99 results on '"Hirschi, Martin"'
Search Results
2. A roadmap for high-resolution satellite soil moisture applications – confronting product characteristics with user requirements
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Peng, Jian, Albergel, Clement, Balenzano, Anna, Brocca, Luca, Cartus, Oliver, Cosh, Michael H., Crow, Wade T., Dabrowska-Zielinska, Katarzyna, Dadson, Simon, Davidson, Malcolm W.J., de Rosnay, Patricia, Dorigo, Wouter, Gruber, Alexander, Hagemann, Stefan, Hirschi, Martin, Kerr, Yann H., Lovergine, Francesco, Mahecha, Miguel D., Marzahn, Philip, Mattia, Francesco, Musial, Jan Pawel, Preuschmann, Swantje, Reichle, Rolf H., Satalino, Giuseppe, Silgram, Martyn, van Bodegom, Peter M., Verhoest, Niko E.C., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, Jeffrey P., Wegmüller, Urs, and Loew, Alexander
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- 2021
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3. Detecting the human fingerprint in the summer 2022 western–central European soil drought.
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Schumacher, Dominik L., Zachariah, Mariam, Otto, Friederike, Barnes, Clair, Philip, Sjoukje, Kew, Sarah, Vahlberg, Maja, Singh, Roop, Heinrich, Dorothy, Arrighi, Julie, van Aalst, Maarten, Hauser, Mathias, Hirschi, Martin, Bessenbacher, Verena, Gudmundsson, Lukas, Beaudoing, Hiroko K., Rodell, Matthew, Li, Sihan, Yang, Wenchang, and Vecchi, Gabriel A.
- Subjects
HUMAN fingerprints ,SOIL moisture ,GLOBAL warming ,ATMOSPHERIC models ,DROUGHTS ,SOILS ,HIGH temperatures - Abstract
In the 2022 summer, western–central Europe and several other regions in the northern extratropics experienced substantial soil moisture deficits in the wake of precipitation shortages and elevated temperatures. Much of Europe has not witnessed a more severe soil drought since at least the mid-20th century, raising the question whether this is a manifestation of our warming climate. Here, we employ a well-established statistical approach to attribute the low 2022 summer soil moisture to human-induced climate change using observation-driven soil moisture estimates and climate models. We find that in western–central Europe, a June–August root zone soil moisture drought such as in 2022 is expected to occur once in 20 years in the present climate but would have occurred only about once per century during preindustrial times. The entire northern extratropics show an even stronger global warming imprint with a 20-fold soil drought probability increase or higher, but we note that the underlying uncertainty is large. Reasons are manifold but include the lack of direct soil moisture observations at the required spatiotemporal scales, the limitations of remotely sensed estimates, and the resulting need to simulate soil moisture with land surface models driven by meteorological data. Nevertheless, observation-based products indicate long-term declining summer soil moisture for both regions, and this tendency is likely fueled by regional warming, while no clear trends emerge for precipitation. Finally, our climate model analysis suggests that under 2 ∘ C global warming, 2022-like soil drought conditions would become twice as likely for western–central Europe compared to today and would take place nearly every year across the northern extratropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions
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Dorigo, Wouter, Wagner, Wolfgang, Albergel, Clement, Albrecht, Franziska, Balsamo, Gianpaolo, Brocca, Luca, Chung, Daniel, Ertl, Martin, Forkel, Matthias, Gruber, Alexander, Haas, Eva, Hamer, Paul D., Hirschi, Martin, Ikonen, Jaakko, de Jeu, Richard, Kidd, Richard, Lahoz, William, Liu, Yi Y., Miralles, Diego, Mistelbauer, Thomas, Nicolai-Shaw, Nadine, Parinussa, Robert, Pratola, Chiara, Reimer, Christoph, van der Schalie, Robin, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Smolander, Tuomo, and Lecomte, Pascal
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- 2017
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5. A drought event composite analysis using satellite remote-sensing based soil moisture
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Nicolai-Shaw, Nadine, Zscheischler, Jakob, Hirschi, Martin, Gudmundsson, Lukas, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
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- 2017
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6. Quantifying Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Moisture Control on Surface Energy Balance and Near-Surface Air Temperature
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Schwingshackl, Clemens, Hirschi, Martin, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Published
- 2017
7. Characterising recent drought events in the context of dry-season trends using state-of-the-art reanalysis and remote-sensing soil moisture products.
- Author
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Hirschi, Martin, Crezee, Bas, Stradiotti, Pietro, Dorigo, Wouter, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
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SOIL moisture ,DROUGHTS ,SCIENTIFIC literature ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,SURFACE temperature ,AIR shows - Abstract
Drought events have multiple adverse impacts on environment, society, and economy. It is thus crucial to monitor and characterise such events. Here, we compare the ability of selected state-of-the-art long-term reanalysis and remote-sensing products to represent major seasonal and multi-year drought events in the 2000–2020 period globally. We focus on soil moisture (or agroecological) drought and place the results in the context of trends in dry-season soil moisture. We consider surface and root-zone soil moisture from ERA5, the related ERA5-Land, and MERRA-2 reanalysis products, the ESA CCI remote-sensing surface soil moisture products (encompassing an ACTIVE, a PASSIVE and a COMBINED product), as well as its near real-time counterpart produced within C3S. In addition, we use a new root-zone soil moisture dataset derived from the ESA CCI COMBINED product. Except for ESA CCI surface and root-zone soil moisture, the considered products offer opportunities for drought monitoring since they are available in near real-time. We analyse 18 documented drought events within predefined spatial and temporal bounds derived from scientific literature. Based on standardised daily anomalies of surface and root-zone soil moisture, the drought events are characterised by their severity (the time accumulated standardised anomalies), magnitude (the minimum of the standardised anomalies over time), duration, and spatial extent. Product deviations in drought severity and magnitude are then placed in the context of trends in dry-season soil moisture, and potential reasons for diverging global soil moisture trends in the products are further investigated. All investigated products capture the considered drought events. Overall, responses