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Despite the important role emotions play in affecting second/foreign language (L2) learners' cognition, such as their learning processes, few empirical studies have tried to find out how emotions affect the four main skills (i.e., listening, speaking, reading, and writing). In order to fill this gap, the present study aims to investigate the impact of Emotion-Based Language Instruction (EBLI) (Pishghadam et al., 2013) on the improvement of the four main skills in L2 education. The current quantitative study used a quasi-experimental design. A sample of 75 learners of English as a foreign language were divided into experimental and control groups. Regular instruction was administered to the students in the control group, and their books received no modification or supplementary parts. For the experimental group, in contrast, some modifications or supplementary sections were added to the books based on the underpinning theory of EBLI. T-test was used to find out whether the differences between the two groups were statistically significant. The data showed that EBLI had significant effect on the improvement of the four main skills of the learners. The results highlight the significance of EBLI in providing L2 learners with emotions which lead to L2 development of learners. Considering the results, it is suggested that L2 teachers should be equipped with knowledge about this influential factor (i.e., emotions) in pre- and in-service teacher education programs. In other words, L2 teachers should be trained in such a way so that they will be able to adopt a teaching methodology which, on the one hand, decreases the detrimental effects of negative emotions and, on the other hand, increases the beneficial effects of positive emotions.

Effective instruction and assessment are greatly affected by many factors. The ever-growing literature on assessment outlined some cognitive, social, and emotional factors that directly or indirectly influence the learners' academic achievement. In spite of the rosy literature on assessment, the possible interplay among the Core of Self-assessment (CSA), the Student Evaluation Apprehension (SEA), the Personal Best Goal (PBG), and Self-efficacy (SE) were untouched. To this end, this study intended to propose a model to disclose the association between CSA, SEA, PBG, and SE in higher education. Therefore, the Core of Self-assessment Questionnaire (CSAQ), the Student Evaluation Apprehension Scale (SEAS), the Personal Best Goal Scale (PBGS), and the Self-efficacy Scale (SES) were administered to 467 Iranian EFL university students at MA level. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) indicated that CSA and SEA can contribute to PBG and SE. It means that learners' investment in CSA and positive SEA can flourish and upgrade goal-settings and sense of efficacy beliefs among EFL university students. The implications and suggestions for future avenues are also discussed.

In recent years, more attention has been paid to the psychological and physical well-being of educators. Nevertheless, inadequate attention has been paid to the mediator function of teacher immunity (TI), teacher emotion regulation (TER), teacher resilience (TR), and teacher autonomy (TA) in higher education. This study developed a model to demonstrate the interplay between TI, TER, TR, and TA in an effort to solve the existing research gap. To compile this information, 492 university academics who are currently working in the position of English as a foreign language teacher at various universities throughout Iran have participated in an online survey. They were asked to expressed their opinions with respect to four instruments: the language teacher immunity instrument, the language teacher emotion regulation inventory, the teacher resilience scale, and the teacher autonomy questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling indicated that university professors who developed productive immunity and emotion regulation are more resilient and autonomous. In conclusion, the implications as well as the future direction of the study were presented to enthusiastic researchers as well as educators. This can help increase the researchers' and educators' understanding of the connection between TI, TER, TR, and TA and how it can produce positive results for students.

Self-assessment and reflective thinking (RT) can arm learners to monitor and evaluate their learning progress. Despite the long history of the core of self-assessment (CSA) and RT, little is known about how they may contribute to learner enjoyment (LE) and learner immunity (LI). Therefore, the current research attempted to propose a model to depict the interplay among CSA, RT, LE, and LI. To this end, the Core of Self-Assessment Questionnaire (CSAQ), Reflective Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ), Foreign Language Enjoyment Scale (FLES), and Language Student Immunity Instrument (LSIS) were administered to 518 Iranian EFL university students. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that EFL university students with higher levels of CSA and RT skills experienced more enjoyment and were immunized productively. Furthermore, the critical role of RT in CSA was discovered. The implications of this study may unveil new prospects for implementing learning-oriented assessment in the classroom and RT practices in educational programs.

