39 results on '"Hayes, Enda"'
Search Results
2. Citizen-led emissions reduction: Enhancing enjoyment and understanding for diverse citizen engagement with air pollution and climate change decision making
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Fogg-Rogers, Laura, Sardo, Ana Margarida, Csobod, Eva, Boushel, Corra, Laggan, Sophie, and Hayes, Enda
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- 2024
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3. Deep learning-based multi-target regression for traffic-related air pollution forecasting
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Akinosho, Taofeek Dolapo, Bilal, Muhammad, Hayes, Enda Thomas, Ajayi, Anuoluwapo, Ahmed, Ashraf, and Khan, Zaheer
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- 2023
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4. Atmospheric ammonia and nitrogen deposition on Irish Natura 2000 sites: Implications for Irish agriculture
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Kelleghan, David B., Hayes, Enda T., Everard, Mark, Keating, Padraig, Lesniak-Podsiadlo, Anna, and Curran, Thomas P.
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- 2021
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5. Characteristics of real-world gaseous exhaust emissions from cars in heterogeneous traffic conditions
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Kuppili, Sudheer Kumar, Dheeraj Alshetty, V., Diya, M., Shiva Nagendra, S.M., Ramadurai, Gitakrishnan, Ramesh, A., Gulia, Sunil, Namdeo, Anil, Maji, Kamal, Bell, Margaret, Goodman, Paul, Hayes, Enda, Barnes, Jo, Longhurst, James, and De Vito, Laura
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- 2021
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6. Predicting atmospheric ammonia dispersion and potential ecological effects using monitored emission rates from an intensive laying hen facility in Ireland
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Kelleghan, David B., Hayes, Enda T., Everard, Mark, and Curran, Thomas P.
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- 2021
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7. Building smart cities, the just way. A critical review of “smart” and “just” initiatives in Bristol, UK
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Michalec, Aleksandra (Ola), Hayes, Enda, and Longhurst, James
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- 2019
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8. Enhancing the communication potential of smart metering for energy and water
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Michalec, Aleksandra, Hayes, Enda, Longhurst, James, and Tudgey, David
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- 2019
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9. Co-designing food waste services in the catering sector
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Michalec, Aleksandra, Fodor, Martin, Hayes, Enda, and Longhurst, James
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- 2018
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10. Potential environmental impacts of ‘fracking’ in the UK
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Staddon, Chad, Brown, Jenna, and Hayes, Enda
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- 2016
11. The rhetoric and realities of integrating air quality into the local transport planning process in English local authorities
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Olowoporoku, Dotun, Hayes, Enda, Longhurst, James, and Parkhurst, Graham
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- 2012
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12. Atmospheric ammonia and nitrogen deposition on Irish Natura 2000 sites: Implications for Irish agriculture
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Everard, Mark, Kelleghan, David, Hayes, Enda, Keating, Padraig, Lesniak-Podsiadlo, Anna, and Curran, Tom
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With growing global demand for food, the agriculture sector worldwide is under pressure to intensify and expand, risking acceleration of negative biodiversity impacts. Agriculture is the dominant source of ammonia (NH3) emissions, which can impact biodive - Abstract
With growing global demand for food, the agriculture sector worldwide is under pressure to intensify and expand, risking acceleration of existing negative biodiversity impacts. Agriculture is the dominant source of ammonia (NH3) emissions, which can impact biodiversity directly through dry deposition as NH3 and by wet deposition following conversion to ammonium (NH4) in the atmosphere. Nitrogen deposition is one of the leading causes of global decline in biodiversity alongside changing land use and climate. Natura 2000 sites which are intended to protect important habitats and species across Europe, require strict levels of protection to ensure designated features achieve favourable conservation status. Many of these sites are nitrogen-limited, and/or contain sensitive species such as lichens or mosses. This project carried out ambient NH3 monitoring on selected Irish Natura 2000 sites, in order to establish potential impacts from agricultural NH3. Monitoring on twelve Natura 2000 sites observed concentrations ranging from 0.47 to 4.59 μg NH3 m−3, from which dry deposition was calculated to be 1.22–11.92 kg N ha−1 yr−1. European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) was used to quantify wet deposited NH4 and nitrogen oxides (NOx), in addition to dry deposited NOx on monitored sites. Estimated total nitrogen deposition ranged between 5.93 and 17.78 kg N ha−1 yr−1. On average across all monitored sites, deposition was comprised of 50.4%, 31.7%, 7.5%, and 10.3% dry NH3, wet NH4, dry NOx and wet NOx respectively. Implications for Irish agriculture are discussed in the light of both this monitoring and the European Commission Dutch Nitrogen Case (C 293/17 & C 294/17), highlighting a number of recommendations to aid compliance with the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC).
