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Anchoring an imidazole‐di‐tert‐butyl‐arylsilane possessing an azido group to a polystyrene resin provided a heterogeneous precursor that was radiolabeled easily using aqueous [18F]fluoride. After optimizing the conditions (i.e., using DMSO as solvent and heating at 160°C for 15 min), the desired [18F]fluorosilane was obtained in 24% radiochemical yield (RCY) and 78% radiochemical purity (RCP) using solid‐phase extraction as sole purification. Then, this compound was conjugated by strain‐promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition to a model single‐variable domain possessing a cyclooctyne tag, yielding to the desired 18F‐labeled bioconjugate in 2% RCY and >95% RCP after purification by a size exclusion chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the carbocyclization reactions of alkyne-containing substrates catalyzed by Brønsted acids. The electrophilic activation occurs either by direct protonation of the alkyne or by formation of an intermediate cation that further reacts with the alkyne to give a key vinyl cation intermediate. Specific focus is placed on the selectivity of the various methodologies described herein and on mechanistic rationales. 1 Introduction 2 Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Alkyne Carbocyclization Involving C(sp) Reaction Partners 2.1 Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Cyclization of Diynes 2.2 Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Cyclization of Allenynes 3 Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Alkyne Carbocyclization Involving C(sp2) Reaction Partners 3.1 Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Enynes 3.1.1 Initial Protonation of the Alkene Function 3.1.2 Initial Protonation of the Alkyne Function 3.1.3 A Conia-Ene Reaction 3.2 Electrophile-Induced Carbocyclization Involving Other C(sp2)-Based Reaction Partners 3.2.1 Iminium Electrophiles 3.2.2 Oxonium Electrophiles 3.2.3 Isocyanate and Thioisocyanate Electrophiles 3.3 Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Aryl-alkynes 3.3.1 Reactions Using Excess or Stoichiometric Amounts of Brønsted Acid 3.3.2 Reactions Using Substoichiometric Amounts of Brønsted Acid 3.3.3 Heteroatom-Substituted Alkynes 3.3.4 Enantioselective Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Aryl-alkynes 4 Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Alkyne Carbocyclization Involving C(sp3) Reaction Partners: Alkyne-alkane Cycloisomerization 5 Conclusion and Outlook [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming for potential applications in positron emission tomography, fully automated productions of 18F-labelled bioconjugates were achieved using heterogenous precursors obtained by anchoring imidazole-di-tert-butyl-arylsilanes to a polystyrene resin. The reactions were performed using either "batch" or "flow" procedures, avoiding both the time-consuming azeotropic drying and HPLC purifications usually required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various aryl–palladium complexes were synthesised from gem-dimethylbenzylamine derivatives by C–H activation under extremely mild conditions. Interestingly, these highly stable structures reacted with [13C]carbon monoxide to produce the desired labelled lactams in 29% to 51% yields over the C–H activation/carbonylation steps. As representative examples, a non-natural amino acid and an estradiol-based conjugate were prepared and labelled in model experiments with [13C]CO in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. Especially, the latter was radiolabelled with [11C]CO using a convenient procedure from the resin-supported palladium complex precursor. Thus, these results strongly suggest that cyclometallated palladium complexes obtained from gem-dimethylbenzylamine moieties are promising precursors for the practical synthesis of new [11C]tracers for Positron Emission Tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first example of an enantioselective carbocyclization of an alkyne‐containing substrate catalyzed by chiral Brønsted acids was achieved. The use of the 2‐hydroxynaphthyl substituent on the alkyne as a directing group constituted the key parameter enabling both efficient regioselective protonation of the carbon–carbon triple bond and chiral induction. The key cationic intermediate could be depicted either as a cationic vinylidene ortho‐quinone methide or a stabilized vinyl cation. Atropoisomeric phenanthrenes derivatives were produced in high yields and good enantioselectivities under mild, metal‐free reaction conditions in the presence of chiral N‐triflylphosphoramide catalysts. The carbenic nature of the cationic intermediate was also exploited to describe an example of alkyne/alkane cycloisomerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A short procedure for the preparation of stable arylbipyridylpalladium complexes linked to a polystyrene resin is described. Starting from an o‐iodobenzylalcohol with a pendant azido group, the corresponding supported complex was carbonylated with [13C]CO to produce the desired 13C‐labeled lactone tag with a satisfactory yield of 50%. This 13C‐synthon was obtained with excellent purity after a simple filtration on sintered glass, and further conjugation using CuAAC and SPAAC reactions was performed with model substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arylpalladium complexes prepared from o-iodobenzylalcohol–biomolecule conjugates and triphenylphosphine linked on polystyrene beads provided convenient supported and stable precursors. These heterogeneous substrates could react smoothly with [11C]CO, affording the corresponding 11C-labelled bioconjugates with