Purpose: Following the significant role of critical thinking (CT), sense of efficacy beliefs and teaching style preferences in the success of teachers and consequently the success of the educational system, this study intended to explore their relationship and the possible influence of these three factors among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university professors. Design/methodology/approach: To this end, Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal-Form A, Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) and Grasha's Teaching Style Inventory (TSI) were administered to 320 Iranian EFL university professors. Findings: The data were examined via path analysis indicated that teachers' CT abilities and sense of self-efficacy beliefs significantly influenced the teaching style preferences. Moreover, it was concluded that Iranian EFL university professors' CT skills positively affect their sense of efficacy beliefs. Research limitations/implications: Future studies may advance the possible relationships among the sub-components of CT, self-efficacy beliefs and teaching style. Furthermore, further investigations are recommended to study the influence of university professors' CT, self-efficacy beliefs and teaching style preferences in enhancing their learners' achievement. Practical implications: The implications of the present study may contribute to the field of teacher education in providing opportunities for teachers to develop and practice higher-order thinking and self-assisted skills. Social implications: The implications of this study may redound to the advantage of university professors, teacher educators and policy-makers. Originality/value: This research is original. To the best of the researchers' knowledge, there has been no study investigated the possible relationships between CT, sense of efficacy beliefs and teaching style preferences in higher education.

The present study aims at exploring the relation of EFL learners' reflective thinking attitudes and language achievement (GPA). The association of the learners' reflective thinking styles with their educational levels as well as their gender, were also estimated. To this end, 196 students from universities of Gonabad and Mashhad, two cities in the Northeast of Iran, took part in this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlational analysis. The results indicated among the comprising factors of reflective thinking, understanding receives the highest mean, followed by reflection and critical reflection. Habitual action, on the other hand, has the lowest mean score. Moreover, the highest correlation is observed between UND and language achievement (GPA). The second higher correlation was found between REF and GPA, followed by CREF and GPA. It was also found that there is a significant negative correlation between HA and GPA. According to the results, MA students achieved higher mean scores in UND, REF, and CREF but lower mean scores in HA in comparison with their BA counterparts. Regarding their reflective thinking, there are no significant differences between males and females. The findings of the present study may redound to the benefit of teacher educators, administrators, policymakers, and teacher training courses (TTC), teacher educators, administrators, and policymakers.

Learning could not be thought of as unrelated to cognitive processes and cognitive processes are not unrelated to affective ones; thus, the current study tried to empirically examine the influence of Emotion Based Language Instruction (EBLI) in fostering teaching oral skills to EFL learners. An IELTS test was utilized to measure the progress of both control and experimental groups at the beginning of the research and also at the end. The content of the material chosen to be taught for experimental group was selectively written based on the Metric of Emotioncy designed by Pishghadam (2016). The differences in scores of pre and posttest of IELTS were statistically calculated to observe the effect of EBLI. The results revealed a significant change in speaking skill in experimental group and a change in listening skill, though it was not statistically significant. The results of the current investigation can increase the knowledge on applying EBLI in teaching foreign/second languages.

Author(s): Ehsan Namaziandost [sup.1] [sup.2] , Tahereh Heydarnejad [sup.3] , Zeinab Azizi [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411230.5, 0000 0000 9296 6873, Department of General Courses, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical [...], It is widely accepted in the literature that demotivation among second language (L2) learners can be caused by a variety of factors, such as Academic resilience (AR), critical thinking (CT), academic emotion regulation (AER), and Academic self-esteem (AS-E). However, there has been a lack of research into the associations between AR, CT, AER, and AS-E with academic demotivation (AD) in the higher education context of Iran. To address this gap, the present study examined if AR, CT, AER, and AS-E were significantly associated with AD among English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in the Iranian higher education context. For this purpose, a total of 398 EFL learners were randomly selected and asked to complete the Academic Resilience Scale, the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal form A, the Academic Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Foreign Language Learning Self-esteem Scale, and the Academic Demotivation Scale. The collected data were analyzed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. Results disclosed that there was a negative significant correlation between the AR, CT, AER, and AS-E with AD among the EFL learners. That is, the EFL learners with higher the AR, CT, AER, and AS-E were less likely to be demotivated to achieve their goals. The implications of the findings are discussed for relevant stakeholders.