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- 2021
13. Assessment of the Impact of Ammonia Emissions from Intensive Agriculture Installations on Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas
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Kelleghan, David B., Hayes, Enda T, Everard, Mark, and Curran, Thomas P
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Ammonia ,Agriculture ,Pigs ,Conservation ,Poultry - Abstract
Atmospheric ammonia poses a significant threat to biodiversity and human health around the world. A high concentration can result in significant changes to the structure of ecosystems, as atmospheric ammonia is particularly harmful to a number of nitrogen-sensitive habitats (bogs, heath, semi-natural grasslands, etc.). In addition, ammonia reacts with other pollutants in the air to form particulate matter, which disperses over great distances. Atmospheric particulate matter has been linked to a range of pulmonary and cardiac issues in humans. Concentrations of ammonia in the air downwind of hotspot sources, such as pig and poultry farms, are likely to negatively affect the environment. The contribution of multiple sources of ammonia to cumulative impacts in Ireland is currently poorly understood. The AmmoniaN2K project aimed to assist the EPA licensing of intensive agriculture installations (pig and poultry farms) in Ireland. This work is particularly relevant to appropriate assessments on Natura 2000 sites under the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), where modelling of contributions from agricultural sources is required. Emission rates generated and recommendations from detailed monitoring will support future assessments. The identification of farms below the Industrial Emission Directive (2010/75/EU) threshold will also assist the required cumulative impact assessments under appropriate assessment. This information has also aided the spatial reporting of emissions, which has benefited European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme concentration and deposition modelling. The emission rates generated can be used to validate and inform the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register reporting of national emissions in Ireland. Improving inventory reporting is a vital step to ensure compliance with limits set under the National Emissions Ceilings Directive (2016/2284/EU) –Ireland currently exceeds its ammonia emission limit under this directive. Monitoring on Natura 2000 sites has highlighted the need for alternative agricultural practices to reduce this impact. The AmmoniaN2K project quantified and assessed the impact of ammonia emissions from intensive pig and poultry units on Natura 2000 sites in Ireland. This was done by monitoring detailed ammonia emissions from 17 animal production houses across four farms. These rates are compared with best available techniques-ammonia emission levels (BAT-AELs), past monitoring in Ireland and recommended rates by Simple Calculation of Atmospheric Impact Limits (SCAIL-Agriculture). Dispersion modelling of all farms was conducted using monitored rates to identify distance downwind from where both impacts and estimated minimum contributions occurred. An approach to identify farms below the Industrial Emission Directive (2010/75/EU) threshold was developed, in order to identify the total number of intensive agriculture units that are proximal to Natura 2000 sites. The Mapping Ammonia Risk on Sensitive Habitats (MARSH) model, developed as part of this study, assigned a risk of impacts from all sources of ammonia (including cattle and sheep) to Natura 2000 sites in Ireland. This model was checked against monitoring on Natura 2000 sites, which also identified potential impacts at these locations. Environmental Protection Agency Watch Project Highlights Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLdfyTCCh50&feature=youtu.be 2020-10-22 JG: 5 appendix bitstreams updated at author's request 2020-10-23 JG: 2 appendix bitstreams updated at author's request
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- 2020
14. Estimating Aspergillus fumigatus exposure from outdoor composting activities in England between 2005 and 14
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Williams, Ben, Douglas, Philippa, Roca Barcelo, Aina, Hansell, Anna, and Hayes, Enda
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bioaerosols, composting, modelling, ADMS, population exposure, Aspergillus fumigatus ,Air Quality Management Resource Centre - Abstract
Bioaerosols, ubiquitous in ambient air, are released in elevated concentrations from composting facilities with open-air processing areas. However, spatial and temporal variability of bioaerosols, particularly in relation to meteorology, is not well understood. Here we model relative concentrations of Aspergillus fumigatus at each postcode-weighted centroid within 4 km of 217 composting facilities in England between 2005 and 2014. Facilities were geocoded with the aid of satellite imagery. Data from existing bioaerosol modelling literature were used to build emission profiles in ADMS. Variation in input parameters between each modelled facility was reduced to a minimum. Meteorological data for each composting facility was derived from the nearest SCAIL-Agriculture validated meteorological station. According to our results, modelled exposure risk was driven primarily by wind speed, direction and time-varying emissions factors incorporating seasonal fluctuations in compostable waste. Modelled A.fumigatus concentrations decreased rapidly from the facility boundary and plateaued beyond 1.5–2.0 km. Where multiple composting facilities were within 4 km of each other, complex exposure risk patterns were evident. More long-term bioaerosol monitoring near facilities is needed to help improve exposure estimation and therefore assessment of any health risks to local populations.
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- 2019
15. Modelling the impacts of citizens-led scenarios in European urban areas
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Rodrigues, Vera, Oliveira, Kevin, Coelho, Sílvia, Rafael, Sandra, Ferreira, Joana, Fernandes, Ana Patrícia, Reis, Johnny, Miranda, Ana Isabel, Borrego, Carlos, Vanherle, Kris, Diafas, Iason, Kewo, Angreine, Trozzi, Carlo, Soares, Joana, Barnes, Jo, Hayes, Enda, Fogg-Rogers, Laura, Sardo, Margarida, Laggan, Sophie Laggan, Slingerland, Stephan, Bolscher, Hans, and Lopes, Myriam
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No abstract available.
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- 2019
16. Unprecedented reduction in air pollution and corresponding short-term premature mortality associated with COVID-19 lockdown in Delhi, India.
