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Electrocardiography (ECG) is the gold standard for monitoring vital signs and for diagnosing, controlling, and preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, ECG requires continuous user participation, and cannot be used for continuous cardiac monitoring. In contrast to ECG, photoplethysmography (PPG) devices do not require continued user involvement, and can offer ongoing and long-term detection capabilities. However, from a medical perspective, ECG can provide more information about the heart. Currently, most existing work contains different signals recorded from the same subject in training and test sets. This study proposes a neural network model based on a 1D convolutional neural network (CNN) and a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network. This neural network model can directly reconstruct ECG signals from PPG signals. The learned features are captured from the CNN model and fed into the BiLSTM model. In order to verify the validity of the model, it is evaluated using the MIMIC II dataset in the completely subject-independent model (records are placed in a training set, and a test set appears once, but the test signal belongs to a record that is not in the training set). The Pearson's correlation coefficient between the reconstructed ECG and the reference ECG of the proposed model is 0.963 in the completely subject-independence model. The results of the proposed model are better than those of several cited state-of-the-art models. The results of our trained model indicate that we can obtain reconstructed ECGs that are highly similar to reference ECGs in the completely subject-independent model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocardiography (ECG) is generally used in clinical practice for cardiovascular diagnosis and for monitoring cardiovascular status. It is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases and assessing cardiovascular status. However, it is not always easy to obtain. Unlike ECG devices, photoplethysmography (PPG) devices can be placed on body parts such as the earlobes, fingertips, and wrists, making them more comfortable and easier to obtain. Several methods for reconstructing ECG signals using PPG signals have been proposed, but some of these methods are subject-specific models. These models cannot be applied to multiple subjects and have limitations. This study proposes a neural network model based on UNet and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks as a group model for reconstructing ECG from PPG. The model was verified using 125 records from the MIMIC III matched subset. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed model was, on average, able to achieve a Pearson's correlation coefficient, root mean square error, percentage root mean square difference, and Fréchet distance of 0.861, 0.077, 5.302, and 0.278, respectively. This research can use the correlation between PPG and ECG to reconstruct a better ECG signal from PPG, which is crucial for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ECG helps in diagnosing heart disease by recording heart activity. During long-term measurements, data loss occurs due to sensor detachment. Therefore, research into the reconstruction of missing ECG data is essential. However, ECG requires user participation and cannot be used for continuous heart monitoring. Continuous monitoring of PPG signals is conversely low-cost and easy to carry out. In this study, a deep neural network model is proposed for the reconstruction of missing ECG signals using PPG data. This model is an end-to-end deep learning neural network utilizing WNet architecture as a basis, on which a bidirectional long short-term memory network is added in establishing a second model. The performance of both models is verified using 146 records from the MIMIC III matched subset. Compared with the reference, the ECG reconstructed using the proposed model has a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.851, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.075, percentage root mean square difference (PRD) of 5.452, and a Fréchet distance (FD) of 0.302. The experimental results demonstrate that it is feasible to reconstruct missing ECG signals from PPG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current high-salinity wastewater treatment technology is complex, costly, and carries the risk of secondary contamination. As a traditional desalination technology, the combined method using frozen technology has broad development prospects in wastewater treatment. This study investigates the desalination effects of waste leachate using three different methods: the frozen–gravity method (FGM), frozen–centrifugal method (FCM), and frozen–blowing methods (FBMs), under various experimental conditions. The results showed that the salt rejection of all three methods could reach more than 75% under the conditions of a freezing time of 12 h, freezing temperature of −15 °C, and ice production rate of 40%; the salt rejection of FGM increased at higher ambient temperatures, but it was not conducive to the removal of organic pollutants; the salt rejection of FCM was sensitive to the centrifugal time and centrifugal speed, with a significant correlation (p < 0.05), the increase in centrifugal time and centrifugal speed can help to improve the salt rejection, and the increase in centrifugal speed in the range of 1000–2000 rpm can accelerate the discharge of concentrated brine