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1. The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project

Author

Lawrence N. Hudson, Tim Newbold, Sara Contu, Samantha L. L. Hill, Igor Lysenko, Adriana De Palma, Helen R. P. Phillips, Tamera I. Alhusseini, Felicity E. Bedford, Dominic J. Bennett, Hollie Booth, Victoria J. Burton, Charlotte W. T. Chng, Argyrios Choimes, David L. P. Correia, Julie Day, Susy Echeverría‐Londoño, Susan R. Emerson, Di Gao, Morgan Garon, Michelle L. K. Harrison, Daniel J. Ingram, Martin Jung, Victoria Kemp, Lucinda Kirkpatrick, Callum D. Martin, Yuan Pan, Gwilym D. Pask‐Hale, Edwin L. Pynegar, Alexandra N. Robinson, Katia Sanchez‐Ortiz, Rebecca A. Senior, Benno I. Simmons, Hannah J. White, Hanbin Zhang, Job Aben, Stefan Abrahamczyk, Gilbert B. Adum, Virginia Aguilar‐Barquero, Marcelo A. Aizen, Belén Albertos, E. L. Alcala, Maria delMar Alguacil, Audrey Alignier, Marc Ancrenaz, Alan N. Andersen, Enrique Arbeláez‐Cortés, Inge Armbrecht, Víctor Arroyo‐Rodríguez, Tom Aumann, Jan C. Axmacher, Badrul Azhar, Adrián B. Azpiroz, Lander Baeten, Adama Bakayoko, András Báldi, John E. Banks, Sharad K. Baral, Jos Barlow, Barbara I. P. Barratt, Lurdes Barrico, Paola Bartolommei, Diane M. Barton, Yves Basset, Péter Batáry, Adam J. Bates, Bruno Baur, Erin M. Bayne, Pedro Beja, Suzan Benedick, Åke Berg, Henry Bernard, Nicholas J. Berry, Dinesh Bhatt, Jake E. Bicknell, Jochen H. Bihn, Robin J. Blake, Kadiri S. Bobo, Roberto Bóçon, Teun Boekhout, Katrin Böhning‐Gaese, Kevin J. Bonham, Paulo A. V. Borges, Sérgio H. Borges, Céline Boutin, Jérémy Bouyer, Cibele Bragagnolo, Jodi S. Brandt, Francis Q. Brearley, Isabel Brito, Vicenç Bros, Jörg Brunet, Grzegorz Buczkowski, Christopher M. Buddle, Rob Bugter, Erika Buscardo, Jörn Buse, Jimmy Cabra‐García, Nilton C. Cáceres, Nicolette L. Cagle, María Calviño‐Cancela, Sydney A. Cameron, Eliana M. Cancello, Rut Caparrós, Pedro Cardoso, Dan Carpenter, Tiago F. Carrijo, Anelena L. Carvalho, Camila R. Cassano, Helena Castro, Alejandro A. Castro‐Luna, Cerda B. Rolando, Alexis Cerezo, Kim Alan Chapman, Matthieu Chauvat, Morten Christensen, Francis M. Clarke, Daniel F.R. Cleary, Giorgio Colombo, Stuart P. Connop, Michael D. Craig, Leopoldo Cruz‐López, Saul A. Cunningham, Biagio D'Aniello, Neil D'Cruze, Pedro Giovâni daSilva, Martin Dallimer, Emmanuel Danquah, Ben Darvill, Jens Dauber, Adrian L. V. Davis, Jeff Dawson, Claudio deSassi, Benoit deThoisy, Olivier Deheuvels, Alain Dejean, Jean‐Louis Devineau, Tim Diekötter, Jignasu V. Dolia, Erwin Domínguez, Yamileth Dominguez‐Haydar, Silvia Dorn, Isabel Draper, Niels Dreber, Bertrand Dumont, Simon G. Dures, Mats Dynesius, Lars Edenius, Paul Eggleton, Felix Eigenbrod, Zoltán Elek, Martin H. Entling, Karen J. Esler, Ricardo F. deLima, Aisyah Faruk, Nina Farwig, Tom M. Fayle, Antonio Felicioli, Annika M. Felton, Roderick J. Fensham, Ignacio C. Fernandez, Catarina C. Ferreira, Gentile F. Ficetola, Cristina Fiera, Bruno K. C. Filgueiras, Hüseyin K. Fırıncıoğlu, David Flaspohler, Andreas Floren, Steven J. Fonte, Anne Fournier, Robert E. Fowler, Markus