of surface soil moisture tend to be weakest for the ACTIVE remote-sensing products in all metrics, but most pronounced in the drought magnitudes. Also, MERRA‑2 shows lower magnitudes than the other products. Except for the COMBINED products, the remote-sensing products tend to underestimate the spatial extents of larger droughts. Product differences in drought severity and magnitude for single events are consistent with the differences in dry-season soil moisture trends. These trends are globally diverse and partly contradictory between products. ERA5, ERA5-Land and the COMBINED products show larger fractions of drying trends, MERRA-2 and the C3S ACTIVE and PASSIVE products more widespread wetting trends. MERRA-2 surface air temperature shows regionally negative biases in trends compared to a ground observational product, which suggests that this reanalysis product underestimates drought trends. Also, the comparison with trends in selected land-surface characteristics and bioclimatic indicators shows that dry-season soil moisture trends may be affected by retrieval or modelling artifacts in some cases. In the root zone (based on the reanalysis products and the ESA CCI root-zone soil moisture dataset), the droughts are dampened in magnitude and smaller in spatial extent but show a tendency to prolonged durations. Based on the overall observational evidence and the consideration of the respective limitations of the included products, the present analyses suggest a consistent tendency towards drying during the last two decades in some regions, namely in parts of central Europe, in a region north of the Black Sea/Caspian Sea, in southern Africa, and in parts of Australia, Siberia and South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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8. Land radiative management as contributor to regional-scale climate adaptation and mitigation
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Seneviratne, Sonia I., Phipps, Steven J., Pitman, Andrew J., Hirsch, Annette L., Davin, Edouard L., Donat, Markus G., Hirschi, Martin, Lenton, Andrew, Wilhelm, Micah, and Kravitz, Ben
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- 2018
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9. Global Climate:STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2021
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Ades, Melanie, Adler, Robert, Aldred, Freya, Allan, R. P., Anderson, John, Anneville, Orlane, Aono, Yasuyuki, Argüez, Anthony, Arosio, Carlo, Augustine, John A., Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Barichivich, Jonathan, Basu, Aman, Beck, Hylke E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Blagrave, Kevin, Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bock, Olivier, Bodin, Xavier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bove, Gerald, Buechler, Dennis, Buehler, Stefan A., Carrea, Laura, Chang, Kai Lan, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Eui Seok, Ciasto, Laura M., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Cooper, Owen R., Cornes, Richard C., Covey, Curt, Cropper, Thomas, Crotwell, Molly, Cusicanqui, Diego, Davis, Sean M., de Jeu, Richard A.M., Degenstein, Doug, Delaloye, Reynald, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Duveiller, Gregory, Elkins, James W., Estilow, Thomas W., Fedaeff, Nava, Fereday, David, Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Foster, Michael J., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Füllekrug, Martin, Garforth, Judith, Garg, Jay, Gentry, Matthew, Gobron, Nadine, Goodman, Steven, Gou, Qiqi, Granin, Nikolay, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hall, Brad D., Harris, Ian, Hemming, Debbie L., Hirschi, Martin, Ho, Shu Pen, Holzworth, Robert, Hrbáček, Filip, Hubert, Daan, Hulsman, Petra, Hurst, Dale F., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, Ketil, John, Viju O., Jones, Philip D., Junod, Robert, Kääb, Andreas, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kaufmann, Viktor, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Kent, Elizabeth C., Kidd, Richard, Kim, Hyungiun, Kipling, Zak, Koppa, Akash, L'Abée-Lund, Jan Henning, Lan, Xin, Lantz, Kathleen O., Lavers, David, Loeb, Norman G., Loyola, Diego, Madelon, Remi, Malmquist, Hilmar J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Mayer, Michael, McCabe, Matthew F., McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Menzel, Annette, Merchant, Christopher J., Miller, John B., Miralles, Diego G., Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mösinger, Leander, Mühle, Jens, Nicolas, Julien P., Noetzli, Jeannette, Nõges, Tiina, Noll, Ben, O'Keefe, John, Osborn, Tim J., Park, Taejin, Pellet, Cecile, Pelto, Maury S., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Phillips, Coda, Po-Chedley, Stephen, Polvani, Lorenzo, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Price, Colin, Pulkkanen, Merja, Rains, Dominik G., Randel, William J., Rémy, Samuel, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Richardson, Andrew D., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rozanov, Alexei, Rutishäuser, This, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, Schenzinger, Verena, Schlegel, Robert W., Schneider, Udo, Sharma, Sapna, Shi, Lei, Simmons, Adrian J., Siso, Carolina, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, Brian J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, Tim H., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stauffer, Ryan, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Steiner, Andrea K., Stewart, Kenton, Stradiotti, Pietro, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Telg, Hagen, Thackeray, Stephen J., Thibert, Emmanuel, Todt, Michael, Tokuda, Daisuke, Tourpali, Kleareti, Tye, Mari R., Van Der, A. Ronald, van der Schalie, Robin, van der Schrier, Gerard, van der Vliet, Mendy, van der Werf, Guido R., van Vliet, Arnold, Vernier, Jean Paul, Vimont, Isaac J., Virts, Katrina, Vivero, Sebastiàn, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wang, Ray H.J., Weber, Markus, Wiese, David, Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, Earle, Wong, Takmeng, Woolway, R. I., Yin, Xungang, Yuan, Ye, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, Zotta, Ruxandra M., Allen, Jessicca, Camper, Amy, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Ohlmann, Laura, Riddle, Deborah B., Veasey, Sara W., Earth and Climate, Earth Sciences, and Amsterdam Sustainability Institute
- Published
- 2022
10. Detecting the human fingerprint in the summer 2022 West-Central European soil drought.
- Author
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Schumacher, Dominik L., Zachariah, Mariam, Otto, Friederike, Barnes, Clair, Philip, Sjoukje, Kew, Sarah, Vahlberg, Maja, Singh, Roop, Heinrich, Dorothy, Arrighi, Julie, van Aalst, Maarten, Hauser, Mathias, Hirschi, Martin, Bessenbacher, Verena, Gudmundsson, Lukas, Beaudoing, Hiroko K., Rodell, Matthew, Sihan Li, Wenchang Yang, and Vecchi, Gabriel A.
