15 results on '"Höfel, Udo"'
Search Results
2. Accelerated Bayesian inference of plasma profiles with self-consistent MHD equilibria at W7-X via neural networks
- Author
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Merlo, Andrea, Pavone, Andrea, Böckenhoff, Daniel, Pasch, Ekkehard, Fuchert, Golo, Brunner, Kai Jakob, Rahbarnia, Kian, Schilling, Jonathan, Höfel, Udo, Kwak, Sehyun, Svensson, Jakob, Pedersen, Thomas Sunn, and team, the W7-X
- Subjects
Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physics - Plasma Physics - Abstract
High-$\langle \beta \rangle$ operations require a fast and robust inference of plasma parameters with a self-consistent MHD equilibrium. Precalculated MHD equilibria are usually employed at W7-X due to the high computational cost. To address this, we couple a physics-regularized NN model that approximates the ideal-MHD equilibrium with the Bayesian modeling framework Minerva. We show the fast and robust inference of plasma profiles (electron temperature and density) with a self-consistent MHD equilibrium approximated by the NN model. We investigate the robustness of the inference across diverse synthetic W7-X plasma scenarios. The inferred plasma parameters and their uncertainties are compatible with the parameters inferred using the VMEC, and the inference time is reduced by more than two orders of magnitude. This work suggests that MHD self-consistent inferences of plasma parameters can be performed between shots., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures
- Published
- 2023
3. Assessment of ECH stray radiation levels at the W7-X Michelson Interferometer and Profile Reflectometer
- Author
-
Oosterbeek Johan. W., Chaudhary Neha, Hirsch Matthias, Höfel Udo, and Wolf Robert. C.
- Subjects
Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
Electron Cyclotron Heating and Electron Cyclotron Current Drive are key components for heating and control in magnetically confined fusion plasmas. The high power microwaves are not always completely absorbed leading to stray radiation [1], [2]. At W7-X, the total injected microwave power can be up to 7.5 MW @140 GHz while the entire Electron Cyclotron Emission picked-up by an observer at the edge of the plasma is a fraction of a mW. In the situation of a Michelson Interferometer, the principle measurement is the entire ECE spectrum. Thus, any stray radiation is bound to enter the spectrum. In this work initial stray radiation measurements without filters at the location of two microwave receivers -the Michelson Interferometer and the Profile Reflectometer -are discussed. The data is used to dimension a notch filter to be used with the broad band Michelson Interferometer.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. ECE Diagnostic for the initial Operation of Wendelstein 7-X
- Author
-
Hirsch Matthias, Höfel Udo, Oosterbeek Johan Willem, Chaudhary Neha, Geiger Joachim, Hartfuss Hans-Jürgen, Kasparek Walter, Marushchenko Nikolai, van Milligen Boudewijn, Plaum Burkhard, Stange Torsten, Svensson Jakob, Tsuchiya Hayato, Wagner Dietmar, McWeir Gavin, and Wolf Robert
- Subjects
Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
The ECE diagnostic at W7-X in its standard mode of operation measures in X2 mode polarization with a 32 channel radiometer in the frequency band around 140 GHz for central magnetic field 2.5T. The radiometer is calibrated by a noise source and the overall system absolutely calibrated by means of a hot-cold source placed outside the torus in front of a Gaussian telescope optics with identical geometry and transmission line as it is installed for the measurements in the plasma vessel. The system is supplemented with a 16 channel zoom device with 4 GHz span for higher frequency resolution at a suitable radial range and a Michelson interferometer for the characterization of higher harmonics sharing the same line of sight.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Investigation of Optically Grey Electron Cyclotron Harmonics in Wendelstein 7-X
- Author
-
Chaudhary Neha, Oosterbeek Johan W., Hirsch Matthias, Höfel Udo, and Wolf Robert C.