Franzén, Lauchlan H. Fraser, Gabriella M. Fredriksson, Geraldo B. Freire Jr, Tiago L. M. Frizzo, Daisuke Fukuda, Dario Furlani, René Gaigher, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, Karla P. García, Juan C. Garcia‐R, Jenni G. Garden, Ricardo Garilleti, Bao‐Ming Ge, Benoit Gendreau‐Berthiaume, Philippa J. Gerard, Carla Gheler‐Costa, Benjamin Gilbert, Paolo Giordani, Simonetta Giordano, Carly Golodets, Laurens G. L. Gomes, Rachelle K. Gould, Dave Goulson, Aaron D. Gove, Laurent Granjon, Ingo Grass, Claudia L. Gray, James Grogan, Weibin Gu, Moisès Guardiola, Nihara R. Gunawardene, Alvaro G. Gutierrez, Doris L. Gutiérrez‐Lamus, Daniela H. Haarmeyer, Mick E. Hanley, Thor Hanson, Nor R. Hashim, Shombe N. Hassan, Richard G. Hatfield, Joseph E. Hawes, Matt W. Hayward, Christian Hébert, Alvin J. Helden, John‐André Henden, Philipp Henschel, Lionel Hernández, James P. Herrera, Farina Herrmann, Felix Herzog, Diego Higuera‐Diaz, Branko Hilje, Hubert Höfer, Anke Hoffmann, Finbarr G. Horgan, Elisabeth Hornung, Roland Horváth, Kristoffer Hylander, Paola Isaacs‐Cubides, Hiroaki Ishida, Masahiro Ishitani, Carmen T. Jacobs, Víctor J. Jaramillo, Birgit Jauker, F. Jiménez Hernández, McKenzie F. Johnson, Virat Jolli, Mats Jonsell, S. Nur Juliani, Thomas S. Jung, Vena Kapoor, Heike Kappes, Vassiliki Kati, Eric Katovai, Klaus Kellner, Michael Kessler, Kathryn R. Kirby, Andrew M. Kittle, Mairi E. Knight, Eva Knop, Florian Kohler, Matti Koivula, Annette Kolb, Mouhamadou Kone, Ádám Kőrösi, Jochen Krauss, Ajith Kumar, Raman Kumar, David J. Kurz, Alex S. Kutt, Thibault Lachat, Victoria Lantschner, Francisco Lara, Jesse R. Lasky, Steven C. Latta, William F. Laurance, Patrick Lavelle, Violette Le Féon, Gretchen LeBuhn, Jean‐Philippe Légaré, Valérie Lehouck, María V. Lencinas, Pia E. Lentini, Susan G. Letcher, Qi Li, Simon A. Litchwark, Nick A. Littlewood, Yunhui Liu, Nancy Lo‐Man‐Hung, Carlos A. López‐Quintero, Mounir Louhaichi, Gabor L. Lövei, Manuel Esteban Lucas‐Borja, Victor H. Luja, Matthew S. Luskin, M Cristina MacSwiney G, Kaoru Maeto, Tibor Magura, Neil Aldrin Mallari, Louise A. Malone, Patrick K. Malonza, Jagoba Malumbres‐Olarte, Salvador Mandujano, Inger E. Måren, Erika Marin‐Spiotta, Charles J. Marsh, E. J. P. Marshall, Eliana Martínez, Guillermo Martínez Pastur, David Moreno Mateos, Margaret M. Mayfield, Vicente Mazimpaka, Jennifer L. McCarthy, Kyle P. McCarthy, Quinn S. McFrederick, Sean McNamara, Nagore G. Medina, Rafael Medina, Jose L. Mena, Estefania Mico, Grzegorz Mikusinski, Jeffrey C. Milder, James R. Miller, Daniel R. Miranda‐Esquivel, Melinda L. Moir, Carolina L. Morales, Mary N. Muchane, Muchai Muchane, Sonja Mudri‐Stojnic, A. Nur Munira, Antonio Muoñz‐Alonso, B. F. Munyekenye, Robin Naidoo, A. Naithani, Michiko Nakagawa, Akihiro Nakamura, Yoshihiro Nakashima, Shoji Naoe, Guiomar Nates‐Parra, Dario A. Navarrete Gutierrez, Luis Navarro‐Iriarte, Paul K. Ndang'ang'a, Eike L. Neuschulz, Jacqueline T. Ngai, Violaine Nicolas, Sven G. Nilsson, Norbertas Noreika, Olivia Norfolk, Jorge Ari Noriega, David A. Norton, Nicole M. Nöske, A. Justin Nowakowski, Catherine