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Maji, Kamal Jyoti, Namdeo, Anil, Bell, Margaret, Goodman, Paul, Nagendra, S. M. Shiva, Barnes, Joanna H., De Vito, Laura, Hayes, Enda, Longhurst, James W., Kumar, Rakesh, Sharma, Niraj, Kuppili, Sudheer Kumar, and Alshetty, Dheeraj
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COVID-19 ,AIR pollution ,EARLY death ,PANDEMICS ,STAY-at-home orders ,COVID-19 pandemic ,SARS-CoV-2 - Abstract
Countries around the world introduced strict restrictions on movement and activities known as 'lockdowns' to restrict the spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) from the end of 2019. A sudden improvement in air quality was observed globally as a result of these lockdowns. To provide insight into the changes in air pollution levels in response to the COVID-19 restrictions we have compared surface air quality data in Delhi during four phases of lockdown and the first phase of the restriction easing period (25 March to 30 June 2020) with data from a baseline period (2018–2019). Simultaneously, short-term exposure of PM
2.5 and O3 attributed premature mortality were calculated to understand the health benefit of the change in air quality. Ground–level observations in Delhi showed that concentrations of PM10 , PM2.5 and NO2 dropped substantially in 2020 during the overall study period compared with the same period in previous years, with average reductions of ~49%, ~39%, and ~39%, respectively. An overall lower reduction in O3 of ~19% was observed for Delhi. A slight increase in O3 was found in Delhi's industrial and traffic regions. The highest peak of the diurnal variation decreased substantially for all the pollutants at every phase. The decrease in PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in 2020, prevented 904 total premature deaths, a 60% improvement when compared to the figures for 2018–2019. The restrictions on human activities during the lockdown have reduced anthropogenic emissions and subsequently improved air quality and human health in one of the most polluted cities in the world. Implications: I am submitting herewith the manuscript entitled "Unprecedented Reduction in Air Pollution and Corresponding Short-term Premature Mortality Associated with COVID-19 Forced Confinement in Delhi, India" for potential publishing in your journal. The novelty of this research lies in: (1) we utilized ground-level air quality data in Delhi during four phases of lockdown and the first phase of unlocking period (25th March to 30th June) for 2020 as well as data from the baseline period (2018–2019) to provide an early insight into the changes in air pollution levels in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) Chatarize the change of diurnal variation of the pollutants and (3) we assess the health risk due to PM2.5 and O3 . Results from ground-level observations in Delhi showed that concentrations of PM10 , PM2.5 and NO2 substantially dropped in 2020 during the overall study period compared to the similar period in previous years, with an average reduction of ~49%, ~39%, and ~39%, respectively. In the case of O3 , the overall reduction was observed as ~19% in Delhi, while a slight increase was found in industrial and traffic regions. And consequently, the highest peak of the diurnal variation decreased substantially for all the pollutants. The health impact assessment of the changes in air quality indicated that 904 short-term premature deaths (~60%) were prevented due to the decline in PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in the study period. The restrictions on human activities during the lockdown have reduced the anthropogenic emissions and subsequently improved air quality and human health in one of the most polluted cities in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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17. Sources of airborne endotoxins in ambient air and exposure of nearby communities-A review
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Rolph, Catherine, Gwyther, Ceri, Tyrrel, Sean, Nasir, Zaheer, Jackson, Simon, Khera, Shagun, Hayes, Enda, Williams, Ben, Bennett, Allan, Collins, Samuel, Walsh, Kerry, Gladding, Toni, Drew, Gillian H., and Kinnersley, Rob
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bioaerosol, endotoxin, composting facilities, intensive farming, air pollution ,Air Quality Management Resource Centre - Abstract
© 2018 by the authors. Endotoxin is a bioaerosol component that is known to cause respiratory effects in exposed populations. To date, most research focused on occupational exposure, whilst much less is known about the impact of emissions from industrial operations on downwind endotoxin concentrations. A review of the literature was undertaken, identifying studies that reported endotoxin concentrations in both ambient environments and around sources with high endotoxin emissions. Ambient endotoxin concentrations in both rural and urban areas are generally below 10 endotoxin units (EU) m -3 ; however, around significant sources such as compost facilities, farms, and wastewater treatment plants, endotoxin concentrations regularly exceeded 100 EU m -3 . However, this is affected by a range of factors including sampling approach, equipment, and duration. Reported downwind measurements of endotoxin demonstrate that endotoxin concentrations can remain above upwind concentrations. The evaluation of reported data is complicated due to a wide range of different parameters including sampling approaches, temperature, and site activity, demonstrating the need for a standardised methodology and improved guidance. Thorough characterisation of ambient endotoxin levels and modelling of endotoxin from pollution sources is needed to help inform future policy and support a robust health-based risk assessment process.
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- 2018
18. Air pollution, deprivation and health: Understanding relationships to add value to local air quality management policy and practice in Wales, UK
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Brunt, Huw, Barnes, J., Jones, S. J., Longhurst, James, Scally, Gabriel, and Hayes, Enda T
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country of wales ,air pollution ,association ,health ,mortality ,Air Quality Management Resource Centre ,deprivation ,respiration disorders ,quality ,inequalities ,public health medicine ,pollution ,health outcomes ,improvement - Abstract
© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved. Background Air pollution exposure reduces life expectancy. Air pollution, deprivation and poor-health status combinations can create increased and disproportionate disease burdens. Problems and solutions are rarely considered in a broad public health context, but doing so can add value to air quality management efforts by reducing air pollution risks, impacts and inequalities. Methods An ecological study assessed small-area associations between air pollution (nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter), deprivation status and health outcomes in Wales, UK. Results Air pollution concentrations were highest in 'most' deprived areas. When considered separately, deprivation-health associations were stronger than air pollution-health associations. Considered simultaneously, air pollution added to deprivation-health associations; interactions between air pollution and deprivation modified and strengthened associations with all-cause and respiratory disease mortality, especially in 'most' deprived areas where most-vulnerable people lived and where health needs were greatest. Conclusion There is a need to reduce air pollution-related risks for all. However, it is also the case that greater health gains can result from considering local air pollution problems and solutions in the context of wider health-determinants and acting on a better understanding of relationships. Informed and co-ordinated air pollution mitigation and public health action in high deprivation and pollution areas can reduce risks and inequalities. To achieve this, greater public health integration and collaboration in local air quality management policy and practice is needed.