- Subjects
Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
For a magnetic field of 2.5T, the electron cyclotron harmonics are spectrally well separated in W7-X as it has a large aspect ratio. Because of this advantage from the geometry of W7-X stellarator, it is easier to scan these higher harmonics (70,140,210…..GHz) compared to tokamaks with small aspect ratio. For confinement reasons, W7-X is planned to work at high plasma densities applying O2 electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). For such plasmas, which already have been demonstrated in experimental campaign OP1.2a of W7-X, electron cyclotron emission (ECE) from second harmonic extraordinary mode (X2) is in cutoff. In that case, optically grey higher harmonics provide the only access to ECE signal and hence electron temperature profiles. A Michelson interferometer will be used in the next operational campaign of W7-X for broadband (50-500 GHz) ECE scan and that will be compared to modeling of ECE emission at different plasma parameters from radiation transport calculations (TRAVIS). The strong stray radiation from non-absorbed ECRH is a major concern in scanning these higher harmonics using an interferometer because this stray radiation will dominate the spectra thus masking the ECE signal. For this purpose, a multimode notch filter design based on a multilayer dielectric structure is constructed to attenuate the stray radiation at 140GHz by 50dB.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Core Diagnostics for WENDELSTEIN 7-X Steady-State Exploration Until 18 GJ
- Author
-
HIRSCH, Matthias W., BANNMANN, Sebastian, FUCHERT, Gole, Xiang, Han, HÖFEL, Udo, HUANG, Jia, KNAUER, Jens, KOSCHINSKY, Jean-Paul, KRÄMER-FLECKEN, Andreas, KURSINSKI, Beate, LANGENBERG, Andreas, LAZERSON, Samuel, BEURSKENS, Marc N. A., MEINEKE, Jens, MOSEEV, Dimitry, OOSTERBEEK, Johan, PABLANT, Novimir, PASCH, Eckehard, PAVONE, Andreas, PÖLÖSKEI, Peter, RICHERT, Torsten, STANGE, Torsten, STEFFEN, Matthias, BIEDERMANN, Christoph, STERN, Mathias, VANÓ, Lilla, WOLF, Robert C., XIANG, Haoming M., ZANINI, Marco, BOZHENKOV, Sergey, BRUNNER, Kai-Jakob, CHAUDHARY, Neha, DAMM, Hannes, FORD, Oliver, GUERRERO-ARNAIZ, Juan, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
- Subjects
ddc:530 ,Condensed Matter Physics - Published
- 2022
7. Advanced electron cyclotron heating and current drive experiments on the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X
- Author
-
Stange Torsten, Laqua Heinrich Peter, Beurskens Marc, Bosch Hans-Stephan, Bozhenkov Sergey, Brakel Rudolf, Braune Harald, Brunner Kai Jakob, Cappa Alvaro, Dinklage Andreas, Erckmann Volker, Fuchert Golo, Gantenbein Gerd, Gellert Florian, Grulke Olaf, Hartmann Dirk, Hirsch Matthias, Höfel Udo, Kasparek Walter, Knauer Jens, Langenberg Andreas, Marsen Stefan, Marushchenko Nikolai, Moseev Dmitry, Pablant Novomir, Pasch Ekkehard, Rahbarnia Kian, Mora Humberto Trimino, Tsujimura Toru, Turkin Yuriy, Wauters Tom, and Wolf Robert
- Subjects
Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
During the first operational phase (OP 1.1) of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) was the exclusive heating method and provided plasma start-up, wall conditioning, heating and current drive. Six gyrotrons were commissioned for OP1.1 and used in parallel for plasma operation with a power of up to 4.3 MW. During standard X2-heating the spatially localized power deposition with high power density allowed controlling the radial profiles of the electron temperature and the rotational transform. Even though W7-X was not fully equipped with first wall tiles and operated with a graphite limiter instead of a divertor, electron densities of n e > 3·1019 m-3 could be achieved at electron temperatures of several keV and ion temperatures above 2 keV. These plasma parameters allowed the first demonstration of a multipath O2-heating scenario, which is envisaged for safe operation near the X-cutoff-density of 1.2·1020 m-3 after full commissioning of the ECRH system in the next operation phase OP1.2.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Proof of concept of a fast surrogate model of the VMEC code via neural networks in Wendelstein 7-X scenarios
