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La yaca, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., es un cultivo reciente en México de producción principalmente para exportación. El barrenador de ramas, Neoptychodes trilineatus L., es la principal plaga. Se determinaron la incidencia de larvas en ramas y severidad, distribución espacial, y fluctuación poblacional de los adultos en Nayarit, México. El adulto se alimenta de brotes tiernos y de la cáscara de frutos en desarrollo, mientras que la larva barrena las ramas. Con una incidencia media de dos larvas por kilogramo de madera seca se le encuentra durante todo el año, a excepción de diciembre. La mayor infestación ocurre en septiembre con 5.4 larvas por kilogramo de madera. El 84.7% de los árboles presentaron síntomas de daños por barrenador. Con una incidencia media de 0.92 adultos por árbol, se recolectaron en abril, mayo, julio, agosto, noviembre, enero, y febrero. En enero se detectó la mayor infestación con tres adultos por árbol. La mayor presencia ocurrió en la región de Tecuitata con 1.7 adultos por árbol, seguido de Jalcocotán con 1.1 adultos por árbol. Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., in Mexico is a recent crop for the export market. The branch borer, Neoptychodes trilineatus L., is the main pest of the crop. The objectives were to determine the incidence of larvae in branches and severity, spatial distribution, and population fluctuation of adults at Nayarit, Mexico in 2018-2019. Adults feed on tender shoots and skin of developing fruits, while larvae bore the branches. With an average incidence of two larvae per kilogram of wood, they were found throughout the year, except in December. The greatest infestation occurred in September with 5.4 larvae per kilogram of wood. Eighty-five percent of the trees showed symptoms of borer damage, with a mean incidence of 0.92 adult per tree. Adults were collected in April, May, July, August, November, January, and February. In January, the largest infestation was detected with three adults per tree. The greatest presence occurred in the Tecuitata region with 1.7 adults per tree, and 1.1 at Jalcocotán. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nativa de América Central, la guanábana, Annona muricata L., se cultiva principalmente en la región tropical de América. Con el incremento en superficie e importancia económica, su cultivo presenta limitantes principalmente de plagas y enfermedades. El objetivo es reunir la información disponible para integrar un mejor manejo de plagas en este cultivo, se presenta un listado de insectos y ácaros asociados con el cultivo. Solo se incluyen las especies en asociación con el cultivo por observación directa o emergencia del adulto en los insectos holometábolos de alguna estructura de la planta. Se mencionan las especies de insectos y ácaros cuya identificación taxonómica se revisó por especialistas, consultas en base de datos y/o uso de claves. Se obtuvieron 116 especies de insectos y dos de ácaros en asociación alimenticia con A. muricata. Se presentan ocho órdenes de insectos con 33 familias y uno de ácaros con dos familias. Destaca el orden Hemiptera con 14 familias y 69 especies. Existe mayor cantidad de insectos barrenadores, masticadores y chupadores de frutos (57%) en comparación con otras estructuras de la planta. El insecto de mayor importancia es Bephratelloides por los daños que causa y su amplia distribución. Le sigue en importancia Cerconota anonella Sepp distribuida principalmente en Centro y Sudamérica. Predominan los adultos con 75% causando daños. El 50% de las plagas mencionadas dañan solo una estructura del cultivo (frutos) no obstante, creemos que se requieren mayores observaciones en este sentido. Especies que no tienen amplia distribución como Optatus palmaris Pascoe y Maconellicocus hirsutus Green pueden causar graves daños en el cultivo. La distribución de las especies plaga es tropical y subtropical en asociación con la distribución y origen de la guanábana. Native to Central America, soursop, Annona muricata L., is cultivated mainly in the tropical region of the Americas. With the increase in surface area and economic importance, its cultivation has limitations mainly due to pests and diseases. We summarized available information to integrate a better pest management in this crop, creating a list of insects and mites associated with the crop. Only species in association with cultivation by direct observation or adult emergence in holometabolous insects from some plant structures