Affective factors play a role in learning in general and language learning in particular. The current study tried to empirically examine the influence of one of these factors namely 'Emotional Intelligence' to check its influence on Speaking Skill. Participants were Intermediate level students who took the IELTS test (International English Language Testing System), so that the researchers could evaluate their proficiency in speaking skill at the beginning of the project. Next, the Emotional Intelligence of them was calculated and afterwards Emotional Intelligence (EI) was taught. After a one-educational-year course of simultaneously teaching EI and Speaking skill, the same IELTS along with the Emotional Quotient (EQ) questionnaire was administered in experimental and control group. To observe the development in each category, the difference in scores of both EQ and IELTS test (pre-test and post-test) were calculated. Ultimately, it was found that both EQ and speaking skill of the learners in treatment group were developed in a significant way whereas only speaking skill of control group progressed but it was not significant. The findings of the study can contribute in the promotion of the knowledge on the effect of EI in language learning.

Author(s): Ehsan Namaziandost [sup.1] , Tahereh Heydarnejad [sup.2] , Vahid Rahmani Doqaruni [sup.2] , Zeinab Azizi [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411230.5, 0000 0000 9296 6873, Department of General Courses, Ahvaz [...], As university professors' emotion regulation (ER) plays a pivotal role in their efficacy, it is essential to explore if it is significantly correlated with work engagement (WE), self-efficacy, and anger at the workplace. To respond to the call, this research inspected the contributions of university professors' ER to their WE, self-efficacy, and anger. For this purpose, a total of 278 university professors were selected using a convenience sampling method and asked to fill out Language Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory, Engaged Teacher Scale, Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale, and Teacher Anger Scale. A structural equation modeling was used to analyze the gathered data. Results disclosed that the participants' ER significantly contributed to their WE and self-efficacy. Additionally, the findings documented that the participants' ER was negatively correlated with their anger. The implications of the findings are discussed for pertinent stakeholders.

Author(s): Ehsan Namaziandost [sup.1] , Tahereh Heydarnejad [sup.2] , Afsheen Rezai [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411230.5, 0000 0000 9296 6873, Department of General Courses, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, [...], It is deemed that teachers' job performance is highly entangled with the psycho-emotional constructs, such as reflective teaching (RT), emotion regulation (ER), and immunity (i.e., the processes through which teachers try to come up with a defense mechanism to buffer the effects of unpleasant disturbances that might threaten their motivation to teach). Given this importance, it is essential to disclose if these psycho-emotional constructs are correlated with each other. Despite this, there has been a paucity of research on the correlation between English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers' RT with ER and immunity, as well as the correlation between their ER with immunity in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore if Iranian EFL teachers' RT was significantly correlated with ER and immunity, as well as if their ER was significantly correlated with immunity. For these purposes, a total of 384 EFL teachers, including male (n = 182) and female (n = 202) were selected using a convenience sampling method from non-profit language institutes in Mashhad, Iran. They were invited to fill out digital forms of the English Language Teacher Reflective Inventory (ELTRI), Language teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory (LTERI), and Language Teacher Immunity Instrument (LTII). The results of the path analysis documented that the EFL teachers' RT was significantly correlated with ER and immunity. Additionally, the findings evidenced that the EFL teachers' ER significantly related to immunity. The findings underscore the significance of incorporating reflective approaches, emotion regulatory strategies, and immune enhancement into teacher development programs.

The core of self-assessment (CSA) and critical thinking (CT) empower learners to observe and evaluate themselves. Although the literature on CSA and CT reflects a long history, little is known about their contributions to the learners' academic engagement (AE) and self-esteem (SE), particularly in the EFL context. Therefore, the present investigation intended to explore a structural model of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university students' CSA, CT, and SE. Accordingly, the Core of Self-assessment Questionnaire (CSAQ), Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal-form A (WGCTA), The SInAPSi Academic Engagement Scale (SAES), and The Foreign Language Learning Self-esteem Scale (FLLSES), were administered to 427 Iranian EFL university learners. The results of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) indicated that EFL university students with high levels of CSA were more engaged and could build up high SE. Moreover, the effective role of CT in boosting AE and SE was also confirmed. The implications of this study may unveil new prospects for implementing learning-oriented assessment in the classroom and CT practices in language learning instruction and assessment.