Numa, Niall O'Dea, Patrick J. O'Farrell, William Oduro, Sabine Oertli, Caleb Ofori‐Boateng, Christopher Omamoke Oke, Vicencio Oostra, Lynne M. Osgathorpe, Samuel Eduardo Otavo, Navendu V. Page, Juan Paritsis, Alejandro Parra‐H, Luke Parry, Guy Pe'er, Peter B. Pearman, Nicolás Pelegrin, Raphaël Pélissier, Carlos A. Peres, Pablo L. Peri, Anna S. Persson, Theodora Petanidou, Marcell K. Peters, Rohan S. Pethiyagoda, Ben Phalan, T. Keith Philips, Finn C. Pillsbury, Jimmy Pincheira‐Ulbrich, Eduardo Pineda, Joan Pino, Jaime Pizarro‐Araya, A. J. Plumptre, Santiago L. Poggio, Natalia Politi, Pere Pons, Katja Poveda, Eileen F. Power, Steven J. Presley, Vânia Proença, Marino Quaranta, Carolina Quintero, Romina Rader, B. R. Ramesh, Martha P. Ramirez‐Pinilla, Jai Ranganathan, Claus Rasmussen, Nicola A. Redpath‐Downing, J. Leighton Reid, Yana T. Reis, José M. Rey Benayas, Juan Carlos Rey‐Velasco, Chevonne Reynolds, Danilo Bandini Ribeiro, Miriam H. Richards, Barbara A. Richardson, Michael J. Richardson, Rodrigo Macip Ríos, Richard Robinson, Carolina A. Robles, Jörg Römbke, Luz Piedad Romero‐Duque, Matthias Rös, Loreta Rosselli, Stephen J. Rossiter, Dana S. Roth, T'ai H. Roulston, Laurent Rousseau, André V. Rubio, Jean‐Claude Ruel, Jonathan P. Sadler, Szabolcs Sáfián, Romeo A. Saldaña‐Vázquez, Katerina Sam, Ulrika Samnegård, Joana Santana, Xavier Santos, Jade Savage, Nancy A. Schellhorn, Menno Schilthuizen, Ute Schmiedel, Christine B. Schmitt, Nicole L. Schon, Christof Schüepp, Katharina Schumann, Oliver Schweiger, Dawn M. Scott, Kenneth A. Scott, Jodi L. Sedlock, Steven S. Seefeldt, Ghazala Shahabuddin, Graeme Shannon, Douglas Sheil, Frederick H. Sheldon, Eyal Shochat, Stefan J. Siebert, Fernando A. B. Silva, Javier A. Simonetti, Eleanor M. Slade, Jo Smith, Allan H. Smith‐Pardo, Navjot S. Sodhi, Eduardo J. Somarriba, Ramón A. Sosa, Grimaldo Soto Quiroga, Martin‐Hugues St‐Laurent, Brian M. Starzomski, Constanti Stefanescu, Ingolf Steffan‐Dewenter, Philip C. Stouffer, Jane C. Stout, Ayron M. Strauch, Matthew J. Struebig, Zhimin Su, Marcela Suarez‐Rubio, Shinji Sugiura, Keith S. Summerville, Yik‐Hei Sung, Hari Sutrisno, Jens‐Christian Svenning, Tiit Teder, Caragh G. Threlfall, Anu Tiitsaar, Jacqui H. Todd, Rebecca K. Tonietto, Ignasi Torre, Béla Tóthmérész, Teja Tscharntke, Edgar C. Turner, Jason M. Tylianakis, Marcio Uehara‐Prado, Nicolas Urbina‐Cardona, Denis Vallan, Adam J. Vanbergen, Heraldo L. Vasconcelos, Kiril Vassilev, Hans A. F. Verboven, Maria João Verdasca, José R. Verdú, Carlos H. Vergara, Pablo M. Vergara, Jort Verhulst, Massimiliano Virgilio, Lien Van Vu, Edward M. Waite, Tony R. Walker, Hua‐Feng Wang, Yanping Wang, James I. Watling, Britta Weller, Konstans Wells, Catrin Westphal, Edward D. Wiafe, Christopher D. Williams, Michael R. Willig, John C. Z. Woinarski, Jan H. D. Wolf, Volkmar Wolters, Ben A. Woodcock, Jihua Wu, Joseph M. Wunderle Jr, Yuichi Yamaura, Satoko Yoshikura, Douglas W. Yu, Andrey S. Zaitsev, Juliane Zeidler, Fasheng Zou, Ben Collen, Rob M. Ewers, Georgina M. Mace, Drew W. Purves, Jörn P. W. Scharlemann, and Andy Purvis