- Subjects
HUMAN fingerprints ,GLOBAL warming ,ATMOSPHERIC models ,SOIL moisture ,DROUGHTS ,SOILS ,SUMMER - Abstract
In the 2022 summer, West-Central Europe and several other northern-hemisphere mid-latitude regions experienced substantial soil moisture deficits in the wake of precipitation shortages and elevated temperatures. Much of Europe has not witnessed a more severe soil drought since at least the mid-20th century, raising the question whether this is a manifestation of our warming climate. Here, we employ a well-established statistical approach to attribute the low 2022 summer soil moisture to human-induced climate change, using observation-driven soil moisture estimates and climate models. We find that in West-Central Europe, a June-August root-zone soil moisture drought such as in 2022 is expected to occur once in 20 years in the present climate, but would have occurred only about once per century during pre-industrial times. The entire northern extratropics show an even stronger global warming imprint with a 20-fold soil drought probability increase or higher, but we note that the underlying uncertainty is large. Reasons are manifold, but include the lack of direct soil moisture observations at the required spatiotemporal scales, the limitations of remotely sensed estimates, and the resulting need to simulate soil moisture with land surface models driven by meteorological data. Nevertheless, observationbased products indicate long-term declining summer soil moisture for both regions, and this tendency is likely fueled by regional warming, while no clear trends emerge for precipitation. Finally, our climate model analysis suggests that in a 2 °C world, 2022-like soil drought conditions would become twice as likely for West-Central Europe compared to today, and would take place nearly every year across the northern extratropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Monthly Weather Forecasts in a Pest Forecasting Context : Downscaling, Recalibration, and Skill Improvement
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Hirschi, Martin, Spirig, Christoph, Weigel, Andreas P., Calanca, Pierluigi, Samietz, Jörg, and Rotach, Mathias W.
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- 2012
12. A Revised Hydrology for the ECMWF Model : Verification from Field Site to Terrestrial Water Storage and Impact in the Integrated Forecast System
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Balsamo, Gianpaolo, Viterbo, Pedro, Beljaars, Anton, van den Hurk, Bart, Hirschi, Martin, Betts, Alan K., and Scipal, Klaus
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- 2009
13. Seasonal Variations in Terrestrial Water Storage for Major Midlatitude River Basins
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Hirschi, Martin, Seneviratne, Sonia I., and Schär, Christoph
- Published
- 2006
14. Soil Control on Runoff Response to Climate Change in Regional Climate Model Simulations
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van den Hurk, Bart, Hirschi, Martin, Schär, Christoph, Lenderink, Geert, van Meijgaard, Erik, van Ulden, Aad, Rockel, Burkhardt, Hagemann, Stefan, Graham, Phil, Kjellström, Erik, and Jones, Richard
- Published
- 2005
15. Climatological Drought Monitoring in Switzerland Using EUMETSAT SAF Satellite Data.
- Author
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Rassl, Annkatrin, Michel, Dominik, Hirschi, Martin, Duguay-Tetzlaff, Anke, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
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DROUGHTS ,SOIL moisture measurement ,LAND surface temperature ,SOIL moisture ,SURFACE temperature ,CLIMATOLOGY - Abstract
Climatological drought monitoring in Switzerland relies heavily on station-based precipitation and temperature data. Due to the high spatial variability and complexity of droughts, it is important to complement station-based drought indices with gridded information and to couple multiple drought indicators within the monitoring system. Here, long-term satellite-based drought parameters from the EUMETSAT SAF network are analyzed in terms of dry anomalies within their climatology's, namely ASCAT soil water index (SWI), CM SAF land surface temperature (LST), complemented with NOAA vegetation data, and LSA SAF Meteosat evapotranspiration data. The upcoming EUMETSAT SAF climate data records on land surface temperature and evapotranspiration will cover for the first time the WMO climatological 30-year reference period. This study is the first study investigating the potential of those long-term data records for climate monitoring of droughts in Europe. The satellite datasets are compared with the standardized precipitation index (SPI), soil moisture observations from the SwissSMEX measurement network, with a modelled soil moisture index (SMI) based on observations, and with evapotranspiration measurements, focusing on the temporal dynamics of the anomalies. For vegetation and surface temperature, the dry years of 2003, 2015, and 2018 are clearly visible in the satellite data. CM SAF LSTs show strong anomalies at the beginning of the drought period. The comparison of in situ and modelled soil moisture and evapotranspiration measurements with the satellite parameters shows strong agreement in terms of anomalies. The SWI indicates high anomaly correlations of 0.56 to 0.83 with measurements and 0.63 to 0.76 with the SMI at grassland sites. The Meteosat evapotranspiration data strongly agree with the measurements, with anomaly correlations of 0.63 and 0.67 for potential and actual evapotranspiration, respectively. Due to the prevailing humid climate conditions at the considered sites, evapotranspiration anomalies during the investigated dry periods were mostly positive and thus not water limited, but were also a driver for soil moisture drought. The results indicate that EUMETSAT SAF satellite data can well complement the station-based drought monitoring in Switzerland with spatial information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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16. Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review
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Seneviratne, Sonia I., Corti, Thierry, Davin, Edouard L., Hirschi, Martin, Jaeger, Eric B., Lehner, Irene, Orlowsky, Boris, and Teuling, Adriaan J.
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- 2010
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17. Independent Quality Assessment of Essential Climate Variables: Lessons Learned from the Copernicus Climate Change Service.
