Search

Current research indicates that within the United States, many preservice teachers are not prepared to work with a rapidly changing student population that includes an increasing number of immigrant students with limited proficiency in English (Giambo & Szecsi, 2005/2006; Janzen, 2008; Latta & Chan, 2011). This article presents findings from a longitudinal qualitative study that examined the semester-long experiences of preservice art education students who participated in The University of Georgia Studies Abroad in Cortona, Italy program from 2003 to 2006, providing sequential art instruction to Italian children who were not English speakers. In 2010, we conducted follow-up interviews to better understand the potential long-term effects of this experience. Our findings indicated this experience gave the art education students increased cultural understanding and greater confidence in their teaching, and provided a foundational experience that they believed would help them be more successful in working with English Language Learners (ELLs) in the future.

Vaccines are among the most effective public health tools for combating certain infectious diseases such as influenza. The role of the humoral immune system in vaccine-induced protection is widely appreciated; however, our understanding of how antibody specificities relate to B cell function remains limited due to the complexity of polyclonal antibody responses. To address this, we developed the Spec-seq framework, which allows for simultaneous monoclonal antibody (mAb) characterization and transcriptional profiling from the same single cell. Here, we present the first application of the Spec-seq framework, which we applied to human plasmablasts after influenza vaccination in order to characterize transcriptional differences governed by B cell receptor (BCR) isotype and vaccine reactivity. Our analysis did not find evidence of long-term transcriptional specialization between plasmablasts of different isotypes. However, we did find enhanced transcriptional similarity between clonally related B cells, as well as distinct transcriptional signatures ascribed by BCR vaccine recognition. These data suggest IgG and IgA vaccine-positive plasmablasts are largely similar, whereas IgA vaccine-negative cells appear to be transcriptionally distinct from conventional, terminally differentiated, antigen-induced peripheral blood plasmablasts., IntroductionThe medical field has relied on vaccines for improving human health since the days of smallpox inoculation--long before antibodies were identified (1, 2). Vaccines induce a humoral immune response, in [...]

The mRNA-1273 vaccine is effective against SARS-CoV-2 and was granted emergency use authorization by the FDA. Clinical studies, however, cannot provide the controlled response to infection and complex immunological insight that are only possible with preclinical studies. Hamsters are the only model that reliably exhibits severe SARS-CoV-2 disease similar to that in hospitalized patients, making them pertinent for vaccine evaluation. We demonstrate that prime or prime-boost administration of mRNA-1273 in hamsters elicited robust neutralizing antibodies, ameliorated weight loss, suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication in the airways, and better protected against disease at the highest prime-boost dose. Unlike in mice and nonhuman primates, low-level virus replication in mRNA-1273-vaccinated hamsters coincided with an anamnestic response. Single-cell RNA sequencing of lung tissue permitted high-resolution analysis that is not possible in vaccinated humans. mRNA-1273 prevented inflammatory cell infiltration and the reduction of lymphocyte proportions, but enabled antiviral responses conducive to lung homeostasis. Surprisingly, infection triggered transcriptome programs in some types of immune cells from vaccinated hamsters that were shared, albeit attenuated, with mock- vaccinated hamsters. Our results support the use of mRNA-1273 in a 2-dose schedule and provide insight into the potential responses within the lungs of vaccinated humans who are exposed to SARS-CoV-2., Introduction When the World Health Organization declared severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) a global pandemic in March 2020, phase I clinical trials on the most promising vaccine candidates [...]