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- 2017
19. Mapping ammonia risk on sensitive habitats in Ireland.
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Kelleghan, David B., Hayes, Enda T., Everard, Mark, and Curran, Thomas P.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to provide a simple, cost-effective, risk-based map of terrestrial areas in Ireland where environmental quality may be at risk from atmospheric ammonia. This risk-based approach identifies Natura 2000 sites in Ireland at risk from agricultural atmospheric ammonia, collating best available data using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). In mapping ammonia risk on sensitive habitats (MARSH), the method identifies sources of ammonia, classifying them on a scale of risk from 0 to 5. These sources are subsequently summed based on a weighting determined by their contribution to national emissions divided by their potentially impacted area. A Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.72 allows for concentrations from United Kingdom's FRAME modelling to be applied to the MARSH model, which are corrected based on recent monitoring. Applying Designation Weighted Indicators (DWI), the MARSH model predicts that 80.7, 34.3 and 5.9% of Natura 2000 sites in Ireland may exceed ambient concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 μg/m3, respectively. A Nitroindex map of Ireland based on available lichen records was also developed and is presented as part of this study. This Nitroindex was used to identify areas where impacts have already been recorded, thus informing the classification of sites "at-risk". The combination of both the MARSH and Nitroindex models ascertains which Natura 2000 sites are most at risk, thereby providing valuable data to relevant authorities. The MARSH model acts as a first step towards screening and assessing Natura 2000 sites most at risk from atmospheric ammonia, providing a tool to demonstrate compliance with the National Emissions Ceilings Directive. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • A GIS risk-based approach gauges atmospheric NH 3 impacts in Ireland • Integrates best available agricultural data to identify "at-risk" areas in Ireland • Provides stakeholders with an atmospheric ammonia risk map for Ireland • 80.7% of Natura 2000 sites likely to exceed critical level of 1 μg/m3 • 5.9% of Natura 2000 sites likely to exceed critical level of 3 μg/m3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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20. Scoping studies to establish the capability and utility of a real-time bioaerosol sensor to characterise emissions from environmental sources.
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Nasir, Zaheer Ahmad, Hayes, Enda, Williams, Ben, Gladding, Toni, Rolph, Catherine, Khera, Shagun, Jackson, Simon, Bennett, Allan, Collins, Samuel, Parks, Simon, Attwood, Alexis, Kinnersley, Robert P., Walsh, Kerry, Alcega, Sonia Garcia, Pollard, Simon J.T., Drew, Gill, Coulon, Frederic, and Tyrrel, Sean
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Abstract A novel dual excitation wavelength based bioaerosol sensor with multiple fluorescence bands called Spectral Intensity Bioaerosol Sensor (SIBS) has been assessed across five contrasting outdoor environments. The mean concentrations of total and fluorescent particles across the sites were highly variable being the highest at the agricultural farm (2.6 cm−3 and 0.48 cm−3, respectively) and the composting site (2.32 cm−3 and 0.46 cm−3, respectively) and the lowest at the dairy farm (1.03 cm−3 and 0.24 cm−3, respectively) and the sewage treatment works (1.03 cm−3 and 0.25 cm−3, respectively). In contrast, the number-weighted fluorescent fraction was lowest at the agricultural site (0.18) in comparison to the other sites indicating high variability in nature and magnitude of emissions from environmental sources. The fluorescence emissions data demonstrated that the spectra at different sites were multimodal with intensity differences largely at wavelengths located in secondary emission peaks for λex 280 and λex 370. This finding suggests differences in the molecular composition of emissions at these sites which can help to identify distinct fluorescence signature of different environmental sources. Overall this study demonstrated that SIBS provides additional spectral information compared to existing instruments and capability to resolve spectrally integrated signals from relevant biological fluorophores could improve selectivity and thus enhance discrimination and classification strategies for real-time characterisation of bioaerosols from environmental sources. However, detailed lab-based measurements in conjunction with real-world studies and improved numerical methods are required to optimise and validate these highly resolved spectral signatures with respect to the diverse atmospherically relevant biological fluorophores. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • First real world evaluation of a novel dual wavelength excitation multiple fluorescence band bioaerosol sensor • High variability in nature and magnitude of emissions at contrasting sites • Highly resolved emission intensity measurements provide additional spectral information in comparison to existing devices. • Differences in emission spectra from different sites at smaller and lager wavelengths than maxima [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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21. Services to assess the reasons for non-compliance of ozone target value set by Directive 2008/50/EC and potential for air quality improvements in relation to ozone pollution. Task 6 - Reasons for increasing background ozone concentrations and recommendations for future objectives for ozone
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Brandt, Jørgen, Christensen, Jesper Heile, Ellermann, Thomas, Geels, Camilla, Hertel, Ole, Nordstrøm, Claus, Nøjgaard, Jacob Klenø, Skov, Henrik, Chatterton, Tim, Hayes, Enda, Barnes, Jo, Laxen, Duncan, Irwin, Jimi, Longhurst, Jim, Pelsy, Florent, and Zamparutti, Tony
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- 2014
22. Services to assess the reasons for non-compliance of ozone targel value set by Directive 2008/50/EC and potential for air quality improvement in relation to ozone pollution:Task 4 - Assessment of the factors responsible for any projected non-compliance with air quality target values for ozone by the dates foreseen in the Directive 2008/50/EC
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Hayes, Enda, Barnes, Jo, Chatterton, Tim, Longhurst, Jim, Bach, Hanne, Nielsen, Helle Ørsted, and Brandt, Jørgen
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- 2014
23. Review of: Provisions for Air Quality Measurement, Air Quality Modelling, Management Framework, Assessment, and Public Information; and Stakeholder Consultation Support:Assessment of the AQUILA Recommendations for the revision of the current Air Quality Legislation Final report
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Hertel, Ole, Nordstrøm, Claus, Massling, Andreas, Nøjgaard, Jacob Klenø, Monies, Christian, Skov, Henrik, Bossi, Rossana, Ellermann, Thomas, Hasler, Berit, Alemu, Mohammed Hussen, Martinsen, Louise, Brandt, Jørgen, Hayes, Enda, Barnes, Jo, and Chatterton, Tim
- Published
- 2013
24. Review of: Provisions for Air Quality Measurement, Air Quality Modelling, Management Framework, Assessment, and Public Information; and Stakeholder Consultation Support:Assessment of the Stakeholder Expert Group Recommendations for the revision of the current Air Quality Legislation
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Hayes, Enda, Barnes, Jo, Bailey, Rosemary, Chatterton, Tim, Laxen, Duncan, Irwin, Jimi, Bigg, Martin, Longhurst, Jim, Alemu, Mohammed Hussen, Martinsen, Louise, Hasler, Berit, Brandt, Jørgen, and Hertel, Ole
- Published
- 2013
25. Review of: Provisions for Air Quality Measurement, Air Quality Modelling, Management Framework, Assessment, and Public Information; and Stakeholder Consultation Support:Assessment of the FAIRMODE Recommendations for the revision of the current Air Quality Legislation Final report
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Brandt, Jørgen, Olesen, Helge Rørdam, Alemu, Mohammed Hussen, Martinsen, Louise, Hasler, Berit, Hertel, Ole, Hayes, Enda, Barnes, Jo, and Chatterton, Tim