- Author
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Yang, Chunxue, Cagnazzo, Chiara, Artale, Vincenzo, Buongiorno Nardelli, Bruno, Buontempo, Carlo, Busatto, Jacopo, Caporaso, Luca, Cesarini, Claudia, Cionni, Irene, Coll, John, Crezee, Bas, Cristofanelli, Paolo, de Toma, Vincenzo, Essa, Yassmin Hesham, Eyring, Veronika, Fierli, Federico, Grant, Luke, Hassler, Birgit, Hirschi, Martin, and Huybrechts, Philippe
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CLIMATE change ,TRUST ,PRODUCT quality ,PRIVATE companies ,CRYOSPHERE - Abstract
If climate services are to lead to effective use of climate information in decision-making to enable the transition to a climate-smart, climate-ready world, then the question of trust in the products and services is of paramount importance. The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) has been actively grappling with how to build such trust: provision of demonstrably independent assessments of the quality of products, which was deemed an important element in such trust-building processes. C3S provides access to essential climate variables (ECVs) from multiple sources to a broad set of users ranging from scientists to private companies and decision-makers. Here we outline the approach -undertaken to coherently assess the quality of a suite of observation- and reanalysis-based ECV products covering the atmosphere, ocean, land, and cryosphere. The assessment is based on four pillars: basic data checks, maturity of the datasets, fitness for purpose (scientific use cases and climate studies), and guidance to users. It is undertaken independently by scientific experts and presented alongside the datasets in a fully traceable, replicable, and transparent manner. The methodology deployed is detailed, and example assessments are given. These independent scientific quality assessments are intended to guide users to ensure they use tools and datasets that are fit for purpose to answer their specific needs rather than simply use the first product they alight on. This is the first such effort to develop and apply an assessment framework consistently to all ECVs. Lessons learned and future perspectives are outlined to potentially improve future assessment activities and thus climate services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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18. Intra-annual link of spring and autumn precipitation over France
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Hirschi, Martin and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
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- 2010
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19. An inter-comparison of regional climate models for Europe: model performance in present-day climate
- Author
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Jacob, Daniela, Bärring, Lars, Christensen, Ole Bøssing, Christensen, Jens Hesselbjerg, de Castro, Manuel, Déqué, Michel, Giorgi, Filippo, Hagemann, Stefan, Hirschi, Martin, Jones, Richard, Kjellström, Erik, Lenderink, Geert, Rockel, Burkhardt, Sánchez, Enrique, Schär, Christoph, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Somot, Samuel, van Ulden, Aad, and van den Hurk, Bart
- Published
- 2007
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20. Evaluation of different methods for gap filling of long‐term actual evapotranspiration time series measured by lysimeters
- Author
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Huang, Yafei, Hendricks-Franssen, Harrie-Jan, Vereecken, Harry, Herbst, Michael, Hirschi, Martin, Michel, Dominik, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Teuling, Adriaan J., Vogt, Roland, Detlef, Schumacher, and Pütz, Thomas
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Environmental sciences ,QE1-996.5 ,WIMEK ,ddc:550 ,Life Science ,GE1-350 ,Geology ,Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management ,Hydrologie en Kwantitatief Waterbeheer - Abstract
Terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) is the second largest water flux in the global water cycle. It can be measured with different techniques; weighable lysimeters can provide very accurate measurements, and some very long‐term time series exist. However, these lysimeter time series are affected by data gaps that must be filled to estimate actual ET totals and long‐term trends. In this paper, we explore four different gap‐filling methods: the potential ET‐method, the ratio method, the FAO‐based water balance method, and HYDRUS modeling. These gap‐filling methods were evaluated for three time series of actual ET measured by lysimeters and meteorological data of three European sites. Separate evaluations were made for the five driest and five wettest April–October periods to investigate whether the performance of the gap‐filling methods was affected by hydrological conditions. Series of random gaps were artificially created for the three time series, including gaps of four different lengths. Actual ET was estimated for these gaps with the gap‐filling methods, which were evaluated based on RMSE and mean bias error. The results show that the ratio method outperformed other methods for gap filling of lysimeter data for Basel (Switzerland), whereas the HYDRUS method outperformed other methods for Rheindahlen (Germany). For Rietholzbach (Switzerland), the different methods performed very similarly, except that the FAO method gives slightly larger RMSEs. The gap‐filling methods do not perform very differently for dry and wet conditions. The ratio method is recommended for filling smaller gaps, and the HYDRUS method is recommended for longer gaps of 30 d., Vadose Zone Journal, 19 (1), ISSN:1539-1663
- Published
- 2020
21. Regional climate model projections underestimate future warming due to missing plant physiological CO2 response
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Schwingshackl, Clemens, Davin, Edouard Léopold, Hirschi, Martin, Soerland, Silje, Wartenburger, Richard, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
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plant physiology ,CO2 effect ,evapotranspiration ,near-surface air temperature ,climate change ,regional climate modelling ,global climate modelling - Abstract
ISSN:1748-9326 ISSN:1748-9318
- Published
- 2019
22. Global Contributions of Incoming Radiation and Land Surface Conditions to Maximum Near‐Surface Air Temperature Variability and Trend
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Schwingshackl, Clemens, Hirschi, Martin, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
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Global Climate Models ,Climate ,Decadal Ocean Variability ,Land/Atmosphere Interactions ,Paleoceanography ,Oceans ,Research Letter ,temperature variability ,Geodesy and Gravity ,Global Change ,Climate Change and Variability ,Climatology ,Climate Variability ,Climate and Interannual Variability ,Energy Budgets ,Research Letters ,radiation ,Oceanography: General ,Mass Balance ,temperature trend ,Atmospheric Processes ,linear regression ,Hydrology ,soil moisture ,Atmospheric ,Natural Hazards ,Oceanography: Physical ,albedo - Abstract
The evolution of near‐surface air temperature is influenced by various dynamical, radiative, and surface‐atmosphere exchange processes whose contributions are still not completely quantified. Applying stepwise multiple linear regression to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) model simulations and focusing on radiation (diagnosed by incoming shortwave and incoming longwave radiation) and land surface conditions (diagnosed by soil moisture and albedo) about 79% of the interannual variability and 99% of the multidecadal trend of monthly mean daily maximum temperature over land can be explained. The linear model captures well the temperature variability in middle‐to‐high latitudes and in regions close to the equator, whereas its explanatory potential is limited in deserts. While radiation is an essential explanatory variable over almost all of the analyzed domain, land surface conditions show a pronounced relation to temperature in some confined regions. These findings highlight that considering local‐to‐regional processes is crucial for correctly assessing interannual temperature variability and future temperature trends., Key Points The used linear regression model explains about 79% of interannual temperature variability and 99% of multidecadal temperature trendRadiation explains on average about 75% to 85% of the total explained variance, while land surface conditions contribute about 15% to 25%Radiation is essential for explaining temperature variability almost everywhere, land surface conditions in some confined regions
- Published
- 2018
23. Climate Extremes and Climate Indices
- Author
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Fischer, Erich M., Schär, Christoph, Ban, Nikolina, Bresch, David N., Casanueva, Ana, Feigenwinter, Iris, Graf, Michael Arthur, Hirschi, Martin, Kotlarski, Sven, Liniger, Mark, Raible, Christoph, Rajczak, Jan, Scherrer, Simon C., Seneviratne, Sonia I., Wartenburger, Richard, Fischer, Andreas M., and Strassmann, Kuno M.
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530 Physics ,550 Earth sciences & geology ,910 Geography & travel - Published
- 2018
24. Insuring crops from space: the potential of satellite-retrieved soil moisture to reduce farmers' drought risk exposure.