- Author
-
W7-X Team, Merlo, Andrea, Böckenhoff, Daniel, Schilling, Jonathan, Höfel, Udo, Kwak, Sehyun, Svensson, Jakob, Pavone, Andrea, Lazerson, Samuel Aaron, Pedersen, Thomas Sunn, Gantenbein, Gerd, Huber, Martina, Illy, Stefan, Jelonnek, John, Kobarg, Thorsten, Lang, Rouven, Leonhardt, Wolfgang, Mellein, Daniel, Papenfuß, Daniel, Scherer, Theo, Thumm, Manfred, Wadle, Simone, and Weggen, Jörg
- Subjects
Technology ,ddc:600 - Abstract
In magnetic confinement fusion research, the achievement of high plasma pressure is key to reaching the goal of net energy production. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model is used to self-consistently calculate the effects the plasma pressure induces on the magnetic field used to confine the plasma. Such MHD calculations—usually done computationally—serve as input for the assessment of a number of important physics questions. The variational moments equilibrium code (VMEC) is the most widely used to evaluate 3D ideal-MHD equilibria, as prominently present in stellarators. However, considering the computational cost, it is rarely used in large-scale or online applications (e.g. Bayesian scientific modeling, real-time plasma control). Access to fast MHD equilibria is a challenging problem in fusion research, one which machine learning could effectively address. In this paper, we present artificial neural network (NN) models able to quickly compute the equilibrium magnetic field of Wendelstein 7-X. Magnetic configurations that extensively cover the device operational space, and plasma profiles with volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure ⟨β⟩ (β = $\frac{2{\mu }_{0}p}{{B}^{2}}$) up to 5% and non-zero net toroidal current are included in the data set. By using convolutional layers, the spectral representation of the magnetic flux surfaces can be efficiently computed with a single network. To discover better models, a Bayesian hyper-parameter search is carried out, and 3D convolutional NNs are found to outperform feed-forward fully-connected NNs. The achieved normalized root-mean-squared error, the ratio between the regression error and the spread of the data, ranges from 1% to 20% across the different scenarios. The model inference time for a single equilibrium is on the order of milliseconds. Finally, this work shows the feasibility of a fast NN drop-in surrogate model for VMEC, and it opens up new operational scenarios where target applications could make use of magnetic equilibria at unprecedented scales.
- Published
- 2021
9. Bayes'sche Analyse von Elektronenzyklotronemissionsmessungen an Wendelstein 7-X
- Author
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Höfel, Udo, Hirsch, Matthias, Technische Universität Berlin, Breitschwerdt, Dieter, Wolf, Robert, and Hartfuß, Hans-Jürgen
- Subjects
ddc:530 - Abstract
Electron cyclotron emission spectroscopy (ECE) is a standard diagnostic technique on the optimized stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) that can record data with a high resolution in time. The spatial assignment via the blackbody emission of a plasma layer depends on the optical depth and thus plasma parameters as well as the magnetic field along the line of sight. The measurements with a multichannel radiometer contain a large amount of information about the electron temperature profile, as well as being very sensitive to the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium at W7-X. First, the diagnostic was comissioned and absolutely calibrated. At W7-X this is achieved by an optical system identical to the plasma measuring system, which alternately measures room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature of a microwave blackbody radiator by means of a rotating mirror. The signal difference associated with the temperature change then permits the determination of the calibration factors, the accuracy of which represents the most important source of uncertainty for the diagnostic. In order to allow a