- Published
- 2013
26. Air quality action planning: why do barriers to remediation in local air quality management remain?
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Barnes, Joanna H., Hayes, Enda T., Chatterton, Tim J., and Longhurst, James W.S.
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AIR quality management , *ENVIRONMENTAL quality , *SENSITIVE plant , *EMISSION standards , *ENVIRONMENTAL engineering - Abstract
UK local air quality action planning has failed to remediate exceedances of air quality targets, particularly for nitrogen dioxide, which are widespread and persistent a decade after the first local action plans were drafted. This paper is relevant to a range of administrations charged with managing air quality. Using a literature review and local authority survey, it explores barriers to improving air quality, i.e. resource limitations, absence of local authority powers, and a lack of intra-governmental co-operation and inter-governmental co-ordination. It concludes that the causes of these inefficiencies are flawed subsidiarity and devolved responsibility decoupled from the powers necessary to implement required actions. Challenging opportunities to reconceptualise air quality action planning to protect public health are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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27. Improving road transport-related air quality in England through joint working between Environmental Health Officers and Transport Planners.
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Olowoporoku, Dotun, Hayes, Enda, Longhurst, James, and Parkhurst, Graham
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AIR quality management , *AIR quality standards , *AIR pollution , *AUTOMOTIVE transportation , *SANITARIANS , *LOCAL government - Abstract
In this paper the necessity for effective joint working arrangements between Environmental Health Officers and Transport Planners is demonstrated as a fundamental prerequisite for successful management of traffic-related air quality in English local government areas. Current approach to joint working and collaboration between the officers was examined based on the evidence from a three-year study which involved questionnaire surveys and case study interviews. The findings show that despite good administrative devolution and policy integration, the chance of improving specific local air quality situations through the Local Transport Planning process is dependent on other overriding factors which influence the capabilities of the authorities to integrate policies across departments and tiers of governments. Implicit in these findings is the need for a shared paradigm of continuous engagement by all the policy actors and stakeholders if proper integration and the possibility of tangible results in future policy development are to be achieved. The paper proposes a new framework through which such collaborations can be developed and within which solutions to the issues identified can be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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28. Envisioning the Future: A Methodology for City-scale Carbon Management.
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Bailey, Rosemary, Longhurst, James W. S., Hayes, Enda T., Hudson, Lorraine, Ragnarsdottir, K. Vala, and Thumim, Joshua
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CITIES & towns ,CARBON dioxide & the environment ,CLIMATE change ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,STAKEHOLDERS - Abstract
Approximately half the world's population now lives in urban areas, and about 70% will be city dwellers by 2050. The IEA's World Energy Outlook 2008 estimates the global energy and energy related carbon dioxide (CO
2 ) emission contributions of cities are 67% and 71% respectively. They therefore represent a concentration of carbon dioxide-emitting activities, but equally provide substantial opportunities for effective mitigation. Although international action on climate change is essential, local mitigation will deliver many of the carbon savings, and consequently, cities will play an important role. However, closing the gap between 'where we are now' and 'where we need to be' can be problematic, given the all-encompassing nature of the problem and its cause, and the long timescales involved. Using the example of Bristol in south west England, this paper presents a methodology to overcome such a problem. By engaging local stakeholders through an innovative Delphi-like process, a number of low-carbon scenarios for the future city-region can be imagined. By subsequently using backcasting techniques, together with conventional forecasting, a robust pathway from the present to a future desirable low-emission city can be described. This will bring benefits to planning and policy making, by providing a low emission-pathway beyond the short term, and creates buy-in from key stakeholders through the Delphi-process, who have helped to define the city's future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2011
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29. Evaluation of inflammatory effects of airborne endotoxin emitted from composting sources.
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Jian Liu, Pankhurst, Louise J., Deacon, Lewis J., Abate, Wondwossen, Hayes, Enda T., Drew, Gill H., Longhurst, Phil J., Pollard, Simon, Longhurst, James, Tyrrel, Sean F., and Jackson, Simon K.