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Vroege, Willemijn, Bucheli, Janic, Dalhaus, Tobias, Hirschi, Martin, and Finger, Robert
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SOIL moisture ,PLANT spacing ,RISK exposure ,FINANCIAL risk ,DROUGHTS ,FINANCIAL planning - Abstract
Crop producers face significant and increasing drought risks. We evaluate whether insurances based on globally and freely available satellite-retrieved soil moisture data can reduce farms' financial drought risk exposure. We design farm individual soil moisture index insurances for wheat, maize and rapeseed production using a case study for Eastern Germany. We find that the satellite-retrieved soil moisture index insurances significantly decrease risk exposure for these crops compared to the situation where production is not insured. The satellite-retrieved index also outperforms one based on soil moisture estimates derived from meteorological measurements at ground stations. Important implications for insurers and policy makers are that they could and should develop better suited insurances. Available satellite-retrieved data can be used to increase farmers' resilience in a changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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25. Intra-annual link of spring and autumn precipitation over France
- Author
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Hirschi, Martin and Seneviratne, Sonia
- Abstract
In a previous study, an intra-annual relationship of observed precipitation, manifested by negative correlations between domain-averaged spring and autumn precipitation of the same year, was found in two domains covering France and Central Europe for the period 1972-1990 (Hirschi etal., J Geophys Res 112(D22109), 2007). Here, this link and its temporal evolution over France during the twentieth century is further investigated and related to the atmospheric circulation and North Atlantic/Mediterranean sea surface temperature (SST) patterns. Observational datasets of precipitation, mean sea level pressure (MSLP), atmospheric teleconnection patterns, and SST, as well as various global and regional climate model simulations are analyzed. The investigation of observed precipitation by means of a running correlation with a 30-year time window for the period 1901-present reveals a decreasing trend in the spring-to-autumn correlations, which become significantly negative in the second half of the twentieth century. These negative correlations are connected with similar spring-to-autumn correlations in observed MSLP, and with negatively correlated spring East Atlantic (EA) and autumn Scandinavian (SCA) teleconnection pattern indices. Maximum covariance analyses of SST with these atmospheric variables indicate that at least part of the identified spring-to-autumn link is mediated through SST, as spring precipitation and MSLP are connected with the same autumn SST pattern as are autumn precipitation, MSLP and the SCA pattern index. Except for ERA-40 driven regional climate models from the EU-FP6 project ENSEMBLES, the analyzed regional and global climate models, including Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) simulations, do not capture this observed variability in precipitation. This is associated with the failure of most models in simulating the observed correlations between spring and autumn MSLP. While the causes for the identified relationship cannot be fully established its timing suggests a possible link with increased aerosol loading in the global dimming period
- Published
- 2018
26. Basin-scale water-balance dataset (BSWB): an update
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Hirschi, Martin and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Abstract
This paper presents an update of a basin-scale diagnostic dataset of monthly variations in terrestrial water storage for large river basins worldwide (BSWB v2016, doi:10.5905/ethz-1007-82). Terrestrial water storage comprises all forms of water storage on land surfaces, and its seasonal and inter-annual variations are mostly determined by soil moisture, groundwater, snow cover, and surface water. The dataset presented is derived using a combined atmospheric and terrestrial water-balance approach with conventional streamflow measurements and reanalysis data of atmospheric moisture flux convergence. It extends a previous, existing version of the dataset (Mueller et al., 2011) temporally and spatially. ISSN:1866-3516 ISSN:1866-3508
- Published
- 2017
27. A site-level comparison of lysimeter and eddy covariance flux measurements of evapotranspiration
- Author
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Hirschi, Martin, Michel, Dominik, Lehner, Irene, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,lcsh:G ,lcsh:T ,lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,lcsh:Technology ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,lcsh:Environmental sciences - Abstract
Accurate measurements of evapotranspiration are required for many meteorological, climatological, ecological, and hydrological research applications and developments. Here we examine and compare two well-established methods to determine evapotranspiration at the site level: lysimeter-based measurements (EL) and eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements (EEC). The analyses are based on parallel measurements carried out with these two methods at the research catchment Rietholzbach in northeastern Switzerland, and cover the time period of June 2009 to December 2015. The measurements are compared on various timescales, and with respect to a 40-year lysimeter-based evapotranspiration time series. Overall, the lysimeter and EC measurements agree well, especially on the annual timescale. On that timescale, the long-term lysimeter measurements also correspond well with catchment water-balance estimates of evapotranspiration. This highlights the representativeness of the site-level lysimeter and EC measurements for the entire catchment despite their comparatively small source areas and the heterogeneous land use and topography within the catchment. Furthermore, we identify that lack of reliable EC measurements using open-path gas analyzers during and following precipitation events (due to limitations of the measurement technique under these conditions) significantly contributes to an underestimation of EEC and to the overall energy balance gap at the site., Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 21 (3), ISSN:1027-5606, ISSN:1607-7938
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Evaluation of different methods for gap filling of long-term actual evapotranspiration time series measured by lysimeters.
- Author
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Yafei Huang, Franssen, Harrie-Jan Hendricks, Herbst, Michael, Hirschi, Martin, Michel, Dominik, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Teuling, Adriaan J., Vogt, Roland, Detlef, Schumacher, Pütz, Thomas, and Vereecken, Harry
- Subjects
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION measurement ,LYSIMETER ,RATIO measurement ,WEATHER ,EVAPORATION (Meteorology) - Abstract
The article focuses on the evaluation of different methods for gap filling of long-term actual evapotranspiration time series measured by lysimeters. It explore four different gap filling methods namely potential terrestrial evapotranspiration method, the ratio method, and the FAO-based water balance method, and HYDRUS modeling. It also mentions that gap-filling methods do not perform very differently for dry and wet conditions.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. A theoretical approach to assess soil moisture–climate coupling across CMIP5 and GLACE-CMIP5 experiments.
