomy, lens fragmentation, corneal incision, and IOL implantation were 98.6% (95% CI: 97.8–99.1%), 99.5% (95% CI: 99.1–99.8%), 97.6% (95% CI: 96.7–98.3%), and 100% (95% CI: 99.8–100%), respectively. BCDVA preoperatively and at postoperative day 30 were 1.134 ± 0.831 logMAR and 0.158 ± 0.291 logMAR, respectively. The proportion of eyes with BCDVA of 20/20 or better was 1.6% at baseline and 41.3% at postoperative day 30. AE incidence was 0.32%, with posterior capsule rupture present in 0.19% of eyes. Conclusion FLACS using the LenSx® laser system can achieve satisfactory results in a real-world setting.

The propagation of sound waves in a fluid-filled rigid tube has potential application in acoustic particle-positioning, valuable reagent recovery, and noninvasive manipulation of targets. The interaction between sound waves and targets causes momentum transport, and the acoustic radiation force is motivated to move and rotate the targets. Generally, acoustic radiation force is related to sound scattering of the target. The relationship between acoustic radiation force and the scattering pattern will play a positive role in better explaining the phenomenon of and changed trend in acoustic radiation force acting on a particle in a tube and in predicting the acoustic control system in a tube. This paper studies the interactions between a plane sound wave and a sphere in a fluid-filled rigid tube and tries to explore the relationship between acoustic radiation force and the dimensionless complex scattering pattern. The spherical particle with different materials is studied for Rayleigh scattering and Mie-like scattering. Simulation results show that there is a certain relationship between the acoustic radiation force and the scattering pattern for a spherical particle. At the resonance frequency, which corresponds to the natural frequencies of the vibration of fluid filled in the cavity with the rigid wall, both acoustic radiation force and the backscattering form function show identical resonance characteristics. At Rayleigh scattering and Mie-like scattering regimes, when the backscattering is greater than the forward scattering, acoustic radiation forces show an increasing trend compared with the dimensional frequency. However, with the increase in dimensionless frequency, the acoustic radiation force does not respond to the forward scattering except the resonance positions in the transition region from Mie-like scattering regimes to the geometric scattering regimes. When a negative force occurs near the resonance position, the scattering in the back hemisphere is weaker than that of the front hemisphere. This study will help predict the various behaviors of radiation force using the measured backscattering echo and the forward scattering wave, and it can provide reference to the control of the acoustic manipulation system effectively and precisely.

Clouds and snow in remote sensing imageries cover underlying surface information, reducing image availability. Moreover, they interact with each other, decreasing the cloud and snow detection accuracy. In this study, we propose a convolutional neural network for cloud and snow detection, named the cloud and snow detection network (CSD-Net). It incorporates the multi-scale feature fusion module (MFF) and the controllably deep supervision and feature fusion structure (CDSFF). MFF can capture and aggregate features at various scales, ensuring that the extracted high-level semantic features of clouds and snow are more distinctive. CDSFF can provide a deeply supervised mechanism with hinge loss and combine information from adjacent layers to gain more representative features. It ensures the gradient flow is more oriented and error-less, while retaining more effective information. Additionally, a high-resolution cloud and snow dataset based on WorldView2 (CSWV) was created and released. This dataset meets the training requirements of deep learning methods for clouds and snow in high-resolution remote sensing images. Based on the datasets with varied resolutions, CSD-Net is compared to eight state-of-the-art deep learning methods. The experiment results indicate that CSD-Net has an excellent detection accuracy and efficiency. Specifically, the mean intersection over the union (MIoU) of CSD-Net is the highest in the corresponding experiment. Furthermore, the number of parameters in our proposed network is just 7.61 million, which is the lowest of the tested methods. It only has 88.06 GFLOPs of floating point operations, which is less than the U-Net, DeepLabV3+, PSPNet, SegNet-Modified, MSCFF, and GeoInfoNet. Meanwhile, CSWV has a higher annotation quality since the same method can obtain a greater accuracy on it.

There are few theoretical and experimental studies on shear-shear (S-S) mode magnetoelectric composites due to the complex shear vibration theories and high resonance frequency. In this article, a uniform equivalent circuit is proposed to analyze direct magnetoelectric (DME) and converse magnetoelectric (CME) effects of S-S mode sandwiched composites. The results show DME and CME changes of S-S mode are similar to that of L-T mode and L-L mode, but S-S mode has a higher DME coefficient near the resonance frequency. This research provides an effective theoretical method for the ME research and a route for the ME devices at high frequency.