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IMMUNOLOGY of inflammation ,ENDOTOXIN analysis ,COMPOSTING ,INTERLEUKIN-8 ,CYTOKINES ,AEROSOLS & the environment ,EPITHELIAL cells ,BACTERIAL genetics ,ESCHERICHIA coli - Abstract
Because of the lack of effective methodology, the biological effects of environmental endotoxin have not been assessed. Here we have collected and measured airborne endotoxin at different locations around composting sites. Increased endotoxin concentrations were observed close to composting activities and also at nearby boundary areas. Analysis of proinflammatory effects of the environmental endotoxin on interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 release from human D562 pharyngeal epithelial and MM6 monocytic cell cultures showed an association between endotoxin level and cytokine induction. The cytokine-inducing effect of bioaerosol extracts was inhibited by polymyxin B, indicating that endotoxin was the cause of cytokine responses we found. The environmental endotoxin was also more active for stimulating cytokines in airway epithelial cells than commercially purified Escherichia coli endotoxin. Our results suggest that these in vitro inflammatory cell models may contribute to the assessment of health impacts of environmental endotoxin. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:602-606. © 2011 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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30. Endotoxin emissions from commercial composting activities.
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Deacon, Lewis, Pankhurst, Louise, Jian Liu, Drew, Gillian H., Hayes, Enda T., Jackson, Simon, Longhurst, James, Longhurst, Philip, Pollard, Simon, and Tyrrel, Sean
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ENDOTOXINS ,COMPOSTING ,HEALTH risk assessment ,HAZARDOUS substances ,LUNG diseases ,ESCHERICHIA coli ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
This paper describes an exploratory study of endotoxin emissions and dispersal from a commercial composting facility. Replicated samples of air were taken by filtration at different locations around the facility on 10 occasions. Measurements were made of endotoxin and associated culturable microorganisms. The inflammatory response of cell cultures exposed to extracts from the filters was measured. Endotoxin was detected in elevated concentrations close to composting activities. A secondary peak, of lesser magnitude than the peak at source was detected at 100-150 m downwind of the site boundary. Unexpectedly high concentrations of endotoxin were measured at the most distant downwind sampling point. Extracted endotoxin was found to stimulate human monocytes and a human lung epithelial cell line to produce significant amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On a weight basis, endotoxin extracted from the composting source has a greater inflammatory cytokine inducing effect than commercial E. coli endotoxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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31. The influence of manure composition on emissions of odour and ammonia from finishing pigs fed different concentrations of dietary crude protein
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Leek, Aidan B.G., Hayes, Enda T., Curran, Thomas P., Callan, James J., Beattie, V.E., Dodd, Vincent A., and O’Doherty, John V.
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MANURES , *PROTEINS , *AMMONIA , *SWINE housing - Abstract
Abstract: An investigation was conducted into the influence of manure composition on the odour emission rate (OER) and the emission rate of ammonia (NH3), when diets containing 130, 160, 190 and 210gkg−1 crude protein (CP) were fed to finishing pigs. A group of four boars and four gilts, housed in environmentally sealed pens, were assigned to each diet for a 23-day experimental period which was replicated three times (n =3). Ventilation air from each pen was sampled for NH3 and odour, by olfactometry, on four days during the trial period. Simultaneous collections of manure were taken from the surface and base of each pit. The pH and the concentrations of dry matter, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and volatile fatty acids in the manure were measured. Manure composition differed between samples from the surface and base of the pit (P <0.05). Reducing dietary CP concentration decreased the emission of NH3 (linear, P <0.001). The acetic acid:propionic acid ratio in manure samples was correlated to OER (r =0.79, P <0.001). There was a quadratic relationship between dietary CP concentration and OER (P <0.05). OER decreased between 210gkg−1 and 160gkg−1 CP and increased between 160gkg−1 and 130gkg−1 CP. In conclusion, reducing dietary crude protein levels could be used effectively to reduce ammonia emissions and OER, although no significant advantage was to be gained in OER from reducing crude protein level below 160gkg−1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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32. Applying Social Learning to Climate Communications—Visualising 'People Like Me' in Air Pollution and Climate Change Data.
- Author
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Fogg-Rogers, Laura, Hayes, Enda, Vanherle, Kris, Pápics, Péter I., Chatterton, Tim, Barnes, Jo, Slingerland, Stephan, Boushel, Corra, Laggan, Sophie, Longhurst, James, and Mira, Ricardo García
- Abstract
Technological approaches to carbon emission and air pollution data modelling consider where the issues are located and what is creating emissions. This paper argues that more focus should be paid to people—the drivers of vehicles or households burning fossil fuels ('Who') and the reasons for doing so at those times ('Why'). We applied insights from social psychology (social identity theory and social cognitive theory) to better understand and communicate how people's everyday activities are a cause of climate change and air pollution. A new method for citizen-focused source apportionment modelling and communication was developed in the ClairCity project and applied to travel data from Bristol, U.K. This approach enables understanding of the human dimension of vehicle use to improve policymaking, accounting for demographics (gender or age groups), socio-economic factors (income/car ownership) and motives for specific behaviours (e.g., commuting to work, leisure, shopping, etc.). Tailored communications for segmented in-groups were trialled, aiming to connect with group lived experiences and day-to-day behaviours. This citizen-centred approach aims to make groups more aware that 'people like me' create emissions, and equally, 'people like me' can take action to reduce emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. An investigation of interventions for the reduction of traffic-related air pollution at schools in England
- Author
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Brown, Louis, Barnes, Jo, and Hayes, Enda
- Abstract
Children are particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of air pollution exposure due to their developing lungs and their greater respiratory rate than adults. The school commute presents a period of particular threat because children are exposed to higher levels of air pollution due to increased road traffic. This can lead to a range of health problems, including asthma, respiratory infections, and long-term lung damage. This research fills a gap in the literature by identifying relevant, effective interventions to reduce potential child exposure to harmful pollutants during the school commute, based on comprehensive academic reviews, stakeholder opinion, and dispersion modelling. This thesis aims to investigate interventions to reduce and mitigate potential child exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in the vicinity of schools in England and on the school commute. A literature review was combined with the findings of a systematic review to determine suitable reduction and exposure mitigation interventions and to provide an academic basis for constructing a stakeholder survey distributed to English schools. The results of the survey were compiled by teacher and parent respondents. A geographical information system (GIS) was constructed to identify pollution levels at schools in England. Several highly polluted school environments were identified, and these were used as case study areas for dispersion modelling. A set of interventions, popular with the participants in the stakeholder survey and shown to be demonstrably effective by the literature, were applied to the school environments using dispersion modelling to determine their overall effectiveness. The GIS showed that urban environments throughout the UK had the most polluted schools. Schools in England were significantly more polluted than schools in other UK countries. London had a greater number of polluted schools than any other UK region. Dispersion modelling showed the greatest reductions from all selected interventions were found on travel routes rather than by school buildings. At all travel routes, dispersion modelling showed reductions of NO2 concentrations resulting from low emission zones (-15.85%), mode shifts to active travel (-12.97%), improved travel routes (-16.02%), ridesharing (-13.16%), and anti-idling (-8.27%).The investigation outcomes provided the basis for policy recommendations at the national, local authority, and parent/teacher levels. The recommendations centre on reducing TRAP in the vicinity of schools and on the school commute, emphasising improved monitoring, greater communication between stakeholder groups, and immediate action.