The types of assessment tasks affect the learners' psychological well-being and the process of learning. For years, educationalists were in search of finding and implementing accurate and convenient approaches to assess learners efficiently. Despite the significant role of performance-based assessment (PBA) in affecting second/foreign language (L2) learning processes, few empirical studies have tried to explore how PBA affects reading comprehension achievement (RCA), academic motivation (AM), foreign language anxiety (FLA), and students' self-efficacy (SS-E). To fill this lacuna of research, the current study intended to gauge the impact of PBA on the improvement of RCA, AM, FLA, and SS-E in English as a foreign language (EFL) context. In so doing, a sample of 88 intermediate EFL learners were randomly divided into experimental group (EG) and CG (control group). During this research (16 sessions), the learners in the CG (N = 43) received the tradition assessment. In contrast, the learners in the EG (N = 45) were exposed to some modification based on the underpinning theories of PBA. Data inspection applying the one-way multivariate analysis of variance (i.e., the one-way MANOVA) indicated that the learners in the EG outperformed their counterparts in the CG. The results highlighted the significant contributions of PBA in fostering RCA, AM, FLA, and S-E beliefs. The implications of this study may redound to the benefits of language learners, teachers, curriculum designers, and policy makers in providing opportunities for further practice of PBA.

Learners' personality traits and self-assessment have an essential role in their academic achievement and the well-being of society. Although L2 grit and the core of self-assessment (CSA) have attracted considerable attention in educational research, few studies have focused on the impact of L2 grit on boosting CSA and managing foreign language anxiety (FLA). Drawing upon this existing research gap, the present study set forth to test a structural model of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university learners' L2 grit, CSA, and FLA. The language-domain-specific grit scale (LDSGS), the core of self-assessments questionnaire (CSAQ), and the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) were administered to 418 Iranian EFL university learners. The findings of structural equation modeling (SEM) reflected the contributions of L2 grit and CSA to overcoming language learners' experienced anxiety. Furthermore, the significant influence of EFL learners' CSA on FLA was concluded. The implications of the findings are to raise learners' awareness of their personality traits and self-assessment that can foster effective language instruction and assessment.

Students are essential parts of society, and their mental health and emotional safety as well as a sense of purpose, achievement, and success are the major objectives of successful education. They need to be armed with self-aid constructs to overcome academic setbacks and challenges. Despite the attributions of academic emotion regulation (AER), the core of self-assessment (CSA) to academic buoyancy (AB), no study has ever uncovered their relationships. To this end, the current research intended to test a structural model of English as a foreign language (EFL) university learners' AER, CSA, and AB. The academic emotion regulation questionnaire (AERQ), the core of self-assessment questionnaire (CSAQ), and the academic buoyancy scale (ABS) were administered to 395 Iranian EFL university learners. Based on the results of structural equation modeling (SEM), AER and CSA predict learners' AB. Additionally, the contribution of CSA to AB was confirmed. The implications of the findings are to raise learners' awareness of their personality traits and self-assessment that can foster practical learning and assessment. This study opens new doors for future academic research. The implications of the study may help learners, teachers, administrators, policymakers, and curriculum designers.

Due to subjectivity in oral assessment, much concentration has been put on obtaining a satisfactory measure of consistency among raters. However, the process for obtaining more consistency might not result in valid decisions. One matter that is at the core of both reliability and validity in oral assessment is rater training. Recently, multifaceted Rasch measurement (MFRM) has been adopted to address the problem of rater bias and inconsistency in scoring; however, no research has incorporated the facets of test takers' ability, raters' severity, task difficulty, group expertise, scale criterion category, and test version together in a piece of research along with their two-sided impacts. Moreover, little research has investigated how long rater training effects last. Consequently, this study explored the influence of the training program and feedback by having 20 raters score the oral production produced by 300 test-takers in three phases. The results indicated that training can lead to more degrees of interrater reliability and diminished measures of severity/leniency, and biasedness. However, it will not lead the raters into total unanimity, except for making them more self-consistent. Even though rater training might result in higher internal consistency among raters, it cannot simply eradicate individual differences related to their characteristics. That is, experienced raters, due to their idiosyncratic characteristics, did not benefit as much as inexperienced ones. This study also showed that the outcome of training might not endure in long term after training; thus, it requires ongoing training throughout the rating period letting raters regain consistency.