Subjects
data sharing, global biodiversity modeling, global change, habitat destruction, land use, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract The PREDICTS project—Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/our-work/biodiversity/predicts.html)—has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.

Published
2017
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2. Urban summer heat load: meteorological data as a proxy for metropolitan biodiversity

Author

Heike Kappes, Lutz Katzschner, and Carsten Nowak

Subjects
Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

Regional climate models forecast that the incidence of extreme heat waves will increase in Central Europe, and the associated intensification of urban heat islands causes concerns about human health and biodiversity. We investigated species diversity of terrestrial gastropods across an urban gradient in a metropolitan area. We considered 34 sites of different degrees of urbanization and of different thermal stress classes (TSC) that were derived from a classification of urban heat load based on the physiological equivalent temperature (PET). A total of 31 species were recorded with 0-21 species per site (mean: 4.4 ± 5.2 species per site). Alpha diversity was best explained by TSC, bush cover and perennial vegetation cover, and it decreased with increasing thermal stress. Overall, thermal stress predicted snail and slug species richness better than urban cover (ANOVA(analysis of variance); TSC: F = 10.0, p < 0.001; urbanization: F = 3.9, p = 0.018), and the proportional loss in species richness was higher for native species than for introduced species. The results indicate that climatic stress contributes to the impoverishment of biodiversity in urban areas. We propose that TSC and/or PET are useful indicators for environmental stress levels in biodiversity studies in natural and anthropogenically transformed landscapes.

Published
2012
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3. FragSAD : A database of diversity and species abundance distributions from habitat fragments