With the success of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019, strategies can now focus on improving vaccine potency, breadth, and stability. We designed and evaluated domain-based mRNA vaccines encoding the wild-type spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) or N-terminal domain (NTD) alone or in combination. An NTD-RBD–linked candidate vaccine, mRNA-1283, showed improved antigen expression, antibody responses, and stability at refrigerated temperatures (2° to 8°C) compared with the clinically available mRNA-1273, which encodes the full-length spike protein. In BALB/c mice administered mRNA-1283 as a primary series, booster, or variant-specific booster, similar or greater immune responses from viral challenge were observed against wild-type, beta, delta, or omicron (BA.1) viruses compared with mRNA-1273–immunized mice, especially at lower vaccine dosages. K18-hACE2 mice immunized with mRNA-1283 or mRNA-1273 as a primary series demonstrated similar degrees of protection from challenge with SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants at all vaccine dosages. These results support clinical assessment of mRNA-1283, which has now entered clinical trials (NCT05137236). Editor's summary: The initial SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines changed the course of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Because these first-generation vaccines were successful, there is now the opportunity to improve upon them. To do this, Stewart-Jones et al. generated domain-based mRNA vaccines that expressed only the N-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein rather than the full-length spike protein. This NTD-RBD–based mRNA vaccine generated similar or superior immune responses to the original full-length spike protein-encoding vaccine when given as a primary vaccine or as a booster, translating into similar degrees of protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice. Importantly, the domain-based vaccine was also more stable at refrigerated temperatures than the full-length vaccine, an important feature for global distribution. —Courtney Malo [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within art education, Day (1997) and others (for example; Beudert, 2006; Galbraith, 2001; Galbraith & Grauer, 2004; Hutchens, 1997; Sabol, 2004; Thurber, 2004; Zimmerman, 1997, 2004) have called for increased research into teacher preparation in order to understand current practice, to recognize what is working well, and to determine directions for necessary changes. Such efforts, if they are to result in substantive change, cannot occur in isolated situations but "must be considered within the context of calls for teacher reform" (Hutchens, 1997, p. 139). Sabol (2004) explained that calls for reform in general education were shaped by forces that also "bear directly on the field of arts education" (p. 525). In this article, the authors position teacher preparation in art education within the broader context of the recent reform movements in teacher education in general and then describe efforts at one university to make substantive program changes in the preparation of teachers with emphasis placed upon those efforts as manifested within art education. The focus on one university is not intended to imply that this approach is necessarily unique, but instead is used to illuminate aspects of current practice that may be useful to others involved in art teacher preparation. In keeping with the increasing recognition of teachers as central to reform efforts (Day, 1997; Executive Summary, AERA Panel on Research and Teacher Education, 2005; National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, 1996), the teacher's voice is an essential component of this discussion. (Contains 9 endnotes.)

In 1989, the National Art Education Association published Museum Education: History, Theory and Practice edited by Nancy Berry and Susan Mayer. In their introduction, the editors stated that the volume focused on theory and philosophy rather than case studies and specific programs, a focus much needed at the time. They wrote that the basic skills espoused by the National Art Education Association--the ability to develop, express and evaluate ideas; the ability to produce, read, and interpret visual images; and the capacity to recognize the artistic achievements of other civilizations--were all skills addressed in museum programming (Berry & Mayer, 1989). Museums continue to be valuable resources for art education (Floyd, 2002; Jeffers, 2003; Stone, 2001). This article addresses the extent to which preservice art education programs prepare future art teachers to use the museum as an educational resource. (Contains 5 notes.)

Reviews ideas about critical reflection in relation to the student teaching experience and art teacher preparation. Investigates the use of writing as a means for reflection in a study analyzing 19 final reflection essays in order to determine the role of reflection in student teachers' perceptions of their professional development. (CMK)

Maintains that the photograph, "Migrant Mother," is recognized throughout the world. Provides a three-part instructional unit on Dorothea Lange and social issues related to migrant workers. Includes four photographs by Lange, including the most well-known, "Migrant Mother 5." (CFR)

Postulates that students' untutored and unrehearsed verbatim responses to viewing artworks parallel specific schools of thought in aesthetic theory. Middle school students tape recorded their responses to a previous museum visit. Their responses reflected some of the key concepts in expressivism, institutionalism, and formalism. (MJP)

Contends that aesthetics can be be made understandable and relevant to students. Describes a classroom lesson in which middle school students learned about aesthetic theory through a hands-on activity. Includes instructional procedures and suggested art works for the activity. (CFR)

Teachers can use arts standards as a tool to determine what is important to teach and learn. Recent federal legislation places the arts on the same level as other academic subjects. Professional organizations are beginning to develop standards for art teacher preparation. The paper examines 12 standards for art teacher education developed at the University of Georgia. (SM)