Purpose: For this purpose, Teacher Self-Regulation Scale (TSRS), Emotions Questionnaire for Teachers (EQT) and Grasha's Teaching Style Inventory (TSI) were employed to gauge the influences of teacher self-regulation on university teachers' emotions and preferred teaching style. The participants of this study were 320 university teachers, majored in different branches of English (English Literature, English Teaching, English Translation), teaching in different universities of Iran. To shed light on the causal associations, a path analysis was run using LISREL 8.80. Design/methodology/approach: Following the pivotal role of effective teaching on educational well-being, the present study delve into three significant teacher-related variables i.e. teacher self-regulation, emotions and teaching style. For this purpose, TSRS, EQT, and Grasha's TSI were employed to gauge the influences of teacher self-regulation on university teachers' emotions and preferred teaching style. The participants of this study were 320 university teachers, majored in different branches of English (English Literature, English Teaching, English Translation), teaching in different universities of Iran. To shed light on the causal associations, a path analysis was run using LISREL 8.80. Findings: Based on the findings, teacher self-regulation predicts pleasant emotions positively; whereas, it predicts unpleasant emotions in a negative direction. The results also demonstrate that teacher self-regulation positively and significantly predicts student-centred styles (Facilitator and Delegator), and the reverse is true for teacher-centred styles (Formal Authority, Personal Model, and Expert). Research limitations/implications: Future studies may advance the possible relationships among the subscales of teacher self-regulation, teacher emotion and teaching style. Also, further investigations are suggested to target the teacher self-regulation, teacher emotion and teaching style in enhancing language learners' achievement. Practical implications: In effect, the findings of the current study contribute to the fields of teacher psychology and teacher education. The implications of this study may open another perspective into university teachers' psychological well-being and professional development. Social implications: The implications of this study may redound to the advantage of policy makers, curriculum designers, teacher educators, as well as university teachers. Originality/value: The implications of this study may redound to the advantage of policy-makers, curriculum designers, teacher educators and university teachers.