Author

Yaron Ziv, Yoni Gavish, Katerina Sam, Eleanor M. Slade, Flavio Nunes Ramos, Jens Dauber, André A. Nogueira, Will Cresswell, Heike Kappes, Jean-Marc Pons, Shane A. Blowes, Adriano Garcia Chiarello, Berry J. Brosi, Luis Cayuela, Ralph Charles Mac Nally, Demetrio Luis Guadagnin, Matthew J. Struebig, Mario Liebergesell, Adrià López-Baucells, Enrico Bernard, Alexandre Camargo Martensen, Marc W. Cadotte, Alban Sagouis, Thiago Gonçalves-Souza, Raphael K. Didham, Mickaël Henry, Fábio Z. Farneda, Christoph F. J. Meyer, Chris R. Dickman, Jonathan M. Chase, Shiiwua A. Manu, Felix May, Åke Berg, Ricardo Rocha, Filibus Danjuma Dami, Heraldo L. Vasconcelos, John O. Stireman, Selvino Neckel-Oliveira, Dinarzarde C. Raheem, Duncan McCollin, Jean Francois Cosson, David Edwards, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Asian School of the Environment, University of St Andrews. School of Biology, University of St Andrews. Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Sustainability Institute, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Partenaires INRAE, Emory University [Atlanta, GA], University of Toronto, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Université Paris-Est (UPE), University of St Andrews [Scotland], University of Jos, Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, University of Sydney, School of Biological Sciences [Crawley], The University of Western Australia (UWA), Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), University of Leeds, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Abeilles & Environnement (UR 406 ), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Granollers, University of Canberra, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), University of Northampton, University of Salford, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina = Federal University of Santa Catarina [Florianópolis] (UFSC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Universidade Federal de Alfenas, University of Helsinki, University of South Bohemia, Asian School of the Environment (ASE), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], Wright State University, University of Kent, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], QH301 Biology, habitat loss, Biodiversity, Didactics of sciences education, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, ZA4050, QH301, Biological sciences::Ecology [Science], species-area relationship, species richness, Relative species abundance, Relative abundance distribution, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Species–area relationship, disturbance, Habitat fragmentation, Ecology, ZA4050 Electronic information resources, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, fungi, Species diversity, DAS, Disturbance, 15. Life on land, Geography, Habitat destruction, Habitat, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, Species richness, Habitat Fragmentation, habitat fragmentation, species abundance distribution
Abstract

Associated data is available at: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.595718c; International audience; Habitat destruction is the single greatest anthropogenic threat to biodiversity. Decades of research on this issue have led to the accumulation of hundreds of data sets comparing species assemblages in larger, intact, habitats to smaller, more fragmented, habitats. Despite this, little synthesis or consensus has been achieved, primarily because of non-standardized sampling methodology and analyses of notoriously scale-dependent response variables (i.e., species richness). To be able to compare and contrast the results of habitat fragmentation on species’ assemblages, it is necessary to have the underlying data on species abundances and sampling intensity, so that standardization can be achieved. To accomplish this, we systematically searched the literature for studies where abundances of species in assemblages (of any taxa) were sampled from many habitat patches that varied in size. From these, we extracted data from several studies, and contacted authors of studies where appropriate data were collected but not published, giving us 117 studies that compared species assemblages among habitat fragments that varied in area. Less than one-half (41) of studies came from tropical forests of Central and South America, but there were many studies from temperate forests and grasslands from all continents except Antarctica. Fifty-four of the studies were on invertebrates (mostly insects), but there were several studies on plants (15), birds (16), mammals (19), and reptiles and amphibians (13). We also collected qualitative information on the length of time since fragmentation. With data on total and relative abundances (and identities) of species, sampling effort, and affiliated meta-data about the study sites, these data can be used to more definitively test hypotheses about the role of habitat fragmentation in altering patterns of biodiversity. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper and the associated Dryad data set if the data are used in publications.

Published
2019
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4. Evolution of endemismon a young tropical mountain

Author

Vincent S. F. T. Merckx, Rimi Repin, Bakhtiar Effendi Yahya, Rory A. Dow, Peter Hovenkamp, Suzana Sabran, Suman Neupane, Arthur Y. C. Chung, Michael Stech, Constantijn B. Mennes, Matsain M Buang, Alim Biun, Jan van Tol, Maipul Spait, Richard J Majapun, Anati Sawang, Kasper P. Hendriks, Jamili Nais, Eyen Khoo, Frank R. Stokvis, Daniel C. Thomas, Frida A A Feijen, John B Sugau, Hans R. Feijen, Hugo J. de Boer, Maklarin Lakim, Sukaibin Sumail, Frederic Lens, Peter Koomen, Luis N. Morgado, Ping-Ping Chen, Cobi Feijen-van Soest, Monica Suleiman, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Nico Nieser, Heike Kappes, Leontine E. Becking, Barbara Gravendeel, Aqilah Afendy, Rachel Schwallier, József Geml, Menno Schilthuizen, Joan T Pereira, René Geurts, Paul Imbun, Nicolien Sol, Isa B. Ipor, Nivaarani Arumugam, Harry Smit, Phyau-Soon Shim, Homathevi Rahman, Kevin K. Beentjes, Fred Y Y Tuh, Merlijn Jocque, Steven Janssens, Evolutionary Biology (IBED, FNWI), and Etienne group