Influencing influenza immunity: Humans are exposed to influenza virus throughout their lifetimes through a combination of infections and vaccinations. Yet, it remains unclear whether infection and vaccination induce distinct influenza-specific immunological memory. To address this question, Dugan et al. compared antibodies produced by individuals after influenza infection or vaccination. The authors found that infection-induced antibodies reacted to non-neutralizing epitopes of influenza virus, whereas vaccination-induced antibodies reacted to neutralizing epitopes. In addition, infection-induced antibodies preferentially responded to influenza strains present during an individual's childhood. Last, passive transfer of vaccination-induced antibodies, but not infection-induced antibodies, protected mice in a model of influenza infection. These findings demonstrate that existing influenza-specific memory and route of exposure influence influenza immunity. Humans are repeatedly exposed to variants of influenza virus throughout their lifetime. As a result, preexisting influenza-specific memory B cells can dominate the response after infection or vaccination. Memory B cells recalled by adulthood exposure are largely reactive to conserved viral epitopes present in childhood strains, posing unclear consequences on the ability of B cells to adapt to and neutralize newly emerged strains. We sought to investigate the impact of preexisting immunity on generation of protective antibody responses to conserved viral epitopes upon influenza virus infection and vaccination in humans. We accomplished this by characterizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from plasmablasts, which are predominantly derived from preexisting memory B cells. We found that, whereas some influenza infection–induced mAbs bound conserved and neutralizing epitopes on the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk domain or neuraminidase, most of the mAbs elicited by infection targeted non-neutralizing epitopes on nucleoprotein and other unknown antigens. Furthermore, most infection-induced mAbs had equal or stronger affinity to childhood strains, indicating recall of memory B cells from childhood exposures. Vaccination-induced mAbs were similarly induced from past exposures and exhibited substantial breadth of viral binding, although, in contrast to infection-induced mAbs, they targeted neutralizing HA head epitopes. Last, cocktails of infection-induced mAbs displayed reduced protective ability in mice compared to vaccination-induced mAbs. These findings reveal that both preexisting immunity and exposure type shape protective antibody responses to conserved influenza virus epitopes in humans. Natural infection largely recalls cross-reactive memory B cells against non-neutralizing epitopes, whereas vaccination harnesses preexisting immunity to target protective HA epitopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humoral immune responses to influenza virus vaccines in elderly individuals are poorly adapted toward new antigenically drifted influenza virus strains. Instead, older individuals respond in an original antigenic sin fashion and produce much more cross-reactive but less potent antibodies. Here, we investigated four influenza B virus hemagglutinin (HA) head specific, hemagglutination inhibitioninactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from elderly individuals. We found that they were broadly reactive within the B/Victoria/2/1987-like lineage, and two were highly cross-reactive with B/Yamagata/16/1988-like lineage viruses. The MAbs were found to be neutralizing, to utilize Fc effector functions, and to be protective against lethal viral challenge in a mouse model. In order to identify residues on the influenza B virus hemagglutinin interacting with the MAbs, we generated escape mutant viruses. Interestingly, escape from these MAbs led to numerous HA mutations within the head domain, including in the defined antigenic sites. We observed that each individual escape mutant virus was able to avoid neutralization by its respective MAb along with other MAbs in the panel, although in many cases binding activity was maintained. Point mutant viruses indicated that K90 is critical for the neutralization of two MAbs, while escape from the other two MAbs required a combination of mutations in the hemagglutinin. Three of four escape mutant viruses had increased lethality in the DBA2/J mouse model. Our work indicates that these cross-reactive antibodies have the potential to cause antigenic drift in the viral population by driving mutations that increase virus fitness. However, binding activity and cross-neutralization were maintained by a majority of antibodies in the panel, suggesting that this drift may not lead to escape from antibody-mediated protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In human lupus nephritis, tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) is associated with in situ expansion of B cells expressing anti-vimentin antibodies (AVAs). The mechanism by which AVAs are selected is unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that AVA somatic hypermutation (SHM) and selection increase affinity for vimentin. Indeed, germline reversion of several antibodies demonstrated that higher affinity AVAs can be selected from both low affinity B cell germline clones and even those that are strongly reactive with other autoantigens. While we demonstrated affinity maturation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) suggested that affinity maturation might be a consequence of increasing polyreactivity or even non-specific binding. Therefore, it was unclear if there was also selection for increased specificity. Subsequent multi-color confocal microscopy studies indicated that while TII AVAs often appeared polyreactive by ELISA, they bound selectively to vimentin fibrils in whole