Self‐determination theory (SDT) has been the subject of pioneering studies in recent years. SDT is centered on the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness and their necessary role in self‐determined motivation, well‐being, and growth. The objective of the present research was to investigate the relationships between learning style preference, motivational regulation, and psychological well‐being of 417 EFL students at the intermediate level in private schools in three provinces in Iran. The researchers collected the data via electronic surveys using the Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire, Academic Motivation (AM) Scale, Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Measure, and Psychological Well‐Being (PWB) Scale. The quantitative analyses using structural equation modelling showed positive correlations between the learning style preferences and AM and the PWB. Moreover, the satisfaction level with needs was a significant factor in predicting AM and PWB scores. The study highlights the importance of recognizing and accommodating diverse learning styles in educational settings and the significance of needs satisfaction in fostering intrinsic motivation and overall well‐being among EFL learners. These findings emphasize the need for practitioners to target and tailor their pedagogical strategies to meet the needs of their learners and create a learning environment that fosters the three psychological needs as determined by SDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) revolutionizes education by fundamentally altering the methods of teaching and processes of learning. Given such circumstances, it is essential to take into account the mental and psychological well-being of teachers as the architects of education. This research investigated the links between teacher immunity (TI), work passion (WP), job satisfaction (JS), occupational well-being (OW-B) and psychological well-being (PW-B) in the context of AI-assisted language learning. In order to achieve this objective, 392 Iranian teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL) were given the Language Teacher Immunity Instrument, the Work Passion Scale, the Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Occupational Well- Being Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being at Work Scale. By using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, the study identified and quantified the impacts of TI, WP, JS, OW-B, and PW-B via data screening. The findings emphasize the crucial role that TI and WP play in providing a balance in teachers’ JS, OW-B, and PW-B while applying AI in their language instruction. The broad ramifications of this research are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers, as the center of the class, can make positive changes in their students' lives; they should be equipped with skills that will allow them to do their jobs effectively. The inclusion of productive immunity (i.e., the procedures that instructors go through to devise protective mechanisms against the effects of undesirable disruptions that might potentially endanger their desire to instruct) as one of these skills gives educators the capability to analyze and immunize their own performance. In light of this significance, it is of the utmost importance to reveal teacher productive immunity and its correlates, particularly in EFL (English as a foreign language) contexts. Regardless, there is a dearth of studies on the possible interplay among teacher immunity, professional identity, anger, grit tendencies, and psychological wellbeing in Iranian EFL settings. Therefore, the present study aimed to ascertain whether there was a statistically significant connection between the professional identity, anger, grit tendencies, and psychological well-being of Iranian EFL instructors and their immunity. A total number of 394 EFL teachers teaching at public schools (Khorasan Razavi and Khuzestan, Iran) took part in this analysis. The Language Teacher Immunity Instrument (LTII), The Teacher's Professional Identity Scale (TPIS), the L2-teacher Grit Scale (L2TGS), The Teacher Anger Scale (TAS), and The Psychological Well-Being at Work (PWBW) were administered electronically to respondents. The predictive power of teacher immunity was found in data analysis via Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings stress the need of including reflective practices, emotional control strategies, and immune system strengthening in teacher preparation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The teacher's professional identity (TPI) defines their perception of how to behave in their teaching profession, and it may have a significant role in determining their place in educational advancement. Yet, the moderator influence of L2 Teacher Grit (L2TG), Critical Thinking (CT), Teacher Resilience (TR), and Teacher Self-efficacy Beliefs (TS-EB) on TPI has not been extensively documented in the literature. To fill this lacuna, this study developed a model to show the interplay between TPI, L2TG, CT, TR, and TS-EB. The Teacher's Professional Identity Scale (TPIS), the L2-teacher Grit Scale (L2TGS), the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal Form (WGCTAF), the Teacher Resilience Scale (TRS), and the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TS-ES) were given to 437 English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers for the intention of collecting this data. Following the findings of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), L2TG, CT, TR, and TS-EB can enhance TPI among EFL teachers. Finally, the implications and future direction were offered to enthusiastic educators and researchers which may enhance their awareness of the link between TPI, L2TG, CT, TR, and TS-EB and the way it can generate great results for the educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the potent role of teachers' emotion regulation in effective teaching, it seems essential to see how emotion regulation can contribute to other relevant teaching constructs. In this regard, the present study is intended to probe into the causal relationship among teacher emotion regulation, self-efficacy beliefs, engagement, and anger. In so doing, the Language Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory (LTERI), The Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES), The Engaged Teacher Scale (ETS), and The Teacher Anger Scale (TAS) were administered to 581 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers in Iran. To gauge the causal relationships among the variables, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) using LISREL 8.80 were conducted. The results indicated that language teacher emotion regulation could positively and significantly predict teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and engagement at work. Moreover, the influence of language teacher emotion regulation on the teacher's anger is significantly negative. That is, the stronger emotion regulation is implemented the better teachers can manage their anger. The implications of this study may uncover new prospects for effective teaching, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is deemed that the e􀀀ectiveness of teachers is highly entangled with psycho-emotional constructs, such as critical thinking (CT), emotion regulation (ER), and immunity. Despite the potential roles of CR, ER, and immunity, their possible relationships have remained unexplored in the higher education context of Iran. To fill in this lacuna, this study explored the potential role of CT and ER in university teachers’ immunity in the Iranian higher education context. For this purpose, a total of 293 English university teachers were selected using a convenience sampling method. They were invited to fill out the Watson–Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal-Form, Language Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory, and Language Teacher Immunity Instrument. The findings of path analysis indicated that the university teachers with higher CT were more productively immunized. Moreover, the results revealed that ER could predict the university teachers’ immunity. The findings of the study lead