- Author
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Schwingshackl, Clemens, Hirschi, Martin, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Subjects
- *
SOIL temperature , *GROUNDWATER , *METEOROLOGICAL precipitation - Abstract
Terrestrial climate is influenced by various land–atmosphere interactions that involve numerous land surface state variables. In several regions on Earth, soil moisture plays an important role for climate via its control on the partitioning of net radiation into sensible and latent heat fluxes; consequently, soil moisture also impacts on temperature and precipitation. The Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment–Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (GLACE-CMIP5) aims to quantify the impact of soil moisture on these important climate variables and to trace the individual coupling mechanisms. GLACE-CMIP5 provides experiments with different soil moisture prescriptions that can be used to isolate the effect of soil moisture on climate. Using a theoretical framework that relies on the distinct relation of soil moisture with evaporative fraction (the ratio of latent heat flux over net radiation) in different soil moisture regimes, the climate impact of the soil moisture prescriptions in the GLACE-CMIP5 experiments can be emulated and quantified. The framework-based estimation of the soil moisture effect on the evaporative fraction agrees very well with estimations obtained directly from the GLACE-CMIP5 experiments (pattern correlation of 0.85). Moreover, the soil moisture effect on the daily maximum temperature is well captured in regions where soil moisture exerts a strong control on latent heat fluxes. The theoretical approach is further applied to quantify the soil moisture contribution to the projected change of the temperature on the hottest day of the year, confirming recent estimations by other studies. Finally, GLACE-style soil moisture prescriptions are emulated in an extended set of CMIP5 models. The results indicate consistency between the soil moisture–climate coupling strength estimated with the GLACE-CMIP5 and the CMIP5 models. Although the theoretical approach is only designed to capture the local soil moisture–climate coupling strength, it can also help to distinguish non-local from local soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks where sensitivity experiments (such as GLACE-CMIP5) are available. Overall, the theoretical framework-based approach presented here constitutes a simple and powerful tool to quantify local soil moisture–climate coupling in both the GLACE-CMIP5 and CMIP5 models that can be applied in the absence of dedicated sensitivity experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Comparative Study of a Long‐Established Large Weighing Lysimeter and a State‐of‐the‐Art Mini‐lysimeter.
- Author
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Ruth, Conall E., Michel, Dominik, Hirschi, Martin, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Abstract
Core Ideas: We saw generally high agreement between lysimeters, despite substantial design differences.Large‐lysimeter processing was optimized in light of highly resolved mini‐lysimeter data.Smoothing filter and setting of ET to zero in wet hours was useful for the large lysimeter.Lysimeter precipitation types were identified using an opto‐electric precipitation monitor.Protrusion of the large lysimeter may cause precipitation under‐catch by flow distortion. Weighing lysimeters are a well‐established means of accurately obtaining local‐scale estimates of actual evapotranspiration (ET), precipitation, and seepage within soils. At the Rietholzbach research catchment in northeastern Switzerland, two weighing lysimeters are in operation. One is a recently installed state‐of‐the‐art monolithic mini‐lysimeter with a tension‐controlled lower boundary; the other is a large backfilled free‐drainage lysimeter in operation since 1976. For this study, the mini‐lysimeter measurements were processed using the Adaptive‐Window and Adaptive‐Threshold (AWAT) filter. The resulting water‐balance estimates were then compared with those of the lower resolution large lysimeter, whose processing has remained unchanged since its installation. A number of additional, retrospectively applicable processing steps for the large lysimeter were then tested to mitigate the main sources of error for this instrument. Those found to be most beneficial were the application of a 10‐min moving average to the mass measurements and the setting of ET and condensation to zero in hours with liquid precipitation. In spite of the differences in design, a generally close agreement between the two lysimeters was observed, which was further improved with the optimized large‐lysimeter processing. A comparison of the lysimeter mass increases associated with liquid precipitation further revealed, however, that the large lysimeter experiences a previously unknown under‐catch of about 11.5%, which could also be important for other lysimeter facilities. This under‐catch led to a reduction in large‐lysimeter seepage during the analyzed period, although the ET flux was not found to be affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Seasonal variations in terrestrial water storage: Diagnosis and climate model analyses
- Author
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Hirschi, Martin, Schär, Christoph Joseph, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Subjects
HYDROLOGIE, BEOBACHTUNGEN, DATEN, ANGABEN, AUFZEICHNUNGEN ,EUROPE ,RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATION (HYDROLOGY) ,GLOBAL CHANGE + KLIMAERWÄRMUNG (KLIMATOLOGIE) ,NIEDERSCHLAG-ABFLUSSVERHÄLTNIS (HYDROLOGIE) ,EUROPA ,WASSERVORRAT AUS NIEDERSCHLÄGEN, SCHNEEDECKE UND GLETSCHER (HYDROMETEOROLOGIE) ,ECMWF, EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS (METEOROLOGIE) ,Earth sciences ,ECMWF, EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS (METEOROLOGY) ,CLIMATOLOGY OF PARTICULAR REGIONS AND PLACES (CLIMATOLOGY) ,GLOBAL CHANGE + GLOBAL WARMING (CLIMATOLOGY) ,WATER SUPPLY FROM PRECIPITATION, SNOW COVER AND GLACIERS (HYDROMETEOROLOGY) ,HYDROLOGY, OBSERVATIONS, DATA, RECORDS ,SEASONS ,JAHRESZEITEN ,KLIMATOLOGIE BESTIMMTER GEBIETE UND ORTE (KLIMATOLOGIE) ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2006
32. Long-term predictability of soil moisture dynamics at the global scale: Persistence versus large-scale drivers.
- Author
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Nicolai-Shaw, Nadine, Gudmundsson, Lukas, Hirschi, Martin, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Basin-scale water-balance dataset (BSWB): an update.
- Author
-
Hirschi, Martin and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Subjects
- *
WATER storage , *WATERSHEDS , *DATA analysis - Abstract
This paper presents an update of a basin-scale diagnostic dataset of monthly variations in terrestrial water storage for large river basins worldwide (BSWB v2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.5905/ethz-1007-58doi:10.5905/ethz-1007-58). Terrestrial water storage comprises all forms of water storage on land surfaces, and its seasonal and inter-annual variations are mostly determined by soil moisture, groundwater, snow cover, and surface water. The presented dataset is derived using a combined atmospheric and terrestrial water-balance approach with conventional streamflow measurements and re-analysis data of atmospheric moisture flux convergence. It extends a previous existing version of the dataset (Mueller et al., 2011) temporally and spatially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. A site-level comparison of lysimeter and eddy-covariance flux measurements of evapotranspiration.