Deep learning approaches have been widely used in building automatic extraction tasks and have made great progress in recent years. However, the missing detection and wrong detection causing by spectrum confusion is still a great challenge. The existing fully convolutional networks (FCNs) cannot effectively distinguish whether the feature differences are from one building or the building and its adjacent non-building objects. In order to overcome the limitations, a building multi-feature fusion refined network (BMFR-Net) was presented in this paper to extract buildings accurately and completely. BMFR-Net is based on an encoding and decoding structure, mainly consisting of two parts: the continuous atrous convolution pyramid (CACP) module and the multiscale output fusion constraint (MOFC) structure. The CACP module is positioned at the end of the contracting path and it effectively minimizes the loss of effective information in multiscale feature extraction and fusion by using parallel continuous small-scale atrous convolution. To improve the ability to aggregate semantic information from the context, the MOFC structure performs predictive output at each stage of the expanding path and integrates the results into the network. Furthermore, the multilevel joint weighted loss function effectively updates parameters well away from the output layer, enhancing the learning capacity of the network for low-level abstract features. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BMFR-Net outperforms the other five state-of-the-art approaches in both visual interpretation and quantitative evaluation.

An improved permutation entropy (PE) algorithm named coded permutation entropy (CPE) is proposed in this paper to optimize the problems existing in PE based on the secondary partitioning. The principle of CPE algorithm is given, and the performance of it for dynamical change detection is analyzed using synthetic signal, logistic map and Lorenz map. The detection ability of CPE algorithm in different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) is studied and the algorithm complexity is discussed. The results show that CPE can accurately capture minor feature information and amplify the detection results of dynamical changes compared with PE, weighted permutation entropy (WPE) and amplitude-aware permutation entropy (AAPE), but it has less robustness to noise and requires a higher computation cost than the others. Finally, we use the new algorithm to analyze the rolling bearing fault signals. The application of actual signals illustrates that CPE performs better in detecting abnormal pulse of the rolling bearing when the embedded dimension is small. From all the analyses in this paper, we find that CPE has a better performance for dynamical change detection compared with the other three algorithms when there is a larger repetition rate of permutation pattern in the position sequences.

We investigate the algorithm of direction and Doppler frequency estimation for bistatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar in spatial colored noise. A novel method of joint estimation of direction and Doppler frequency in spatial colored noise based on propagator method (PM) for bistatic MIMO radar is discussed. Utilizing the cross-correlation matrix which is formed by the adjacent outputs of match filter in the time domain, the special matrix is constructed to eliminate the influence of spatial colored noise. The proposed algorithm provides lower computational complexity and has very close parameters estimation compared to estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) algorithm in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is applicable even if the transmitted waveforms are not orthogonal. The estimated parameters can be paired automatically and the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB) is given in spatial colored noise. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A 2-year field and incubation experiment was conducted to investigate δ(13)C during the processes of CH4 emission from the fields subjected to two water managements (flooding and drainage) in the winter fallow season, and further to estimate relative contribution of acetate to total methanogenesis (Fac ) and fraction of CH4 oxidized (Fox ) based on the isotopic data. Compared with flooding, drainage generally caused CH4, either anaerobically or aerobically produced, depleted in (13)C. There was no obvious difference between the two in transport fractionation factor (εtransport ) and δ(13)C-value of emitted CH4. CH4 emission was negatively related to its δ(13)C-value in seasonal variation (P