to this implication that higher order thinking skills, emotion regulatory strategies, and immune enhancement should be incorporated into educational programs of higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching in higher education is critical and fraught with potential vicissitudes, which necessitates the presence of efficient professors armed with positive attributes to perform effectively. Although it is generally accepted that emotion regulation (ER) has numerous benefits for language teachers, in particular university professors, little is known about how it interacts with two other important constructs, i.e., self-efficacy and L2 grit. Furthermore, the effect of ER on L2 teacher grit has not been sufficiently investigated. To fill this gap, the current study was to test a structural model of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university professors’ ER, self-efficacy, and L2 grit. The participants were 356 Iranian EFL university professors who completed the Language Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory (LTERI), the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES), and the L2-Teacher Grit Scale (L2TGS). The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) revealed that ER and self-efficacy were strong predictors of L2 grit. Moreover, the significant role of self-efficacy on ER was discovered. The implications of this study may foster effective teaching in higher education, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancement of social media in the modern era provides a good incentive for researchers to unleash the potential of social networking (SN) tools in order to improve education. Despite the significant role of social media in affecting second/foreign language (L2) learning processes, few empirical studies have tried to find out how Instagram feed-based tasks affect learning grammar structure. To fill this lacuna of research, the current study set forth to delve into the influence of Instagram feed-based tasks on learning grammar among English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. In so doing, a sample of 84 intermediate EFL learners were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The learners in the control group received regular online instruction via webinar platforms. In contrast, the learners in the experimental group were exposed to Instagram feed-based tasks. Data inspection applying one-way ANCOVA indicated that the learners in the experimental group outperformed their counterparts in the control group. The results highlighted the significant contributions of Instagram feed-based tasks in fostering learning grammar. Furthermore, EFL learners’ positive attitudes toward using Instagram Feed-based Tasks in Learning Grammar was concluded. The implications of this study may redound to the benefits of language learners, teachers, curriculum designers, as well as policy makers in providing opportunities for further practice of Instagram feed-based tasks in language learning and teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational context is a pool of various emotional demands asking for competent teachers who are capable enough to regulate and manage them. The language teacher emotion regulation focuses on the strategies that language teachers implement to regulate their emotions. Considering the paucity of a psychometrically sound instrument in language teacher emotion regulation, this realm has received scant research attention. Thus, the present study was an attempt to develop and validate a conceptually meaningful and psychometrically sound instrument to capture language teacher emotion regulation strategies at workplace. This study is composed of three phases. In the first phase, based on a comprehensive consideration of the existing literature and the results of a semi-structured interview, a six-component model of the language teacher emotion regulation was designed. In the second phase, the results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability estimates confirmed the validity and reliability of the instrument. The results of CFA refined the final version of the instrument. The Language Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory (LTERI) includes 27 items with six dimensions on a 5-point Likert scale. Each dimension assesses a discrete language teacher emotion regulation strategy at workplace: situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment, reappraisal, suppression, and seeking social support. In the third phase, the validated instrument, LTERI was utilized across two different milieus of language teaching in Iran, namely school and university. To do so, an independent samples t -test was applied. As the findings of this phase demonstrated, there is a statistically significant difference between English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers in the two contexts regarding the employed emotion regulation strategies in their professional lives. The implications of the current study can open new perspectives in educational psychology and teacher well-being. Furthermore, the Language Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory (LTERI) contributes to the field of teacher education by filling the measurement lacuna and advancing quantitative studies in this regard. More significantly, the implications of this study may uncover new prospects for effective teaching and learning, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, which can provoke various emotional demands for both teachers and learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Emotion regulation plays a crucial role in shaping the professional efficacy of English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers in higher education. Despite this, examining how emotion regulation intersects with job satisfaction, job effectiveness, and psychological well‐being in university EFL teachers in Iran is largely under investigation. Addressing this gap, the present research integrates these four constructs (i.e., emotion regulation, job satisfaction, job effectiveness, and psychological well‐being) within the context of Iranian higher education. A sample of 418 university teachers participated in the study by completing four validated instruments: The Language Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory, the Job Satisfaction Scale, the Teacher Effectiveness Scale, and the Psychological Well‐being at Work Scale. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through SMART PLS3 revealed significant correlations between emotion regulation and job satisfaction, job effectiveness, and psychological well‐being in university EFL teachers. These findings highlight the importance of strong emotion regulation skills for improving EFL teachers' well‐being and job performance in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the potent role of teachers' emotion regulation in effective teaching, it seems essential to see how emotion regulation can contribute to other relevant teaching constructs. In this regard, the present study is intended to probe into the causal relationship among teacher emotion regulation, self-efficacy beliefs, engagement, and anger. In so doing, the Language Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory (LTERI), The Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES), The Engaged Teacher Scale (ETS), and The Teacher Anger Scale (TAS) were administered to 581 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers in Iran. To gauge the causal relationships among the variables, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) using LISREL 8.80 were conducted. The results indicated that language teacher emotion regulation could positively and significantly predict teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and engagement at work. Moreover, the influence of language teacher emotion regulation on the teacher's anger is significantly negative. That is, the stronger emotion regulation is implemented the better teachers can manage their anger. The implications of this study may uncover new prospects for effective teaching, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Deng, Heydarnejad, Farhangi and Farid Khafaga.)