systematic treatment of the uncertainties, a completely new, general Bayesian forward model of a calibration unit with rotating mirror was developed and tested within the Bayesian modeling framework Minerva. The calibrated data then allow to obtain a radiation temperature spectrum. The actual desiderata, i.e. the sought-after quantities, however, are the electron temperatures on the effective plasma radius. Traditionally, the emission region is approximated by the cold resonance location. However, this method is inaccurate if, for example, relevant plasma pressure is reached that leads to a modification of the magnetic field along the line of sight. For the more precise determination of the emission region and the underlying electron temperature profiles, forward modelling must therefore be carried out taking into account the radiation transport along the line of sight. Furthermore, the ray should be determined by raytracing, since ray deflection via the plasma parameter-dependent refractive index can have a serious influence on the model predictions, especially at higher densities. Both is achieved by incorporating the tracing visualized (TRAVIS) code into Minerva, in which the forward model of the electron cyclotron emission (ECE) for W7-X is written. The model includes a prediction of line-integrated electron density via interferometry. One of the advantages of this completely new model is that it is relatively general and should allow easy transferability to other machines, as well as compatibility with the »plug’n’play« neural network generator currently in development. As examples for applications, the model is used to obtain information about the absolute values of the electron density profile during low and high density plasma discharges, which is a good addition to the already existing possibilities of density measurements by, for example, the Thomson scattering diagnostic. Finally, the ECE data is used on a simple Bayesian heatwave analysis model in an attempt to obtain the electron heat diffusivity. Die Elektronen-Zyklotron-Emissionsspektroskopie (ECE) ist eine Standarddiagnostik am optimierten Stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), die zeitlich hochaufgelöste Messdaten aufnehmen kann. Ihre räumliche Zuordnung über die Schwarzkörperemission einer Plasmaschicht hängt von der optischen Tiefe und damit Plasmaparametern sowie dem Magnetfeld entlang der Beobachtungsrichtung ab. Die Messungen mit einem Vielkanalradiometer enthalten einen großen Informationsanteil über das Elektronentemperaturprofil, auch ist die Diagnostik eine sehr empfindliche Messmöglichlichkeit des Magnetohydrodynamikequilibriums an W7-X. Zu Beginn wurde die Diagnostik neu in Betrieb genommen und absolut kalibriert. Am W7-X wird dies durch eine zur Plasmamessung identisch aufgebaute Optik erreicht, die mittels einem rotierenden Spiegel abwechselnd Raumtemperatur und Flüssigstickstofftemperatur eines Mikrowellenschwarzkörperstrahlers misst. Die mit der Temperaturveränderung einhergehende Signaldifferenz erlaubt dann die Bestimmung der Kalibrierfaktoren, deren Genauigkeit die bedeutendste Fehlerquelle der Diagnostik darstellt. Um eine systematische Behandlung der Unsicherheiten zu erlauben, wurde ein komplett neues, generelles Bayessches Vorwärtsmodell einer Kalibriereinheit mit rotierendem Spiegel entwickelt und im Rahmen des Bayesschen Modellierungsframeworks Minerva getestet. Die kalibrierten Daten erlauben dann die Messung eines Strahlungstemperaturspektrums. Der eigentlich gewünschte Wert ist jedoch die Elektronentemperatur in Abhängigkeit vom effektiven Plasmaradius. Traditionell erfolgt die Approximation des Emissionsbereiches über den Ort der kalten Resonanz, allerdings ist diese Methode ungenau, wenn beispielsweise relevante Werte des Plasmadrucks erreicht werden, was zu einer Modifikation des Magnetfeldes entlang der Sichtlinie führt. Für die genauere Bestimmung des Emissionsbereiches und der zugrundeliegenden Elektronentemperaturprofile ist darum eine Vorwärtsmodellierung unter Berücksichtigung des Strahlungstransportes entlang der Sichtlinie