are included. Insects and mites whose taxonomic identification was reviewed by specialists, database queries, and/or use of keys are mentioned. In total, 116 species of insects and two of mites are recorded associated with A. muricata, in eight orders of insects with 33 families and one of mites with two families. Hemiptera had 14 families and 69 species. There were more boring, chewing, and fruit-sucking insects (57%) than on other plant structures. The most important insect was Bephratelloides because of damage it causes and its wide distribution. It was followed in importance by Cerconota anonella Sepp, distributed mainly in Central and South America. Adults dominate with 75% of damage. Fifty percent of the pests damaged only fruits, but we believe more observations are required. Species that do not have a wide distribution such as borer weevil, Optatus palmaris Pascoe, and pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicocus hirsutus Green, can cause serious damage to the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trachyderes (Dendrobias) mandibularis Dupont es reportado en diferentes estados de México asociado a frutales tropicales reportándose por primera vez su presencia en estado adulto alimentándose de frutos de guanábana (Annona muricata L.) en el estado de Nayarit, México. Trachyderes (Dendrobias) mandibularis Dupont is already present in several states of Mexico as a pest of tropical fruits. This new record describes adults eating soursop (Annona muricata L.) at Nayarit, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico there is a morphological and biochemical variability of soursop germplasm, mainly due to its propagation by seed. The last years were identified in Nayarit accessions (TR, VCA1, VCA4, VCA5 and VCA10) with outstanding characteristics; therefore, in 2017 the morphological and physicochemical characterization of fruits of these accessions was carried out. The morphological characterization was carried out with the descriptors of the guide of tests of distinction, homogeneity and stability of the international union for the protection of plant varieties (UPOV) in annonaceae. The physicochemical parameters were determined by the AOAC methods. Morphological differences were found in size and shape of fruits, size of spines, quantity and size of seeds. In the fruits of TR and VCA4 the largest size predominated and in the VCA5 smaller size. The trapezoidal shape predominated in the TR and the conical in VCA1 and VCA4. The TR and VCA10 fruits had greater bark thickness and smaller spines; while the VCA4 had larger spines. Fruits TR, VCA4 and VCA10 had a higher number of seeds and VCA5 had a lower number; with larger seeds in the TR and less in VCA1 and VCA4. There were no differences in pulp yield (68.7- 72.4%), but it was directly proportional to the fruit size (r= 0.532) with p< 0.001. In the physicochemical characteristics, the TR fruits at maturity of consumption had greater intensity of the green of the skin, greater firmness, soluble solids content (SST) and °Brix/acidity ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) has become an important fruit and represents a production option for tropical areas of Mexico. However, due to its recent introduction, information on its associated pests and diseases and management recommendations is still limited. In 2017, deformation of the leaves, discoloration of the beam and the presence of spider webs on the underside caused by an unknown mite were observed. The objective of this research was to identify the associated mite, determine its population distribution and fluctuation and evaluate the biological efficacy of acaricides. The study was conducted during 2018-2019 in Nayarit, Mexico. The identified mite is Tetranychus pacificus known as the red spider. It is distributed in all producing areas of jackfruit in Nayarit. It was mainly detected from November to June with greater infestation in the Tecuitata producing area (0.86 mites' leaf-1) and Jalcocotan (0.57 mites' leaf-1 of the municipality of San Blas. On average in September and October its presence is imperceptible; however, in El Capomo only in July was detected which probably indicates an initial stage of dispersal of the mite. Significant correlation was observed (β= 0.0489, r= -0.73, F= 0.0345, α= 0.05) of the population with the temperature, with a decrease in the population at a higher temperature and accentuated from 26 ° C. No correlation was observed with relative humidity. The highest temperature (27.9 °C) and relative