- Author
-
Hirschi, Martin, Michel, Dominik, Lehner, Irene, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Abstract
Accurate measurements of evapotranspiration are required for many meteorological, climatological, ecological, and hydrological research applications and developments. Here we examine and compare two well-established methods to determine evapotranspiration at the site level: lysimeter-based measurements (E
L ) and eddy-covariance (EC) flux measurements (EEC ). The analyses are based on parallel measurements carried out with these two methods at the research catchment Rietholzbach in northeastern Switzerland, and cover the time period June 2009 to December 2015. The measurements are compared on various time scales, and with respect to a 40-year lysimeter-based evapotranspiration time series. Overall, the lysimeter and EC measurements agree well, especially on the annual time scale. On that time scale, the long-term lysimeter measurements also correspond well with catchment water-balance estimates of evapotranspiration. This highlights the representativeness of the site-level lysimeter and EC measurements for the entire catchment despite their comparatively small source areas and the heterogeneous land use and topography within the catchment. Furthermore, we identify that lack of reliable EC measurements during and following rainfall events (due to limitations of the measurement technique under these conditions) significantly contributes to an underestimation of EEC and to the overall energy balance gap at the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Spatial representativeness of soil moisture using in situ, remote sensing, and land reanalysis data.
- Author
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Nicolai-Shaw, Nadine, Hirschi, Martin, Mittelbach, Heidi, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Impact of Climate Change on Voltinism and Prospective Diapause Induction of a Global Pest Insect - Cydia pomonella (L.).
- Author
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Stoeckli, Sibylle, Hirschi, Martin, Spirig, Christoph, Calanca, Pierluigi, Rotach, Mathias W., and Samietz, Jörg
- Subjects
- *
GLOBAL warming , *PHENOLOGY , *LIFE history theory , *CLIMATE change , *CODLING moth - Abstract
Global warming will lead to earlier beginnings and prolongation of growing seasons in temperate regions and will have pronounced effects on phenology and life-history adaptation in many species. These changes were not easy to simulate for actual phenologies because of the rudimentary temporal (season) and spatial (regional) resolution of climate model projections. We investigate the effect of climate change on the regional incidence of a pest insect with nearly worldwide distribution and very high potential for adaptation to season length and temperature - the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella. Seasonal and regional climate change signals were downscaled to the hourly temporal scale of a pest phenology model and the spatial scale of pest habitats using a stochastic weather generator operating at daily scale in combination with a resampling approach for simulation of hourly weather data. Under future conditions of increased temperatures (2045-2074), the present risk of below 20% for a pronounced second generation (peak larval emergence) in Switzerland will increase to 70-100%. The risk of an additional third generation will increase from presently 0-2% to 100%. We identified a significant two-week shift to earlier dates in phenological stages, such as overwintering adult flight. The relative extent (magnitude) of first generation pupae and all later stages will significantly increase. The presence of first generation pupae and later stages will be prolonged. A significant decrease in the length of overlap of first and second generation larval emergence was identified. Such shifts in phenology may induce changes in life-history traits regulating the life cycle. An accordingly lifehistory adaptation in photoperiodic diapause induction to shorter day-length is expected and would thereby even more increase the risk of an additional generation. With respect to Codling Moth management, the shifts in phenology and voltinism projected here will require adaptations of plant protection strategies to maintain their sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. New diagnostic estimates of variations in terrestrial water storage based on ERA-Interim data.
- Author
-
Mueller, Brigitte, Hirschi, Martin, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Subjects
WATER storage ,GROUNDWATER monitoring ,WATER balance (Hydrology) ,WEATHER forecasting ,HYDROLOGY - Abstract
Terrestrial water storage is an important component of the climate system as it determines the partitioning of the water and energy fluxes at the land surface. Since in situ measurements are scarce, there is a strong need for alternative validation data sources. Here we present a new dataset of monthly basin-scale terrestrial water storage changes (TWSC) derived with the combined atmospheric-terrestrial water-balance approach, also referred to as basin-scale water-balance (BSWB) approach. It is diagnosed from observation-constrained reanalysis data for the atmospheric fields and observed streamflow. A previous BSWB dataset derived from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis ERA-40 provided reasonable estimates of TWSC for mid-latitude basins. The here presented BSWB dataset is derived from the latest ECMWF reanalysis ERA-Interim, which is available in real time. The potential real-time availability of TWSC derived from ERA-Interim is of great relevance for several agricultural, hydrological, and climate applications. An uncertainty analysis of the derived TWSC highlights the importance of the atmospheric moisture flux convergence fields from the reanalysis for the resulting product uncertainty. We find that the BSWB estimates have a relative uncertainty of about 4-6% in basins larger than 1·5 × 10 km compared with the mean seasonal cycle. The ERA-Interim based dataset compares better with in situ soil moisture, snow depth, and groundwater measurements in the Ob basin and Illinois than the previous ERA-40 based dataset. We further compare the BSWB datasets to retrievals from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE), scatterometer data from the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellites, and land surface model output from the second phase of the Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP). We find a better correlation between ERS and the BSWB data than between GRACE and the BSWB data, which might be related to the relatively coarse resolution of GRACE. GSWP model output and the BSWB datasets compare well in most of the studied river basins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Analysis of seasonal terrestrial water storage variations in regional climate simulations over Europe.
- Author
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Hirschi, Martin, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Hagemann, Stefan, and Schär, Christoph
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Basin-scale water-balance estimates of terrestrial water storage variations from ECMWF operational forecast analysis.
- Author
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Hirschi, Martin, Viterbo, Pedro, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Changes in climate extremes at 1.5°C vs 2°C global warming: Why half a degree matters.
- Author
-
Seneviratne, Sonia I., Wartenburger, Richard, Hoegh-Guldbergh, Ove, Jacob, Daniela, Taylor, Michael, Ebi, Kris, Engelbrecht, Francois, Payne, Antony, Warren, Rachel, Donat, Markus, Greve, Peter, Hirschi, Martin, Pitman, Andy, Rogelj, Joeri, and Seferian, Roland
- Published
- 2019
41. Climate impacts of including plant-physiological CO2 effects in regional climate models.
- Author
-
Schwingshackl, Clemens, Davin, Eouard, Hirschi, Martin, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Soerland, Silje, and Wartenburger, Richard