durchzuführen. Der Strahlverlauf im Plasma sollte des Weiteren mittels Raytracing bestimmt werden, da die Strahlablenkung über den plasmaparameterabhängigen Brechungsindex insbesondere bei höheren Dichten die Modellvorhersagen gravierend beeinflussen kann. Dies wird durch einbinden des Strahlungstransport-Raytracing-Codes tracing visualized (TRAVIS) in Minerva erreicht, in welchem auch das Vorwärtsmodell der ECE für W7-X geschrieben ist. Das Modell beinhaltet des Weiteren eine Vorhersage der linienintegrierten Elektronendichte via Interferometrie. Einer der Vorteile dieses komplett neuen Modells ist, dass es relativ allgemein gehalten ist, und somit eine leichte Übertragbarkeit auf andere Maschinen erlauben sollte, sowie die Kompatibilität mit dem zurzeit in Arbeit befindlichen »Plug’n’Play«-Neuronale-Netze-Generator. Die Diagnostik wird beispielsweise angewandt um zu versuchen bei Niedrig- und Hochdichteplasmaentladungen Informationen über die absoluten Werte des Elektronendichteprofils zu erlangen, was eine gute Ergänzung zu den bereits existierenden Möglichkeiten der Dichtemessungen durch beispielsweise die Thomsonstreuungsdiagnostik darstellen würde. Schließlich werden die ECE-Daten verwendet um mittels eines simplen Bayesschen Wärmewellenmodells auf die Elektronenwärmediffusivität zu schließen.
- Published
- 2020
10. Proof of concept of a fast surrogate model of the VMEC code via neural networks in Wendelstein 7-X scenarios.
- Author
-
Merlo, Andrea, Böckenhoff, Daniel, Schilling, Jonathan, Höfel, Udo, Kwak, Sehyun, Svensson, Jakob, Pavone, Andrea, Lazerson, Samuel Aaron, Pedersen, Thomas Sunn, and Team, the W7-X
- Subjects
TOROIDAL plasma ,NEURAL codes ,ARTIFICIAL neural networks ,PROOF of concept ,MAGNETIC confinement ,PLASMA pressure - Abstract
In magnetic confinement fusion research, the achievement of high plasma pressure is key to reaching the goal of net energy production. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model is used to self-consistently calculate the effects the plasma pressure induces on the magnetic field used to confine the plasma. Such MHD calculations—usually done computationally—serve as input for the assessment of a number of important physics questions. The variational moments equilibrium code (VMEC) is the most widely used to evaluate 3D ideal-MHD equilibria, as prominently present in stellarators. However, considering the computational cost, it is rarely used in large-scale or online applications (e.g. Bayesian scientific modeling, real-time plasma control). Access to fast MHD equilibria is a challenging problem in fusion research, one which machine learning could effectively address. In this paper, we present artificial neural network (NN) models able to quickly compute the equilibrium magnetic field of Wendelstein 7-X. Magnetic configurations that extensively cover the device operational space, and plasma profiles with volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure ⟨β⟩ (β =) up to 5% and non-zero net toroidal current are included in the data set. By using convolutional layers, the spectral representation of the magnetic flux surfaces can be efficiently computed with a single network. To discover better models, a Bayesian hyper-parameter search is carried out, and 3D convolutional NNs are found to outperform feed-forward fully-connected NNs. The achieved normalized root-mean-squared error, the ratio between the regression error and the spread of the data, ranges from 1% to 20% across the different scenarios. The model inference time for a single equilibrium is on the order of milliseconds. Finally, this work shows the feasibility of a fast NN drop-in surrogate model for VMEC, and it opens up new operational scenarios where target applications could make use of magnetic equilibria at unprecedented scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Assessment of ECH stray radiation levels at the W7-X Michelson Interferometer and Profile Reflectometer.
- Author
-
Poli, E., Laqua, H., Oosterbeek, J., Oosterbeek, Johan. W., Chaudhary, Neha, Hirsch, Matthias, Höfel, Udo, and Wolf, Robert. C.