humidity (88.2%) occurred in the month of July and September, respectively, months in which the lowest mite population was observed. The acaricides evaluated exercised significant control. At 21 days after application, differences occurred between treatments and the absolute control (Pr>F= 0.0245). With the application of azadirachtin (1.9 g of ia L-1 of water) and mineral oil (16.9 g of ia L-1 of water) a control of 75.9% and 72.5%, respectively, was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se reportan insectos xilófagos del guanábano ( Annona muricata L.) en México. La asociación del guanábano como huésped de las especies Acanthoderes quadrigibba (Say), Oreodera fasciculosa Thomson (Cerambycidae), and Chrysobothris totonaca Domínguez y Márquez (Buprestidae) representan un nuevo reporte. Las ramas afectadas por el patógeno Lasiodiplodia theobramae Pat. pueden ser una fuente potencial de mayor daño por estos insectos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La guanábana Annona muricata (L.) es el cultivo frutícola más importante de las anonáceas en México. Existen diversos insectos plaga que causan daños al cultivo, entre ellos Gonodonta pyrgo (Cramer). En cultivos tropicales se ha reportado el 100% de pérdidas causadas por este insecto. Debido a la reciente detección de esta especie en Nayarit, la escasa información de biología y hábitos, los objetivos de esta investigación fueron determinar el ciclo de vida y el comportamiento diurno de larvas y adultos en el laboratorio. El insecto vivió de huevo a adultos 26.0 ± 2.11 días. El estado de larva fue el que más duró (12.0 ± 0.29 días) y causó el mayor daño al alimentarse de hojas, flores, y frutos de guanábano. El adulto vivió 4.0 ± 0.31 días, perfora frutos de mango y guanábana con la finalidad de alimentarse del néctar, con lo cual afecta la calidad de la fruta. Se caracteriza por la alta capacidad para descubrir nuevos hábitats y la gran capacidad de colonización, lo que implica mayores dificultades para realizar su control y delimitar las áreas infestadas. Los huevos son depositados en grupos de 700 a 1,500 en el envés de hojas tiernas. Hasta antes del quinto o sexto día de emergencia, las larvas se alimentan de follaje, flores, y frutos tiernos, del sexto día en adelante se alimentan también de follaje maduro. Posteriormente, se desplazan hacia la base del árbol, entre la hojarasca y suelo para pupar. En confinamiento de laboratorio el adulto laceró el exocarpo de frutos de mango y guanábana. Annona muricata L. (soursop) is the most important fruit crop of annonaceous in Mexico and in Nayarit State where most is produced. Many insect pests damage the fruit, including Gonodonta pyrgo (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). The pest causes 100% loss of other tropical crops. Because of the recent detection of G. pyrgo in Nayarit and the limited information on the biology and habits, the objectives of this research were to determine the life cycle and the diurnal behavior of larvae and adults under laboratory conditions. G. pyrgo from egg to adult lived 26.0 ± 2.11 days. The larval stage lasted 12.0 ± 0.29 days and caused the most damage by feeding on A. muricata leaves. The adult lived 4.0 ± 0.31 days, piercing mango and soursop fruits while feeding on the nectar, thus affecting the quality of the fruit. This insect is characterized by high capacity to discover new habitats and colonize that cause difficulty in their control and limiting infested areas. Eggs are laid in groups of 700 to 1,500 on the underside of young leaves. By the fifth or sixth day after emergence, the larvae feed on foliage, flowers, and young fruit, and feed on mature foliage before that. Subsequently, they move to the base of a tree to pupate into soil and trash. In laboratory conditions, adults damage fruit of mango and soursop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most soursop, Annona muricata L., in the world is produced in Mexico. Soursop is a tropical fruit with great commercial possibility. Currently, its commercialization in Mexico has restrictions established in national phytosanitary legislation. Some insect species such as Anastrepha that are registered as associated with soursop have not been confirmed. The purpose of this research was to extensively sample fruit in orchards and stockpile centers and use induced infestation in field cages to determine if soursop fruit hosted Anastrepha. Observation was June 2009 through June 2012 in Nayarit, Mexico. A total of 5.23 tons of fruit was sampled (n = 