isolated radiochemical yields ranging from 4% to 71%, and excellent radiochemical purities from 86% to ＞98% after a simple filtration. Thus, this method opens up a new pathway for an easier automation of Pd-catalysed syntheses of PET tracers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ortho‐alkynyl biaryls react in the presence of catalytic amount of Brønsted acids to give phenanthrenes in high yields under mild conditions. The activity and selectivity of this transformation are governed by the substitution pattern of the diarylalkyne moiety. Selectivity shifts are observed between the carbophilic Lewis and Brønsted acid‐catalyzed cycloisomerization involving alkyne activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the different mechanisms possibly occurring in the Au-catalysed cross-coupling of ArN2BF4 and ArB(OH)2 in the presence of CsF, various stoichiometric experiments were performed on gold complexes with (P,N) ligands. Employing 2-pyridylphenyl-diphenylphosphine allowed us to suggest three different mechanistic pathways, starting either with a transmetallation step, via two consecutive single electron transfers, or by implying a transmetallation between Au(I) and Au(III) species. Moreover, when using commercially available chiral (P,N) ligands, the asymmetric formation of atropoisomeric biaryls from suitable aryldiazonium salts and arylboronic acids could be achieved with e.e. up to 26%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of silicon-based fluoride acceptors with a C-linked heterocycle as the leaving group was synthesized in one step from commercial chemicals, and linked to biomolecules. The resulting conjugates were efficiently 19F-fluorinated in aqueous mixtures, and switching to 18F-labelling provided nucleoside- and peptide-based bioconjugates with excellent molar activities suitable for biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of biaryl compounds from aryldiazonium salts and arylboronic acids was achieved using PPh3AuCl as catalyst, CsF as base and acetonitrile as solvent. Combined to photosensitizers, irradiation by blue LEDs allowed accelerating the reaction and expanding its scope. Various functional groups were compatible including bromoaryls, iodoaryls, aldehydes and alcohols. A 2-iodobenzyl alcohol moiety was smoothly introduced by this method, enabling its consecutive isotopic labelling by a Pd-catalysed alkoxycarbonylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-step, 3-component vinylogous Mannich reaction of trimethylsilyloxyfuran or N-protected tert-butyldimethylsilyloxypyrrole with a variety of nitrogen-containing heterocycles in the presence of diverse electrophiles is described. The reaction products were generally obtained in high yields and as a single diastereoisomer having the (R*,R*) relative configuration based on crystallographic studies of several derivatives. Several azaheterocycles were successfully used for this reaction, such as isoquinolines, quinoline, phenanthridine, quinazoline, phthalazine, and β-carboline, and electrophiles included acetyl chloride, methyl chloroformate, methyl chloromalonate, 2-bromobutanoyl chloride, and arylsulfonyl chlorides. The products of the vinylogous Mannich reactions were subjected to further transformations, leading to highly functionalized and stereochemically defined tetracyclic derivatives that are valuable building blocks for the preparation of natural products or medicinal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new technique for the ex situ generation of carbon monoxide (CO) and its efficient incorporation in palladium catalyzed carbonylation reactions was achieved using a simple sealed two-chamber system. The ex situ generation of CO was derived by a palladium catalyzed decarbonylation of tertiary acid chlorides using a catalyst originating from Pd(dba)2 and P(tBu)3. Preliminary studies using pivaloyl chloride as the CO-precursor provided an alternative approach for the aminocarbonylation of 2-pyridyl tosylate derivatives using only 1.5 equiv of CO. Further design of the acid chloride CO-precursor led to the development of a new solid, stable, and easy to handle source of CO for chemical transformations. The synthesis of this CO-precursor also provided an entry point for the late installment of an isotopically carbon-labeled acid chloride for the subsequent release of gaseous [13C]CO. In combination with studies aimed toward application of CO as the limiting reagent, this method provided highly efficient palladium catalyzed aminocarbonylations with CO-incorporations up to 96%. The ex situ generated CO and the two-chamber system were tested in the synthesis of several compounds of pharmaceutical interest and all of them were labeled as their [13C]carbonyl counterparts in good to excellent yields based on limiting CO. Finally, palladium catalyzed decarbonylation at room temperature also allowed for a successful double carbonylation. This new protocol provides a facile and clean source of gaseous CO, which is safely handled and stored. Furthermore, since the CO is generated ex situ, excellent functional group tolerance is secured in the carbonylation chamber. Finally, CO is only generated and released in minute amounts, hence, eliminating the need for specialized equipment such as CO-detectors and equipment for running high pressure reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient Pd/C-catalyzed synthesis of secondary amines involving C−N bond formation was achieved from amines and alcohols with H2O as the only byproduct. This common, green, commercial, and cheap catalyst was recycled five times in this sustainable, simple, and economic procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