- Subjects
ELECTRON cyclotron resonance heating ,REFLECTOMETER ,MICHELSON interferometer ,NOTCH filters ,MICROWAVE polarization - Abstract
Electron Cyclotron Heating and Electron Cyclotron Current Drive are key components for heating and control in magnetically confined fusion plasmas. The high power microwaves are not always completely absorbed leading to stray radiation [1], [2]. At W7-X, the total injected microwave power can be up to 7.5 MW @140 GHz while the entire Electron Cyclotron Emission picked-up by an observer at the edge of the plasma is a fraction of a mW. In the situation of a Michelson Interferometer, the principle measurement is the entire ECE spectrum. Thus, any stray radiation is bound to enter the spectrum. In this work initial stray radiation measurements without filters at the location of two microwave receivers -the Michelson Interferometer and the Profile Reflectometer -are discussed. The data is used to dimension a notch filter to be used with the broad band Michelson Interferometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. ECE Diagnostic for the initial Operation of Wendelstein 7-X.
- Author
-
Poli, E., Laqua, H., Oosterbeek, J., Hirsch, Matthias, Höfel, Udo, Oosterbeek, Johan Willem, Chaudhary, Neha, Geiger, Joachim, Hartfuss, Hans-Jürgen, Kasparek, Walter, Marushchenko, Nikolai, van Milligen, Boudewijn, Plaum, Burkhard, Stange, Torsten, Svensson, Jakob, Tsuchiya, Hayato, Wagner, Dietmar, McWeir, Gavin, and Wolf, Robert
- Subjects
ELECTRON cyclotron resonance sources ,POLARIZATION (Nuclear physics) ,MAGNETIC fields ,GAUSSIAN beams ,MICHELSON interferometer - Abstract
The ECE diagnostic at W7-X in its standard mode of operation measures in X2 mode polarization with a 32 channel radiometer in the frequency band around 140 GHz for central magnetic field 2.5T. The radiometer is calibrated by a noise source and the overall system absolutely calibrated by means of a hot-cold source placed outside the torus in front of a Gaussian telescope optics with identical geometry and transmission line as it is installed for the measurements in the plasma vessel. The system is supplemented with a 16 channel zoom device with 4 GHz span for higher frequency resolution at a suitable radial range and a Michelson interferometer for the characterization of higher harmonics sharing the same line of sight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Investigation of Optically Grey Electron Cyclotron Harmonics in Wendelstein 7-X.
- Author
-
Poli, E., Laqua, H., Oosterbeek, J., Chaudhary, Neha, Oosterbeek, Johan W., Hirsch, Matthias, Höfel, Udo, and Wolf, Robert C.
- Subjects
ELECTRON cyclotron resonance sources ,STELLARATORS ,TOKAMAKS ,ELECTRON temperature ,DIELECTRIC devices - Abstract
For a magnetic field of 2.5T, the electron cyclotron harmonics are spectrally well separated in W7-X as it has a large aspect ratio. Because of this advantage from the geometry of W7-X stellarator, it is easier to scan these higher harmonics (70,140,210.....GHz) compared to tokamaks with small aspect ratio. For confinement reasons, W7-X is planned to work at high plasma densities applying O2 electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). For such plasmas, which already have been demonstrated in experimental campaign OP1.2a of W7-X, electron cyclotron emission (ECE) from second harmonic extraordinary mode (X2) is in cutoff. In that case, optically grey higher harmonics provide the only access to ECE signal and hence electron temperature profiles. A Michelson interferometer will be used in the next operational campaign of W7-X for broadband (50-500 GHz) ECE scan and that will be compared to modeling of ECE emission at different plasma parameters from radiation transport calculations (TRAVIS). The strong stray radiation from non-absorbed ECRH is a major concern in scanning these higher harmonics using an interferometer because this stray radiation will dominate the spectra thus masking the ECE signal. For this purpose, a multimode notch filter design based on a multilayer dielectric structure is constructed to attenuate the stray radiation at 140GHz by 50dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Size and temporal distributions in nanoscale magnetic materials via advanced extraction methods