more effectively; the frozen–crushed–blowing method (FCBM) in FBM has a salt rejection as high as 93.86% at an ice production rate of 25.80%, which reduces the salinity of the effluent from 4.07% to 0.25%, speeds up the desalination process, and improves the salt rejection compared to the other methods. This study provides a new perspective and reference for the treatment of high-saline wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to probe into the mechanism of solvolysis (alcoholysis/hydrolysis) of propylene oxide (PO), the formation of propylene glycol (PG), 1-methoxy-2-propanol (PPM) and 2-methoxy-1-propanol (SPM) over the TS-1 catalyst with tetrahedral Ti and Ti/defect sites was systematically discussed using an embedded quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach. The results showed that the activity of PO solvolysis is closely related to the ring-opening ability of active substances, and the ring-opening ability is in the following order: Si–O(H)–Ti > Ti–OH > 5MR Ti–OOH > Ti–OCH3 (tetrahedral Ti site); 3MR Ti–OOH > Ti–OH > 5MR Ti–OOH > Ti–OCH3 (Ti/defect site). At the tetrahedral site, the concerted mechanism is the dominant pathway for PO ring opening to form PPM, while a competitive relationship exists between stepwise and concerted mechanisms to form PG and SPM. Si–O(H)–Ti exhibits excellent PO ring-opening activity because of its strong Brønsted acidity, but it is difficult to form. At the Ti/defect site, the stepwise mechanism via PO ring opening with 3MR Ti–OOH and then successive hydrolysis/alcoholysis to form product is the dominant pathway. The overall energy barrier of the optimal route is relatively lower as compared to the tetrahedral Ti site. This work opens up a new path for providing more information on the detailed mechanism in the solvolysis of PO over the TS-1 catalyst from a theoretical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propylene glycol methyl ether was directly synthesized from propylene and hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions via aluminum modified titanium silicalite-1 as a bifunctional catalyst. It has both active sites capable of epoxidation and active sites capable of ring opening reactions, thus realizing the one-pot preparation of propylene glycol methyl ether by propylene. The synergistic effect of Ti–Al on the catalytic performance and the distribution of propylene glycol methyl ether isomer were investigated in detail, and the synergistic catalysis between the two active sites was characterized. The gradual introduction of aluminum reduced the activation ability for hydrogen peroxide, but gradually increased the selectivity for propylene glycol methyl ether. Under the optimum conditions, the selectivity for propylene glycol methyl ether reached 91.53%. Combined with Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the synergistic catalytic effect of doped Al and framework Ti in titanium silicalite-1 is discussed in detail from a microscopic perspective. Al increases the Lewis acid strength of Ti active sites and promotes the conversion of propylene to propylene oxide (PO), and simultaneously Ti increases the Brønsted acid strength of Al active sites and promotes the conversion of propylene oxide to propylene glycol ether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impulse noise in CT image was removed based on edge-preserving median filter algorithm. The sparse nonlocal regularization algorithm weighted coding was used to remove the impulse noise and Gaussian noise in the mixed noise, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM) were calculated to evaluate the quality of the denoised CT image. It was found that in nine different proportions of Gaussian noise and salt-and-pepper noise in Shepp-Logan image and CT image processing, the PSNR and SSIM values of the proposed denoising algorithm based on edge-preserving median filter (EP median filter) and weighted encoding with sparse nonlocal regularization (WESNR) were significantly higher than those of using EP median filter and WESNR alone. It was shown that the weighted coding algorithm based on edge-preserving median filtering and sparse nonlocal regularization had potential application value in low-dose CT image denoising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical image information may be polluted by noise in the process of generation and transmission, which will seriously hinder the follow-up image processing and medical diagnosis. In medical images, there is a typical mixed noise composed of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and impulse noise. In the conventional denoising methods, impulse noise is first removed, followed by the elimination of white Gaussian noise (WGN). However, it is difficult to separate the two kinds of noises completely in practical application. The existing denoising algorithm of weight coding based on sparse nonlocal regularization, which can simultaneously remove AWGN and impulse noise, is plagued by the problems of incomplete noise removal and serious loss of details. The denoising algorithm based on sparse representation and low rank constraint can preserve image details better. Thus, a medical image denoising algorithm based on sparse nonlocal regularization weighted coding and low rank constraint is proposed. The denoising effect of the proposed method and the original algorithm on computed tomography (CT) image and magnetic resonance (MR) image are compared. It is revealed that, under different σ and