17 examples [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title reaction features sustainable, simple, and economic process, but bromophenyl group is not tolerated because of the unfavorable competition with dehalogenation reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equations related to the article "Diastereoselective Three-Component Vinylogous Mannich Reaction of Nitrogen Heterocycles, Acyl/Sulfonyl Chlorides, and Silyloxyfurans/pyrroles" by S. Janody and others, published in the "Journal of Organic Chemistry" in 2014.

A convenient three-step approach is developed for the synthesis of enantioenriched monoprotected 1,2-diols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchoring an imidazole-di-tert-butyl-arylsilane possessing an azido group to a polystyrene resin provided a heterogeneous precursor that was radiolabeled easily using aqueous [ 18 F]fluoride. After optimizing the conditions (i.e., using DMSO as solvent and heating at 160°C for 15 min), the desired [ 18 F]fluorosilane was obtained in 24% radiochemical yield (RCY) and 78% radiochemical purity (RCP) using solid-phase extraction as sole purification. Then, this compound was conjugated by strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition to a model single-variable domain possessing a cyclooctyne tag, yielding to the desired 18 F-labeled bioconjugate in 2% RCY and >95% RCP after purification by a size exclusion chromatography., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Near-stoichiometric amounts of 18 O 2 and 17 O 2 were generated ex situ from endoperoxides in a two-chamber glassware to oxidize various substrates. This strategy gave [*O 2 ]endoperoxides, [*O 1 ]quinones, [*O 1 ]phenols, and [*O x ]artemisin in moderate to good yields and high isotopic enrichments (up to 84%) at affordable costs. Moreover, mass spectrometry and 17 O NMR of the [*O]products provided valuable information about the chemical mechanisms involved.

Aiming for potential applications in positron emission tomography, fully automated productions of 18 F-labelled bioconjugates were achieved using heterogenous precursors obtained by anchoring imidazole-di- tert -butyl-arylsilanes to a polystyrene resin. The reactions were performed using either "batch" or "flow" procedures, avoiding both the time-consuming azeotropic drying and HPLC purifications usually required.

Various aryl-palladium complexes were synthesised from gem-dimethylbenzylamine derivatives by C-H activation under extremely mild conditions. Interestingly, these highly stable structures reacted with [13C]carbon monoxide to produce the desired labelled lactams in 29% to 51% yields over the C-H activation/carbonylation steps. As representative examples, a non-natural amino acid and an estradiol-based conjugate were prepared and labelled in model experiments with [13C]CO in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. Especially, the latter was radiolabelled with [11C]CO using a convenient procedure from the resin-supported palladium complex precursor. Thus, these results strongly suggest that cyclometallated palladium complexes obtained from gem-dimethylbenzylamine moieties are promising precursors for the practical synthesis of new [11C]tracers for Positron Emission Tomography.

The first example of an enantioselective carbocyclization of an alkyne-containing substrate catalyzed by chiral Brønsted acids was achieved. The use of the 2-hydroxynaphthyl substituent on the alkyne as a directing group constituted the key parameter enabling both efficient regioselective protonation of the carbon-carbon triple bond and chiral induction. The key cationic intermediate could be depicted either as a cationic vinylidene ortho-quinone methide or a stabilized vinyl cation. Atropoisomeric phenanthrenes derivatives were produced in high yields and good enantioselectivities under mild, metal-free reaction conditions in the presence of chiral N-triflylphosphoramide catalysts. The carbenic nature of the cationic intermediate was also exploited to describe an example of alkyne/alkane cycloisomerization., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Arylpalladium complexes prepared from o-iodobenzylalcohol-biomolecule conjugates and triphenylphosphine linked on polystyrene beads provided convenient supported and stable precursors. These heterogeneous substrates could react smoothly with [ 11 C]CO, affording the corresponding 11 C-labelled bioconjugates with isolated radiochemical yields ranging from 4% to 71%, and excellent radiochemical purities from 86% to >98% after a simple filtration. Thus, this method opens up a new pathway for an easier automation of Pd-catalysed syntheses of PET tracers.

A new class of silicon-based fluoride acceptors with a C-linked heterocycle as the leaving group was synthesized in one step from commercial chemicals, and linked to biomolecules. The resulting conjugates were efficiently 19F-fluorinated in aqueous mixtures, and switching to 18F-labelling provided nucleoside- and peptide-based bioconjugates with excellent molar activities suitable for biological applications.