Subjects
Time Factors, Climate Change, Molecular Sequence Data, Biodiversity, Biology, Extinction, Biological, Tropical climate, Life Science, Animals, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie, Endemism, Phylogeny, Tropical Climate, Multidisciplinary, Extinction, Ecology, Altitude, Malaysia, Biota, Plants, Tropical ecology, Biodiversity hotspot, Phylogeography, WIAS, Biological dispersal, Animal Migration, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Introduced Species, Maritiem
Abstract

Tropical mountains are hot spots of biodiversity and endemism,but the evolutionary origins of their unique biotas are poorlyunderstood. In varying degrees, local and regional extinction,long-distance colonization, and local recruitment may all contribute to the exceptional character of these communities. Also, it isdebated whether mountain endemics mostly originate from locallowland taxa, or from lineages that reach the mountain by long-range dispersal from cool localities elsewhere. Here we investigatethe evolutionary routes to endemism by sampling an entire tropical mountain biota on the 4,095-metre-high Mount Kinabalu inSabah, East Malaysia. We discover that most of its unique biodiversity is younger than the mountain itself (6 million years), andcomprises a mix of immigrant pre-adapted lineages and descendants from local lowland ancestors, although substantial shiftsfrom lower to higher vegetation zones in this latter group wererare. These insights could improve forecasts of the likelihood ofextinction and ‘evolutionary rescue in montane biodiversity hotspots under climate change scenarios.

Published
2015

5. Response of snails and slugs to fragmentation of lowland forests in NW Germany

Author

Jean-Pierre Maelfait, Luc Lens, Kurt Jordaens, Thierry Backeljau, Heike Kappes, and Frederik Hendrickx

Subjects
geography, Habitat fragmentation, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Geography, Planning and Development, Species diversity, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Old-growth forest, Habitat destruction, Habitat, Gastropoda, Biological dispersal, Species richness, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

Habitat fragmentation is a major cause for species loss, but its effect on invertebrates with low active dispersal power, like terrestrial gastropods, has rarely been studied. Such species can not cross a hostile habitat matrix, for which the predictions of island theory, such as positive relations between species richness and patch size, should apply. In order to test this prediction, we studied gastropod species diversity by assessing gastropod assemblage characteristics from 35 sites in 19 fragments of deciduous old-growth forests in the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany. Assemblages differed between larger (¡Ý700 ha) and smaller forests (1,000 ha, i.e., well above the size of most fragments. In conclusion, the prediction is valid only for forest species. The response to fragmentation is species specific and seems to depend on habitat specialization and macroclimatic conditions.

Published
2009

6. Response of ground-dwelling beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages to giant knotweed ( Reynoutria spp.) invasion.