It is deemed that the effectiveness of teachers is highly entangled with psycho-emotional constructs, such as critical thinking (CT), emotion regulation (ER), and immunity. Despite the potential roles of CR, ER, and immunity, their possible relationships have remained unexplored in the higher education context of Iran. To fill in this lacuna, this study explored the potential role of CT and ER in university teachers' immunity in the Iranian higher education context. For this purpose, a total of 293 English university teachers were selected using a convenience sampling method. They were invited to fill out the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal-Form, Language Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory, and Language Teacher Immunity Instrument. The findings of path analysis indicated that the university teachers with higher CT were more productively immunized. Moreover, the results revealed that ER could predict the university teachers' immunity. The findings of the study lead to this implication that higher order thinking skills, emotion regulatory strategies, and immune enhancement should be incorporated into educational programs of higher education., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Li, Heydarnejad, Azizi and Rezaei Gashti.)

Teaching in higher education is critical and fraught with potential vicissitudes, which necessitates the presence of efficient professors armed with positive attributes to perform effectively. Although it is generally accepted that emotion regulation (ER) has numerous benefits for language teachers, in particular university professors, little is known about how it interacts with two other important constructs, i.e., self-efficacy and L2 grit. Furthermore, the effect of ER on L2 teacher grit has not been sufficiently investigated. To fill this gap, the current study was to test a structural model of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university professors' ER, self-efficacy, and L2 grit. The participants were 356 Iranian EFL university professors who completed the Language Teacher Emotion Regulation Inventory (LTERI), the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES), and the L2-Teacher Grit Scale (L2TGS). The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) revealed that ER and self-efficacy were strong predictors of L2 grit. Moreover, the significant role of self-efficacy on ER was discovered. The implications of this study may foster effective teaching in higher education, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on education., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zheng, Heydarnejad and Aberash.)

Advancement of social media in the modern era provides a good incentive for researchers to unleash the potential of social networking (SN) tools in order to improve education. Despite the significant role of social media in affecting second/foreign language (L2) learning processes, few empirical studies have tried to find out how Instagram feed-based tasks affect learning grammar structure. To fill this lacuna of research, the current study set forth to delve into the influence of Instagram feed-based tasks on learning grammar among English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. In so doing, a sample of 84 intermediate EFL learners were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The learners in the control group received regular online instruction via webinar platforms. In contrast, the learners in the experimental group were exposed to Instagram feed-based tasks. Data inspection applying one-way ANCOVA indicated that the learners in the experimental group outperformed their counterparts in the control group. The results highlighted the significant contributions of Instagram feed-based tasks in fostering learning grammar. Furthermore, EFL learners' positive attitudes toward using Instagram Feed-based Tasks in Learning Grammar was concluded. The implications of this study may redound to the benefits of language learners, teachers, curriculum designers, as well as policy makers in providing opportunities for further practice of Instagram feed-based tasks in language learning and teaching., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Teng, Heydarnejad, Hasan, Omar and Sarabani.)