ρ values, the PSNR and FSIM values of CT and MRI images are evidently superior to those of traditional algorithms, suggesting that the algorithm proposed in this work has better denoising effects on medical images than traditional denoising algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Blau syndrome (BS), a rare auto-inflammatory granulomatous disease, is a progressive disorder. Usually the maintenance dose of glucocorticoid may not be tapered below 15 mg per day while immunosuppressives is used. There has been some experience with biologic agents in refractory BS patients. The objective of this study is to describe the case of a BS patient benefiting from Tocilizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against interleukin 6 receptor. Methods We report the first Chinese patient with BS who was resistant to currently available therapies but had rapid quiescence after using Tocilizumab. We also conducted a systematic literature review about the current treatments of BS. Results A 13-year-old Chinese boy with BS, whose uveitis got worsened when treated with Infliximab, was well-controlled after taking Tocilizumab and prednisone was tapered off to a dose of 8 mg per day. We identified 29 manuscripts providing 45 BS cases. Among these patients, 24 underwent biological treatments and 22 of them recovered. In these 29 manuscripts, the biological agents used to treat refractory BS included Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, Canakinumab and Anakinra. Conclusions Case reports on the use of biological agents have yielded mixed results. The diversity of the symptoms may be due to functional differences in NOD2 mutations. For BS patients with fever, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, Tocilizumab may be a better choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The bipodal Ti species is used to model active center of TS-1 catalyst. • The preferable path of propylene epoxidation depends on the Ti-OOH active intermediate. • The bipodal Ti site exhibits Brønsted and Lewis acidity. • A poor selectivity toward PO is attributed to the stronger adsorption ability of PO and the excellent ring-opening ability of Ti-OH nucleophile. • The methoxy (CH3O) group is beneficial for the enhancement of the selectivity of PO. In order to probe into the effect of bipodal Ti species on the catalytic performance, the propylene epoxidation with H 2 O 2 over TS-1 catalyst with bipodal Ti site has been studied using an embedded quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach, and the results shown that the bipodal Ti site has strong Brønsted and Lewis acidity, which not only greatly facilitates the epoxidation reaction but also lower selectivity toward the epoxy products. The excellent epoxidation activity is attributed to the Lewis acidity, in which, H 2 O 2 easily activated to generate active intermediates (i.e. , Ti-η1-OOH and Ti-η2-OOH) that is facile to transfer O atom to oxidize the propylene. The poor selectivity toward PO is also due to the Lewis acidity, which leads to the stronger adsorption ability of PO and excellent ring-opening ability of Ti-OH nucleophile to PO. The introduction of methoxy (CH3O) group is beneficial for the enhancement of the selectivity of PO, although it enhances the activation free energy for epoxidation to generate PO. The identifications about the relationship of the intrinsic selectivity and activity with bipodal Ti site would provide a clue for designing highly-efficient TS-1 catalysts in propylene epoxidation to PO from the theoretical point of view. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common autoimmune illness that is difficult to treat. The upregulation of Th17 cells is critical in the pathological process of MS. Hederagenol (Hed) has been shown to lower IL‐17 levels, although its role in MS pathophysiology is uncertain. In this study, we explore whether Hed could ameliorate MS by modulating Th17 cell differentiation, with the goal of identifying new treatment targets for MS. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model was conducted and Hed was intraperitoneally injected into mice. The weight was recorded and the clinical symptom grade was assessed. Hematoxylin‐eosin staining was carried out to determine the extent of inflammation in the spinal cord and liver. The luxol Fast Blue staining was performed to detect the pathological changes in the myelin sheath. Nerve damage was detected using NeuN immunofluorescence staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling staining. Immunohistology approaches were used to study alterations in immune cells in the spinal cord. The proportions of T cell subsets in the spleens were analyzed by flow cytometry. RORγt levels were measured using quantitative real‐time PCR or Western blot. The activity of the RORγt promoter was analyzed by Chromatin immunoprecipitation. Hed administration reduced the clinical symptom grade of EAE mice, as well as the inflammatory infiltration, demyelination, and cell disorder of the spinal cord, while having no discernible effect on the mouse weight. In addition, Hed treatment significantly reduced the number of T cells, particularly Th17 cells in the spinal cord and spleen‐isolated CD4+ T cells. Hed lowered the RORγt levels in spleens and CD4+ T cells and overexpression of RORγt reversed the inhibitory effect of Hed on Th17 differentiation. Hed decreased nerve injury by modulating Th17 differentiation through the RORγt promoter. Hed regulates Th17 