- Published
- 2023
34. Enhancing collaborative governance for coastal stewardship in the UK
- Author
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Bradshaw, Natasha, Hayes, Enda, and Appleby, Thomas
- Abstract
The UK's extensive and diverse coastline is on the frontline of climate change and our response is challenging, because the governing system in place to manage coastal space is complex. Coastal governance lacks identity, having evolved in a fragmented manner across the land and sea. To adapt to change and protect people, property and wildlife, better governance and careful stewardship of coastal resources is needed. The aim of this research was to review the powers and duties of existing governing bodies across the land-sea interface, and consider how to strengthen their roles to support collaborative governance and stewardship. The thesis provides unique insights into the socio-legal context for managing the UK coast: the regulatory, policy, planning and institutional framework. This was combined with a Delphi-based method which engaged a large group of experienced professionals and practitioners from across the UK, in an iterative dialogue about the current context and future direction for UK coastal governance. The results were verified through a practitioner workshop, where research participants identified actions to implement the recommendations. A consensus was reached on the need to bring together top-down and bottom-up approaches to governance, encouraging planning and management at a scale that links people's sense of place with the coastal ecosystem. This would be driven by a new national coastal strategy and associated coastal policy, to support institutional collaboration and encourage engagement in decision-making from the local level. Nested coastal plans with democratic accountability would fulfil a governance gap and drive integrated planning across the land-sea interface. The thesis concludes by proposing a collaborative governance framework and route-map for coastal stewardship in the UK. It combines insights from the literature with the consensus found amongst research participants. The government's role as a guardian of the public trust, alongside the rights and duties of public bodies and stakeholders, suggests strengthening existing and new local delivery networks based on coastal socio-ecological system units. Complete coverage and the strengthening of coastal and estuary partnerships could foster delivery through trusteeship and evolve the legal framework towards a guardianship approach. New coastal assemblies are proposed, to encourage investment in collaborative effort, and provide the coast and its communities with a stronger voice in future decision-making.
- Published
- 2023
35. A Controlled Study on the Characterisation of Bioaerosols Emissions from Compost.
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Nasir, Zaheer Ahmad, Rolph, Catherine, Collins, Samuel, Stevenson, David, Gladding, Toni L., Hayes, Enda, Williams, Ben, Khera, Shagun, Jackson, Simon, Bennett, Allan, Parks, Simon, Kinnersley, Robert P., Walsh, Kerry, Pollard, Simon J. T., Drew, Gillian, Alcega, Sonia Garcia, Coulon, Frederic, and Tyrrel, Sean
- Subjects
MICROBIOLOGICAL aerosols ,COMPOST & the environment ,ENDOTOXIN analysis ,MATRIX-assisted laser desorption-ionization ,FLUORESCENT probes - Abstract
Bioaerosol emissions arising from biowaste treatment are an issue of public concern. To better characterise the bioaerosols, and to assess a range of measurement methods, we aerosolised green waste compost under controlled conditions. Viable and non-viable Andersen samplers, cyclone samplers and a real time bioaerosol detection system (Spectral Intensity Bioaerosol Sensor (SIBS)) were deployed simultaneously. The number-weighted fraction of fluorescent particles was in the range 22–26% of all particles for low and high emission scenarios. Overall fluorescence spectral profiles seen by the SIBS exhibited several peaks across the 16 wavelength bands from 298 to 735 nm. The size-fractionated endotoxin profile showed most endotoxin resided in the 2.1–9 μm aerodynamic diameter fraction, though up to 27% was found in a finer size fraction. A range of microorganisms were detected through culture, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionisation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), including Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. These findings contribute to our knowledge of the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of bioaerosols from composting sites, as well as informing future monitoring approaches and data interpretation for bioaerosol measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Traffic-related air pollution reduction at UK schools during the Covid-19 lockdown.
- Author
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Brown, Louis, Barnes, Jo, and Hayes, Enda
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Risk of respiratory hospital admission associated with modelled concentrations of Aspergillus fumigatus from composting facilities in England.