cells or inflamed renal tissue. Using a novel machine learning pipeline (CytoSkaler) to quantify the cellular distribution of antibody staining, we demonstrated that TII AVAs were selected for both enhanced binding and specificity in situ. Furthermore, reversion of single predicted amino acids in antibody variable regions indicated that we could use CytoSkaler to capture both negative and positive selection events. More broadly, our data suggest a new approach to assess and define antibody polyreactivity based on quantifying the distribution of binding to native and contextually relevant antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We aim to (1) determine the frequency and distinctive features of short myelitis (SM) and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) in a cohort of adults with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-antibody (Ab)-associated myelitis and (2) determine baseline prognostic factors among MOG-Ab-positive patients whose disease started with myelitis. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical and paraclinical variables from a multicentric French cohort of adults with MOG-Ab-associated myelitis. At last follow-up, patients were classified into two groups according to the severity of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) as ⩽2.5 or ⩾3.0. Results: Seventy-three patients with at least one episode of myelitis over disease course were included; among them, 28 (38.4%) presented with SM at the time of the first myelitis. Motor and sphincter involvement was less frequently observed in SM (51.9% and 48.2%, respectively) than in LETM patients (83.3% and 78.6%, respectively), p = 0.007 and p = 0.017; 61% of LETM patients displayed brain lesions compared to 28.6% in the SM group, p = 0.008, and the thoracic segment was more frequently involved in the LETM (82.2%) than in the SM group (39.3%), p < 0.001. EDSS at last follow-up was higher in LETM (median 3.0 (interquartile range: 2.0–4.0)) compared to SM patients (2.0, (1.0–3.0)), p = 0.042. Finally, a higher EDSS at onset was identified as the only independent risk factor for EDSS ⩾3.0 (odds ratio, 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.95, p = 0.046). Conclusion: SM in MOG-Ab-associated disease is not rare. The severity at onset was the only independent factor related to the final prognosis in MOG-Ab-associated myelitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continual emergence of novel influenza A strains from non-human hosts requires constant vigilance and the need for ongoing research to identify strains that may pose a human public health risk. Since 1999, canine H3 influenza A viruses (CIVs) have caused many thousands or millions of respiratory infections in dogs in the United States. While no human infections with CIVs have been reported to date, these viruses could pose a zoonotic risk. In these studies, the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) network collaboratively demonstrated that CIVs replicated in some primary human cells and transmitted effectively in mammalian models. While people born after 1970 had little or no pre-existing humoral immunity against CIVs, the viruses were sensitive to existing antivirals and we identified a panel of H3 cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) that could have prophylactic and/or therapeutic value. Our data predict these CIVs posed a low risk to humans. Importantly, we showed that the CEIRS network could work together to provide basic research information important for characterizing emerging influenza viruses, although there were valuable lessons learned. Author summary: The 2009 influenza pandemic was a stark reminder that ongoing vigilance is critical to protect the public from an influenza pandemic. The continual evolution of influenza viruses and emergence from animal reservoirs, leads to the need to quickly identify strains that pose a public health risk. In these studies, members of the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) network worked together to demonstrate that the emerging canine H3 influenza viruses posed a low risk to public health and identified several therapeutic options in the event of an emergence. In addition to providing important new basic research, many lessons were learned that may be important in dealing with any emerging disease outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination is the best measure of protection against influenza virus infection. Vaccine-induced antibody responses target mainly the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein, composed of the head and the stalk domains. Recently two novel vaccine platforms have been developed for seasonal influenza vaccination: a recombinant HA vaccine produced in insect cells (Flublok) and Flucelvax, prepared from virions produced in mammalian cells. In order to compare the fine specificity of the antibodies induced by these two novel vaccine platforms, we characterized 42 Flublok-induced monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and 38 Flucelvax-induced MAbs for avidity, cross-reactivity, and any selectivity toward the head versus the stalk domain. These studies revealed that Flublok induced a greater proportion of MAbs targeting epitopes near the receptor-binding domain on HA head (hemagglutinin inhibition-positive MAbs) than Flucelvax, while the two vaccines induced similar low frequencies of stalk-reactive MAbs. Finally, mice immunized with Flublok and Flucelvax also induced similar frequencies of stalk-reactive antibodysecreting cells, showing that HA head immunodominance is independent of immune memory bias. Collectively, our results suggest that these vaccine formulations are similarly immunogenic but differ in the preferences of the elicited antibodies toward the receptor-binding domain on the HA head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]