differentiation by reducing RORγt promoter activity, which reduces nerve injury and alleviates EAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fas is a positive regulator of Th17 cells differentiation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, its upstream regulators are still not fully determined. This study was designed to explore the upstream regulators of Fas in regulating Th17 cells differentiation in EAE. The mouse model of EAE was established by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein injection. Th17 cells differentiation was induced by IL-23, IL-6 and TGF-β. Down-regulated Hsp70 and miR-374c and up-regulated Fas were observed in the spleen and brain of EAE mice. Hsp70 overexpression evidently reduced Fas protein level, but not mRNA level. The luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR-374c targets Fas. Overexpression of miR-374c down-regulated the mRNA and protein level of Fas. The concentration of IL-17A in CD4+ T-cells was reduced by miR-374c or Hsp70 overexpression, and Fas overexpression altered this trend. Hsp70 did not regulate the expression of miR-374c, and likewise, miR-374c did not regulate the expression of Hsp70. Further results suggested that Hsp70 and miR-374c regulated Fas expression through different ways to affect Th17 cells differentiation in EAE. This study suggested that down-regulated miR-374c and Hsp70 promote Th17 cell differentiation by inducing Fas expression in EAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocardiography and photoplethysmography are non-invasive techniques that measure signals from the cardiovascular system. While the cycles of the two measurements are highly correlated, the correlation between the waveforms has rarely been studied. Measuring the photoplethysmogram (PPG) is much easier and more convenient than the electrocardiogram (ECG). Recent research has shown that PPG can be used to reconstruct the ECG, indicating that practitioners can gain a deep understanding of the patients' cardiovascular health using two physiological signals (PPG and ECG) while measuring only PPG. This study proposes a subject-based deep learning model that reconstructs an ECG using a PPG and is based on the bidirectional long short-term memory model. Because the ECG waveform may vary from subject to subject, this model is subject-specific. The model was tested using 100 records from the MIMIC III database. Of these records, 50 had a circulatory disease. The results show that a long ECG signal could be effectively reconstructed from PPG, which is, to our knowledge, the first attempt in this field. A length of 228 s of ECG was constructed by the model, which was trained and validated using 60 s of PPG and ECG signals. To segment the data, a different approach that segments the data into short time segments of equal length (and that do not rely on beats and beat detection) was investigated. Segmenting the PPG and ECG time series data into equal segments of 1-min width gave the optimal results. This resulted in a high Pearson's correlation coefficient between the reconstructed 228 s of ECG and referenced ECG of 0.818, while the root mean square error was only 0.083 mV, and the dynamic time warping distance was 2.12 mV per second on average., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Tang, Chen, Guo, Liang, Ward, Menon and Elgendi.)

ORY-1001, an inhibitor of covalent lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1A (KDM1A), has been used as a therapy for the treatment of acute leukemia. However, the underlying mechanisms of anticancer are still not fully elucidated. Here, we report that KDM1A is highly expressed in lung cancers, where it appears to drive aggressive growth. Furthermore, lung cancer patients with higher KDM1A levels have worse survival outcomes than patients with lower KDM1A levels. Interestingly, ORY-1001significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, and induced apoptosis, by regulating the Warburg effect through controlling Hexokinases 2 (HK2) expression. In summary, these results indicate that ORY-1001 could inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells via regulating the Warburg effect by controlling HK2.

Cisplatin (DDP) is currently one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs for treating ovarian and lung cancer. However, resistance to cisplatin is common and it often leads to therapy failure. In addition, the precise mechanism of cisplatin resistance is still in its infancy. In this study, we demonstrated that the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) promotes cisplatin resistance. We showed that cisplatin-resistant cancer cells (C13 ∗ and A549DDP), had higher levels of 6PGD compared to their cisplatin-sensitive counterparts (OV2008 and A549). Furthermore, ovarian and lung cancer patients with higher 6PGD levels have worse survival outcomes relative to patients with lower 6PGD expression. Interestingly, we found that the upregulation of 6PGD in cisplatin-resistant cells was due to the decreased expression of miR-206 and miR-613, which we found to target this enzyme. We further demonstrate that suppressing 6PGD using shRNA, inhibitor or miR-206/miR-613, either as single agents or in combination, could sensitize cisplatin-resistant cancer cells to cisplatin treatment and thereby improving the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin. Taken together, our results suggest that 6PGD serves as a novel potential target to overcome cisplatin resistance.