Background: The purpose of this study was to explore the defensive effects of Vitamin E (Vit. E) and Urtica dioica (UD) in the mitigation of developmental anomalies induced by thiamethoxam (TMX) in chicken embryos. Methods: For this purpose, a total of 140 fertile eggs were equally divided into seven experimental groups (AG); Groups A and B were kept as negative and sham control, respectively. Group C was exposed to TMX while groups D and E were supplemented with Vit. E and U. dioica, respectively along with TMX. Group F received Vit. E and group G U. dioica, only. The eggs were examined on days 10th and 20th of incubation for the assessment of developmental flaws and musculoskeletal anomalies. Results: The mortality rate was highest (40%) in group C (TMX) followed by groups D and E (20 and 15%), respectively. Developing embryos were exposed to TMX for retarded growth weight and crown-rump length (CRL) were significantly decreased as compared to the control group. The highest survival rate was recorded in negative control group A. The teratogenic defects recorded in this study include growth retardation, decreased crown-rump length, shortened beak, exencephaly, feather scantiness, and limb deformities. Morphometric analysis revealed improved growth by all parameters in Vit. E and U. dioica supplemented groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that developmental defects are due to induced TMX, can be counteracted with Vit. E and U. dioica and have no phytochemicals negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional land management (no tillage, no drainage, NTND) during the winter fallow season results in substantial CH4 and N2O emissions from double-rice fields in China. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of drainage and tillage during the winter fallow season on CH4 and N2O emissions and to develop mitigation options. The experiment had four treatments: NTND, NTD (drainage but no tillage), TND (tillage but no drainage), and TD (both drainage and tillage). The study was conducted from 2010 to 2014 in a Chinese double-rice field. During winter, total precipitation and mean daily temperature significantly affected CH4 emission. Compared to NTND, drainage and tillage decreased annual CH4 emissions in early- and late-rice seasons by 54 and 33 kg CH4 ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Drainage and tillage increased N2O emissions in the winter fallow season but reduced it in early- and late-rice seasons, resulting in no annual change in N2O emission. Global warming potentials of CH4 and N2O emissions were decreased by 1.49 and 0.92 tCO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1, respectively, and were reduced more by combining drainage with tillage, providing a mitigation potential of 1.96 tCO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1. A low total C content and high C /N ratio in rice residues showed that tillage in the winter fallow season reduced CH4 and N2O emissions in both early- and late-rice seasons. Drainage and tillage significantly decreased the abundance of methanogens in paddy soil, and this may explain the decrease of CH4 emissions. Greenhouse gas intensity was significantly decreased by drainage and tillage separately, and the reduction was greater by combining drainage with tillage, resulting in a reduction of 0.17 tCO2 eq. t-1. The results indicate that drainage combined with tillage during the winter fallow season is an effective strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas releases from double-rice fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional land managements (neither drainage nor tillage, NTND) in winter fallow season result in substantial CH4 and N2O emissions from the double-rice fields in China. For investigating the effects of drainage and tillage in winter fallow season on global warming potentials (GWPs) of CH4 and N2O emissions and developing mitigation options, a field experiment with four treatments: NTND, drainage but non-tillage (NTD), tillage but non-drainage (TND), and both drainage and tillage (TD) were carried out from 2010 to 2014 in a Chinese double-rice field. In winter fallow season total precipitation and mean daily temperature had important effects on CH4 emission, and significant correlations were observed between them and CH4 emission. Compared with NTND, drainage and tillage reduced CH4 emission in early- and late-rice seasons and decreased annual emission by 54 and 33 kg CH4 ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Drainage and tillage increased N2O emission in winter fallow season while reduced it in early- and late-rice seasons, causing annual N2O emission unaffected. Accordingly, the GWPs were decreased by 1.49 and 0.92 t CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1, respectively, and they were far more reduced by combining drainage with tillage, with a mitigation potential of 1.96 t CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1. Low total C content and high C/N ratio in rice residues revealed that tillage in winter fallow season reduced CH4 and N2O emissions in early- and late-rice seasons. Moreover, drainage and tillage significantly decreased the abundance of methanogens in paddy soil, which was a possible reason for the decrease of CH4 emission. Greenhouse gas intensity was significantly decreased by drainage and tillage, and it was much more reduced by combining drainage with tillage, with a reduction of 0.17 t CO2-eq t-1 yield yr-1. The results indicate that soil drainage combined with tillage in winter fallow season is an effective mitigating strategy in double-rice fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straw application is a common practice in rice agriculture, but its effect on stable carbon isotopes (d13C) in each process of CH4 emission, relative contribution of acetate to CH4 production (Fac), and fraction of the CH4 that is oxidized (Fox) in the winter season is not well known. We investigated CH4 production and oxidation potentials in paddy soil, CH4 concentrations in soil pore water and floodwater, and CH4 emission as well as their d13C from a continuously flooded paddy field with rice straw application (RSA) during the 2007 and 2008 winter seasons and quantified the Fac and Fox using the isotopic data. RSA significantly increased CH4 emission (p < 0.05) but made d13CH4 (emission) lower by 5-8‰. RSA obviously increased CH4 concentrations in soil pore water and floodwater, but it played a slight role in porewater d13CH4 while caused floodwater d13CH4 4‰ lower. A relatively low contribution of acetate-dependent methanogenesis (about 50%) was observed, and RSA slightly increased Fac (about 0-10%) at a relatively low temperature whereas greatly decreased it (about 10-20%) at a high temperature. Floodwater CH4 was much more 13C-enriched than porewater CH4 (p < 0.05), suggesting that about 60-70% of the CH4 was oxidized at the soil-water interFace. Fox generally decreased in the winter season and it was reduced by RSA (about 10%). Soil temperature was positively correlated with CH4 flux and CH4 flux was negatively related to d13CH4 (emission), suggesting that temperature might be an important Factor influencing Fox, thus CH4 emission and d13CH4 (emission). The findings suggest that RSA significantly increased CH4 production while little affected CH4 oxidation, thus decreasing Fox. Moreover, the effect of RSA on methanogenic pathway might be controlled by soil temperature, and RSA generally reduced Fac and Fox was the main reason for the emitted CH4 depleted in 13C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on studying the interaction between an acoustical Gaussian beam and cylindrical particles. Based on the finite series method, the Gaussian beam is expanded as cylindrical functions and the beam coefficient of a Gaussian beam is obtained. An expression for the acoustic radiation force function that is the radiation force per unit energy density and unit cross-sectional surface area for a cylinder in a Gaussian beam is presented. Numerical results for the radiation force function of a Gaussian beam are presented for rigid cylinders, liquid cylinders, elastic cylinders, and viscoelastic cylinders to illustrate the theory. The radiation force function versus the dimensionless frequency ka (where k is the wave number and a is the radius of the cylinder) are discussed for different beam waists. The simulation results show the differences from those of a plane wave when the beam waist w0 ≤ 5λ (where λ is the wave length). The beam waist has no effects on the radiation force function when ka < 1, while the beam waist has greater effects when ka > 1. The radiation force function reaches the plane wave limit when w0 > 5 λ. The acoustic radiation force function is also determined by the parameters of the particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]