The fast, efficient, and functional group tolerant last-step radiolabeling of bioconjugates is crucial for positron emission tomography (PET) applications. In this context, o-iodobenzyl alcohol based structures were identified as ideal tags for an easy Pd-catalyzed carbonylation after bioconjugation, and a moxestrol-conjugated precursor was chosen as the model compound for the further studies. Despite scale and time constraints, conditions developed with [ 12 C]CO and [ 13 C]CO were easily transferred to the 11 C isotope, and the desired radioactive product was obtained in amounts up to 740 MBq with radiochemical purities higher than 99%. Radio-high-performance liquid chromatography analyses of rat blood samples demonstrated excellent in vivo stability within the time of the acquisition. MicroPET-magnetic resonance imaging showed excretion pathways similar to moxestrol, and molecular modeling was also performed to evaluate the potential ability of this conjugate to bind estrogen receptors α. Thus, being both synthetically and biologically suitable, this strategy clears the path to potential novel biotracers for preclinical PET imaging.

Alkaloid-, steroid-, biotin-, carbohydrate-, nucleoside-, and peptide-based bioconjugates are easily labeled with CO by a last-step palladium-catalyzed carbonylation. The choice of the [(12)C], [(13)C], or [(11)C] isotope opens the way to a new class of potential tracers or ligands easily available for various applications.

GABA(A) receptors are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system and are targets of clinically important drugs modulating GABA induced ion flux by interacting with distinct allosteric binding sites. ROD 185 is a previously investigated structural analogue of the GABA site antagonist bicuculline, and a positive allosteric modulator acting via the benzodiazepine binding site. Here, we investigated 13 newly synthesized structural analogues of ROD 185 for their interaction with rat GABA(A) receptors. Using [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding assays, we identified four compounds exhibiting a higher affinity for the benzodiazepine binding site than ROD 185. Two electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology at recombinant GABA(A) receptors indicated that most of these compounds positively modulated GABA-induced currents at these receptors. Additionally, these experiments revealed that this compound class not only interacts with the benzodiazepine binding site at αβγ receptors but also with a novel, so far unidentified binding site present in αβ receptors. Compounds with a high affinity for the benzodiazepine binding site stimulated GABA-induced currents stronger at αβγ than at αβ receptors and preferred α3β3γ2 receptors. Compounds showing equal or smaller effects at αβγ compared to αβ receptors differentially interacted with various αβ or αβγ receptor subtypes. Surprisingly, five of these compounds interacting with αβ receptors showed a strong stimulation at α6β3γ2 receptors. The absence of any direct effects at GABA(A) receptors, as well as their potential selectivity for receptor subtypes not being addressed by benzodiazepines, make this compound class to a starting point for the development of drugs with a possible clinical importance.

A carbonylative Heck reaction of aryl iodides and styrene derivatives employing a two-chamber system using a stable, crystalline, and nontransition metal based carbon monoxide source is reported. By applying near-stoichiometric amounts of the carbon monoxide precursor, an effective exploitation of the hazardous CO gas is obtained affording chalcone derivatives in good yields. Application to isotope labeling, incorporating (13)CO, was further established.

A new technique for the ex situ generation of carbon monoxide (CO) and its efficient incorporation in palladium catalyzed carbonylation reactions was achieved using a simple sealed two-chamber system. The ex situ generation of CO was derived by a palladium catalyzed decarbonylation of tertiary acid chlorides using a catalyst originating from Pd(dba)(2) and P(tBu)(3). Preliminary studies using pivaloyl chloride as the CO-precursor provided an alternative approach for the aminocarbonylation of 2-pyridyl tosylate derivatives using only 1.5 equiv of CO. Further design of the acid chloride CO-precursor led to the development of a new solid, stable, and easy to handle source of CO for chemical transformations. The synthesis of this CO-precursor also provided an entry point for the late installment of an isotopically carbon-labeled acid chloride for the subsequent release of gaseous [(13)C]CO. In combination with studies aimed toward application of CO as the limiting reagent, this method provided highly efficient palladium catalyzed aminocarbonylations with CO-incorporations up to 96%. The ex situ generated CO and the two-chamber system were tested in the synthesis of several compounds of pharmaceutical interest and all of them were labeled as their [(13)C]carbonyl counterparts in good to excellent yields based on limiting CO. Finally, palladium catalyzed decarbonylation at room temperature also allowed for a successful double carbonylation. This new protocol provides a facile and clean source of gaseous CO, which is safely handled and stored. Furthermore, since the CO is generated ex situ, excellent functional group tolerance is secured in the carbonylation chamber. Finally, CO is only generated and released in minute amounts, hence, eliminating the need for specialized equipment such as CO-detectors and equipment for running high pressure reactions.

Reaction of an isoquinoline, a silyloxyfuran, and an acyl or sulfonyl chloride provides easy access to a wide variety of isoquinolinobutyrolactones with excellent yields and diastereoselectivites (R*,R* isomer), even in the case of formation of quaternary centers (i.e., R(3) or R(4) = Me). Moreover, the use of a chiral auxiliary allowed formation of a single stereoisomer in 96% yield. This represents the first examples of asymmetric vinylogous Mannich reactions on isoquinolinium salts.