Author

Werner Topp, Heike Kappes, and Frances Rogers

Abstract

Abstract  Giant knotweeds (Reynoutria spp.) are highly productive and aggressive invaders in riparian wetlands of Europe and North America. We sampled ground-dwelling beetles by pitfall traps from six sites comparing monotypic Reynoutria stands with the invaded native Urtica-dominated stands. Three sites were located in a semi-natural softwood forest and three sites were on a ruderal embankment. The analyses are based on a total of 13,244 individuals from 218 species. Location and site significantly influenced beetle assemblages. Moreover, there were pronounced differences between vegetation stands. The monotypic Reynoutria stands exhibited lower beetle abundance, species richness and rarefaction diversity irrespective of location. However, the negative effect on species richness, abundance and assemblage similarities were stronger on the transformed ruderal embankment than in the semi-natural softwood forest. Reynoutria invasion seems to influence microclimatic conditions. We found a higher abundance of silvicolous and a lower abundance of xerophilous ground beetles in the Reyountria stands than in the Urtica-dominated stands. Feeding guilds reacted differently to Reynoutria invasion that reduced the abundance of predators and herbivores but enhanced that of detritivores. Detritivores assumingly profit from the perennial presence of the large quantities of Reynoutria litter. We conclude that highly productive invaders pauperise the arthropod fauna and alter link strengths in trophic cascades shifting primary producer-based food webs to detritus-based food webs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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7. Emergence of Coleoptera from deadwood in a managed broadleaved forest in central Europe.

Author

Heike Kappes and Werner Topp

Subjects
BEETLES, DEAD trees, BIODEGRADATION, FORESTS & forestry
Abstract

We studied Coleoptera emerging from deadwood in a broadleaved forest that has been managed with nature-oriented forestry since 1990 and in which an accumulation of 10 m3 deadwood/ha has been achieved. We sampled a total of 11 m3 of deadwood from oak and beech trees and yielded 32,477 individuals pertaining to 342 species. The number of species emerging from oak deadwood was significantly higher than that from beech. Significantly more species emerged from deadwood with medium size (15–21 cm) diameter than from smaller (5–7 cm) or larger (40–60 cm) diameters. The stage of decay did not influence the number of species during the first 6 years of decomposition. Species richness strongly increased with the amount of deadwood sampled. Species–area regressions yielded z-values of 0.81 for oak and 0.87 for beech deadwood. The beetle assemblage was characterized by a low number of xylophagous species and a high number of mobile zoophagous species. However, two-thirds of the individuals sampled pertained to nine species of Scolytidae. This is why Shannon–Wiener diversity (H) and evenness-indices (E) greatly decreased with increasing number of scolytids. The species and individuals yielded from the sun-exposed deadwood outnumbered those from shaded areas. Namely the scolytid Taphrorychus bicolor reached remarkably high densities in the sun-exposed beech deadwood (>800 individuals/m2). In contrast, oak deadwood never harboured such high numbers of scolytids. Felling of moribund trees had decreased the number of scolytids but it had also considerably reduced the number of rare and endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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8. Slow, but steady: dispersal of freshwater molluscs

Author

Heike Kappes and Peter Haase

Subjects
biology, Ecology, Range (biology), Prosobranchia, Sediment, Climate change, Aquatic Science, Bivalvia, biology.organism_classification, Pulmonata, Biological dispersal, Freshwater mollusc, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Molluscs are the proverbial examples of slow movement. In this review, dispersal distances and speed were assessed from literature data. Active upstream movement can occur both individually and in groups; and depends on traits such as size, sex and reproductive status, and on external factors such as flow velocity, temperature, sediment structure, and food availability. The potential for active dispersal follows the sequence Pulmonata ≥ Prosobranchia > Bivalvia, although data for Pulmonata originated from short-term experiments that likely overestimated dispersal capabilities. Active upstream movement may be 0.3 to 1.0 km per year for most snails and is probably well below 0.1 km per year for bivalves. Natural passive upstream dispersal increases the range 10-fold (snails) to 100-fold (bivalves), and anthropogenic vectors can increase upstream dispersal more than 100-fold (snails) to 1000-fold (bivalves). Three km seems to be the maximal within-stream distance at which many species display regular population mixing, and at which re-colonisation or successful restoration can be expected within 3–10 years. Lateral dispersal between unconnected water bodies is passive and mostly known from observational reports, but potential distances depend on vectors, climate and geomorphology. In general, active dispersal seems insufficient to furnish a compensatory mechanism, e.g., for the rate of projected climate change. We provide an overview on dispersal strategies in the light of applied issues. More rigorous field surveys and an integration of different approaches (such as mark-recapture, genetic) to quantify distances and probabilities of lateral dispersal are needed to predict species distributions across space and time.

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