- Author
-
Höfel, Udo
- Subjects
Simulation , Nanopartikel , Magnetismus , Quanteninterferometer , Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskop ,Simulation , Nanoparticle , Magnetism , Size Distribution - Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles possess a multitude of fields of application, for example in biotechnology and utilization as (magnetically) easily separable catalysts. Among the diverse fabrication methods that allow the production of nanoparticles with magnetic properties respectively a chemical composition tailored for a specific task one can find the bottom-up sol-gel dip-coating technique, with which the CoNi nanoparticles embedded in silica were created. Those nanoparticles exhibit a wavelength dependent coercivity if irradiated with laser light. The mentioned behaviour was modeled via an extended, single domain ferromagnetic Stoner-Wohlfarth model implemented in Mathematica. Therein the amount of permitted angles between the nanoparticles easy axis and the external applied field can be limited to arbitrary starting and ending angles. Furthermore, a particle size distribution dependent model for superparamagnetic magnetisation measurements is discussed and its implementation in Mathematica documented. To complement the models programed in Mathematica the extended Jiles-Atherton model that rules out unphysical behaviour and allows the simulation of hystereses was implemented, such that the models available comprise superparamagnetic, single and multi domain ferromagnetic behaviour. Another simple to set up, top-down and „green“ production method is laser ablation sythesis in solution (LASiS). Nitinol (NiTi) nanoparticles created with this technique are of great interest as nitinol shows some exceptional properties, exempli gratia a shape memory, a high resistance to material fatigue and biocompatibility. Thus an extensive (magnetic) characterisation of these nanoparticles is carried out that should ease further production of task specific nanoparticles. Hence the influence of the LASiS liquid on the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles was also analysed. The impact of the laser power on the magnetic behaviour was scrutinized on iron nanoparticles, such that in conclusion some of the „knobs“ that allow tailoring of the properties of the nanoparticles are better understood and therefore grant a more precise parameter choice at the time of fabrication., Magnetische Nanopartikel besitzen einen Durchmesser, welcher unter 100 nm liegt und die Fabrikation entsprechend anspruchsvoll gestaltet. Trotz der damit einhergehenden Herausforderungen gelang es in den letzten Jahren die Herstellungsmethoden soweit zu verbessern, dass sich die magnetischen Eigenschaften wie auch die chemische Zusammensetzung anwendungsspezifisch maßschneidern lassen. Für einen effektiven Einsatz in einer Vielzahl von Anwendungsgebieten sind magnetische Nanopartikel ideal geeignet, beispielsweise in der Hyperthermiekrebsbehandlung, die bei Mäusen eine Überlebensrate von bis zu 90% erzielt, oder als magnetisch leicht trennbare Katalysatoren, die aufgrund des hohen Oberflächen-Volumen-Verhältnisses sehr effizient sind. Des Weiteren wird erwartet, dass die Datenspeicherdichte mittels magnetischer Nanopartikel auf einige Terabit pro Quadratzentimeter erhöht werden kann. Ein weiterer Bereich in dem magnetische Nanopartikel von eminenter Bedeutung sind, ist die Grundlagenforschung, in welcher sie zum Verständnis magnetischer