6,712) in commercial orchards and 7.18 tons (n = 8,418) in stockpile centers, a sum total of 12.41 tons of fruit. No soursop fruits with Anastrepha ludens or A. obliqua fly larvae were found. In fields and stockpile centers, we observed fruit infested by Optatus palmaris (Coleptera: Curculionidae) at a density of 0.12 and 0.03 larva per fruit, respectively. We collected fruits infested by Neosilba sp. larvae (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) at 0.0058 larva per fruit, from which 21 adults emerged. From 318 cedar tree fruit (Spondias sp.) collected in the study region, 35 A. obliqua adults emerged, and eight A. ludens and 57 A. obliqua were found in McPhail traps baited with hydrolyzed protein in mango orchards (Mangifera indica) where the research occurred. In McPhail traps in soursop orchards, one A. ludens, four A. obliqua, and three Anastrepha spp. were captured. In the cages, no soursop fruit was infested by A. ludens or A. oblique. From mango fruits used as hosts, five A. obliqua and two A. ludens emerged. Based on the results, we concluded that soursop was not a host for Anastrepha fruit fly. The current phytosanitary measures established in the Mexican Official Norms must be modified to deregulate soursop fruit and allow its free mobilization within the Mexican states with different phytosanitary categories in relation to fruit flies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Annonaceae fruits weevil (Optatus palmaris) causes high losses to the soursop production in Mexico. Damage occurs when larvae and adults feed on the fruits; however, there is limited research about control strategies against this pest. However, pheromones provide a high potential management scheme for this curculio. Thus, this research characterized the behavior and volatile production of O. palmaris in response to their feeding habits. Olfactometry assays established preference by weevils to volatiles produced by feeding males and soursop. The behavior observed suggests the presence of an aggregation pheromone and a kairomone. Subsequently, insect volatiles sampled by solid-phase microextraction and dynamic headspace detected a unique compound on feeding males increased especially when feeding. Feeding-starvation experiments showed an averaged fifteen-fold increase in the concentration of a monoterpenoid on males feeding on soursop, and a decrease of the release of this compound males stop feeding. GC-MS analysis of volatiles identified this compound as α-terpineol. Further olfactometry assays using α-terpineol and soursop, demonstrated that this combination is double attractive to Annonaceae weevils than only soursop volatiles. The results showed a complementation effect between α-terpineol and soursop volatiles. Thus, α-terpineol is the aggregation pheromone of O. palmaris, and its concentration is enhanced by host-plant volatiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zaprionus indianus Gupta, and Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are species of economic importance in commercial figs in Morelos, Mexico. Monitoring adults of Z. indianus and D suzukii is important to prevent damage to the fruit and can be based on the use of inexpensive and accessible food attractants for farmers. For this purpose, baits of natural origin (figs, banana, yeast, and vinegar) and a commercial bait were evaluated for trapping these adults. Of the 2,702 specimens collected, 10.4% were D. suzukii and 89.6% Z. indianus. The commercial bait Pherocon SWD© Dual-Lure© attracted the highest number of adults of D. suzukii (5.88 adults/trap/week), and Z. indianus (41.7 adults/trap/week). Banana plus yeast was the best natural bait for trapping both drosophilids. Zaprionus indianus Gupta y Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), son especies de importancia económica en higo comercial en Morelos, México. El monitoreo de adultos de estas plagas es muy importante para prevenir daños a la fruta, y puede estar basado en el uso de atrayentes alimenticios económicos y accesibles para los productores. Se evaluaron cebos de higo, plátano, levadura y vinagre y uno comercial en la atracción de adultos de estos drosofílidos. De las 2,702 moscas trampeadas, 10.4% fueron D. suzukii y 89.6%% Z. indianus. El cebo comercial Pherocon SWD© Dual-Lure© atrajo el mayor número de D. suzukii (5.88 adultos/trampa/semana), y de Z. indianus (41.7). La combinación plátano+levadura fue el mejor cebo natural en la captura de ambos drosofiílidos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]