- Author
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Roca-Barcelo, Aina, Douglas, Philippa, Fecht, Daniela, Sterrantino, Anna Freni, Williams, Ben, Blangiardo, Marta, Gulliver, John, Hayes, Enda T., and Hansell, Anna L.
- Subjects
- *
ASPERGILLUS fumigatus , *HOSPITAL admission & discharge , *MICROBIOLOGICAL aerosols , *RESPIRATORY infections , *AIR pollution , *CYSTIC fibrosis , *COMPOSTING - Abstract
Bioaerosols have been associated with adverse respiratory-related health effects and are emitted in elevated concentrations from composting facilities. We used modelled Aspergillus fumigatus concentrations, a good indicator for bioaerosol emissions, to assess associations with respiratory-related hospital admissions. Mean daily Aspergillus fumigatus concentrations were estimated for each composting site for first full year of permit issue from 2005 onwards to 2014 for Census Output Areas (COAs) within 4 km of 76 composting facilities in England, as previously described (Williams et al., 2019). We fitted a hierarchical generalized mixed model to examine the risk of hospital admission with a primary diagnosis of (i) any respiratory condition, (ii) respiratory infections, (iii) asthma, (iv) COPD, (v) diseases due to organic dust, and (vi) Cystic Fibrosis, in relation to quartiles of Aspergillus fumigatus concentrations. Models included a random intercept for each COA to account for over-dispersion, nested within composting facility, on which a random intercept was fitted to account for clustering of the data, with adjustments for age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, tobacco sales (smoking proxy) and traffic load (as a proxy for traffic-related air pollution). We included 249,748 respiratory-related and 3163 Cystic Fibrosis hospital admissions in 9606 COAs with a population-weighted centroid within 4 km of the 76 included composting facilities. After adjustment for confounders, no statistically significant effect was observed for any respiratory-related (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.99; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.96–1.01) or for Cystic Fibrosis (RR = 1.01; 95% CI 0.56–1.83) hospital admissions for COAs in the highest quartile of exposure. Similar results were observed across all respiratory disease sub-groups. This study does not provide evidence for increased risks of respiratory-related hospitalisations for those living near composting facilities. However, given the limitations in the dispersion modelling, risks cannot be completely ruled out. Hospital admissions represent severe respiratory episodes, so further study would be needed to investigate whether bioaerosols emitted from composting facilities have impacts on less severe episodes or respiratory symptoms. • One of the largest studies to date on community health effects of composting. • Used a newly available model of A. fumigatus emissions from composting facilities. • Examined respiratory hospital admissions near 76 facilities (population >17 million). • There was no excess in respiratory admissions in higher exposed areas. • Further study is required to investigate potential impacts on symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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38. Evaluation of inflammatory effects of airborne endotoxin emitted from composting sources.
- Author
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Liu J, Pankhurst LJ, Deacon LJ, Abate W, Hayes ET, Drew GH, Longhurst PJ, Pollard S, Longhurst J, Tyrrel SF, and Jackson SK
- Subjects
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Cell Line, Humans, Inflammation chemically induced, Interleukin-6 metabolism, Interleukin-8 metabolism, Models, Biological, Respiratory Mucosa metabolism, Air Pollutants toxicity, Endotoxins toxicity, Inflammation metabolism, Respiratory Mucosa drug effects
- Abstract
Because of the lack of effective methodology, the biological effects of environmental endotoxin have not been assessed. Here we have collected and measured airborne endotoxin at different locations around composting sites. Increased endotoxin concentrations were observed close to composting activities and also at nearby boundary areas. Analysis of proinflammatory effects of the environmental endotoxin on interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 release from human D562 pharyngeal epithelial and MM6 monocytic cell cultures showed an association between endotoxin level and cytokine induction. The cytokine-inducing effect of bioaerosol extracts was inhibited by polymyxin B, indicating that endotoxin was the cause of cytokine responses we found. The environmental endotoxin was also more active for stimulating cytokines in airway epithelial cells than commercially purified Escherichia coli endotoxin. Our results suggest that these in vitro inflammatory cell models may contribute to the assessment of health impacts of environmental endotoxin., (Copyright © 2011 SETAC.)
- Published
- 2011
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39. Endotoxin emissions from commercial composting activities.
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Deacon L, Pankhurst L, Liu J, Drew GH, Hayes ET, Jackson S, Longhurst J, Longhurst P, Pollard S, and Tyrrel S
- Subjects
- Air Microbiology, Air Pollutants toxicity, Aspergillus fumigatus isolation & purification, Biodegradation, Environmental, Cell Line, Cytokines metabolism, Endotoxins toxicity, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Soil Pollutants analysis, Soil Pollutants toxicity, United Kingdom, Air Pollutants analysis, Endotoxins analysis, Refuse Disposal, Soil analysis
- Abstract
This paper describes an exploratory study of endotoxin emissions and dispersal from a commercial composting facility. Replicated samples of air were taken by filtration at different locations around the facility on 10 occasions. Measurements were made of endotoxin and associated culturable microorganisms. The inflammatory response of cell cultures exposed to extracts from the filters was measured. Endotoxin was detected in elevated concentrations close to composting activities. A secondary peak, of lesser magnitude than the peak at source was detected at 100-150 m downwind of the site boundary. Unexpectedly high concentrations of endotoxin were measured at the most distant downwind sampling point. Extracted endotoxin was found to stimulate human monocytes and a human lung epithelial cell line to produce significant amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On a weight basis, endotoxin extracted from the composting source has a greater inflammatory cytokine inducing effect than commercial E. coli endotoxin.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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