Mechanismen beitragen. Ferner können Phänomene, wie beispielsweise Superparamagnetismus, die erst unterhalb einer bestimmten Maximalgröße auftreten, ihrerseits wieder technologischen Nutzen besitzen. Aus diesen Gründen wurden und werden weltweit zahlreiche Herstellungsmethoden für Nanopartikel untersucht und die Produktionsparameter, die eine feinere Justage der Eigenschaften der resultierenden Nanopartikel ermöglichen, analysiert. Eine ökonomische wie auch ökologische Herstellungsmethode ist durch die Laserablationssynthese in Lösung (LASiS) gegeben. Mit dieser Verfahrensweise erzeugte Nitinolnanopartikel sind von hohem Interesse, da Nitinol (NiTi) über etliche außergewöhnliche Eigenschaften, wie zum Beispiel ein Formgedächtnis, einen hohen Widerstand gegen Materialermüdung und eine gewisse Biokompatibilität verfügt. Darum wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine ausführliche magnetische Charakterisierung (die feldabhängige Magnetisierungs-, zero field cooling field cooling- und ac-Messungen umfasst) dieser Nanopartikel vorgenommen, die es erleichtern soll entsprechende Nanopartikel mit aufgabenspezifischen Eigenschaften zu produzieren. Des Weiteren wurde analysiert, wie sich der Einfluss der eingesetzten Mutterlösung und die eingestellte Laserleistung während des Herstellungsprozesses auf die magnetischen Eigenschaften von Nitinolnanopartikeln auswirken. Der Einfluss der Laserleistung wurde zusätzlich an Eisennanopartikeln untersucht. Dadurch wurden einige der Einstellmöglichkeiten mit deren Hilfe sich die Eigenschaften der Nanopartikel regulieren lassen, besser verstanden und somit eine gezieltere Parameterwahl bei der Herstellung ermöglicht wird, wodurch das Optimierungspotential besser ausgeschöpft werden kann. Unter den mannigfaltigen weiteren Herstellungsmethoden, welche heutzutage die Produktion von Nanopartikeln mit anwendungsspezifischen magnetischen Eigenschaften beziehungsweise chemischer Zusammensetzung erlauben, findet sich auch der Sol-Gel-Tauchbeschichtungsprozess, mit welchem sich in Siliciumdioxid eingebettete CoNi-Nanopartikel herstellen lassen. Diese weisen bei Bestrahlung mit Laserlicht eine wellenlängenabhängige Koerzitivität auf. Um dieses besondere Phänomen zu beschreiben und zu simulieren, wurde ein erweitertes, einzeldomänenferromagnetisches Stoner-Wohlfarth-Modell in Mathematica implementiert. Dabei wird die Möglichkeit genutzt, nicht alle möglichen Winkel zwischen der leichten Richtung und dem extern angelegten Feld zuzulassen. Darüber hinaus wird ein teilchengrößenverteilungsabhängiges Modell für superparamagnetische, feldabhängige Magnetisierungsmessungen diskutiert und seine Implementation in Mathematica dokumentiert. In den gebräuchlichen Magnetismusmodellen sind anspruchsvolle Parameter die den Magnetismus beeinflussen, wie beispielsweise die Form der Nanopartikel, noch nicht implementiert. Da es einen Mangel an frei und online verfügbaren Implementationen von Magnetismusmodellen gibt, vermögen die während dieser Arbeit entwickelten Modelle als Ausgangspunkt für weitere Entwicklungen zu dienen.
- Published
- 2015
15. Advanced electron cyclotron heating and current drive experiments on the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X
- Author
-
Stange, Torsten, Laqua, Heinrich Peter, Beurskens, Marc, Bosch, Hans-Stephan, Bozhenkov, Sergey, Brakel, Rudolf, Braune, Harald, Brunner, Kai Jakob, Cappa, Alvaro, Dinklage, Andreas, Erckmann, Volker, Fuchert, Golo, Gantenbein, Gerd, Gellert, Florian, Grulke, Olaf, Hartmann, Dirk, Hirsch, Matthias, Höfel, Udo, Kasparek, Walter, Knauer, Jens, Langenberg, Andreas, Marsen, Stefan, Marushchenko, Nikolai, Moseev, Dmitry, Pablant, Novomir, Pasch, Ekkehard, Rahbarnia, Kian, Mora, Humberto Trimino, Tsujimura, Toru, Turkin, Yuriy, Wauters, Tom, and Wolf, Robert
- Subjects
7. Clean energy
Catalog
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