- Published
- 2019
42. ESA CCI and C3S Soil Moisture - Recent advances and quality assurance based on the online validation platform QA4SM.
- Author
-
Scanlon, Tracy, Dorigo, Wouter, Baum, Doris, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Buttinger, Philip, Bakcsa, Zoltan, van der Schalie, Robert, Reimer, Christoph, Hirschi, Martin, Kidd, Richard, de Jeu, Richard, and Boresch, Alexander
- Published
- 2019
43. Insuring crops from space: the potential of satellite-retrieved soil moisture to reduce farmers’ drought risk exposure
- Author
-
Vroege, Willemijn, Bucheli, Janic, Dalhaus, Tobias, Hirschi, Martin, and Finger, Robert
- Subjects
2. Zero hunger ,remote sensing ,13. Climate action ,weather index insurance ,15. Life on land ,soil moisture ,7. Clean energy ,risk management ,agriculture - Abstract
Crop producers face significant and increasing drought risks. We evaluate whether insurances based on globally and freely available satellite-retrieved soil moisture data can reduce farms’ financial drought risk exposure. We design farm individual soil moisture index insurances for wheat, maize and rapeseed production using a case study for Eastern Germany. We find that the satellite-retrieved soil moisture index insurances significantly decrease risk exposure for these crops compared to the situation where production is not insured. The satellite-retrieved index also outperforms one based on soil moisture estimates derived from meteorological measurements at ground stations. Important implications for insurers and policy makers are that they could and should develop better suited insurances. Available satellite-retrieved data can be used to increase farmers’ resilience in a changing climate., European Review of Agricultural Economics, ISSN:0165-1587, ISSN:1464-3618
44. Benchmark products for land evapotranspiration: LandFlux-EVAL multi-data set synthesis
- Author
-
Mueller, Brigitte, Hirschi, Martin, Jiménez-Härtel, Carlos J., Ciais, Philippe, Dirmeyer, Paul A., Dolman, A. Johannes, Fisher, Joshua B., Jung, Martin, Ludwig, Fulco, Maignan, Fabienne, Miralles, Diego, McCabe, Matthew F., Reichstein, Markus, Sheffield, Justin, Wang, Kaicun, Wood, Eric F., Zhang, Yongqiang, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Subjects
13. Climate action - Abstract
Land evapotranspiration (ET) estimates are available from several global data sets. Here, monthly global land ET synthesis products, merged from these individual data sets over the time periods 1989–1995 (7 yr) and 1989–2005 (17 yr), are presented. The merged synthesis products over the shorter period are based on a total of 40 distinct data sets while those over the longer period are based on a total of 14 data sets. In the individual data sets, ET is derived from satellite and/or in situ observations (diagnostic data sets) or calculated via land-surface models (LSMs) driven with observations-based forcing or output from atmospheric reanalyses. Statistics for four merged synthesis products are provided, one including all data sets and three including only data sets from one category each (diagnostic, LSMs, and reanalyses). The multi-annual variations of ET in the merged synthesis products display realistic responses. They are also consistent with previous findings of a global increase in ET between 1989 and 1997 (0.13 mm yr−2 in our merged product) followed by a significant decrease in this trend (−0.18 mm yr−2), although these trends are relatively small compared to the uncertainty of absolute ET values. The global mean ET from the merged synthesis products (based on all data sets) is 493 mm yr−1 (1.35 mm d−1) for both the 1989–1995 and 1989–2005 products, which is relatively low compared to previously published estimates. We estimate global runoff (precipitation minus ET) to 263 mm yr−1 (34 406 km3 yr−1) for a total land area of 130 922 000 km2. Precipitation, being an important driving factor and input to most simulated ET data sets, presents uncertainties between single data sets as large as those in the ET estimates. In order to reduce uncertainties in current ET products, improving the accuracy of the input variables, especially precipitation, as well as the parameterizations of ET, are crucial., Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17 (10), ISSN:1027-5606, ISSN:1607-7938
45. Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: An interactive plotting framework
- Author
-
Wartenburger, Richard, Hirschi, Martin, Donat, Markus G., Greve, Peter, Pitman, Andy J., and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Subjects
13. Climate action - Abstract
This article extends a previous study Seneviratne et al. (2016) to provide regional analyses of changes in climate extremes as a function of projected changes in global mean temperature. We introduce the DROUGHT-HEAT Regional Climate Atlas, an interactive tool to analyse and display a range of well-established climate extremes and water-cycle indices and their changes as a function of global warming. These projections are based on simulations from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). A selection of example results are presented here, but users can visualize specific indices of interest using the online tool. This implementation enables a direct assessment of regional climate changes associated with global mean temperature targets, such as the 2 and 1.5° limits agreed within the 2015 Paris Agreement., Geoscientific Model Development, 10 (9), ISSN:1991-9603, ISSN:1991-959X
46. Global Contributions of Incoming Radiation and Land Surface Conditions to Maximum Near-Surface Air Temperature Variability and Trend
- Author
-
Schwingshackl, Clemens, Hirschi, Martin, and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Subjects
radiation ,temperature trend ,13. Climate action ,linear regression ,temperature variability ,soil moisture ,albedo - Abstract
The evolution of near‐surface air temperature is influenced by various dynamical, radiative, and surface‐atmosphere exchange processes whose contributions are still not completely quantified. Applying stepwise multiple linear regression to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) model simulations and focusing on radiation (diagnosed by incoming shortwave and incoming longwave radiation) and land surface conditions (diagnosed by soil moisture and albedo) about 79% of the interannual variability and 99% of the multidecadal trend of monthly mean daily maximum temperature over land can be explained. The linear model captures well the temperature variability in middle‐to‐high latitudes and in regions close to the equator, whereas its explanatory potential is limited in deserts. While radiation is an essential explanatory variable over almost all of the analyzed domain, land surface conditions show a pronounced relation to temperature in some confined regions. These findings highlight that considering local‐to‐regional processes is crucial for correctly assessing interannual temperature variability and future temperature trends., Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (10), ISSN:0094-8276, ISSN:1944-8007
47. Evapotranspiration simulations in ISIMIP2a-Evaluation of spatio-temporal characteristics with a comprehensive ensemble of independent datasets
- Author
-
Wartenburger, Richard, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Hirschi, Martin, Chang, Jinfeng, Ciais, Philippe, Deryng, Delphine, Elliott, Joshua, Folberth, Christian, Gosling, Simon N., Gudmundsson, Lukas, Henrot, Alexandra-Jane, Hickler, Thomas, Ito, Akihiko, Khabarov, Nikolay, Kim, Hyungjun, Leng, Guoyong, Liu, Junguo, Liu, Xingcai, Masaki, Yoshimitsu, Morfopoulos, Catherine, Müller, Christoph, Müller Schmied, Hannes, Nishina, Kazuya, Orth, Rene, Pokhrel, Yadu, Pugh, Thomas A. M., Satoh, Yusuke, Schaphoff, Sibyll, Schmid, Erwin, Sheffield, Justin, Stacke, Tobias, Steinkamp, Joerg, Tang, Qiuhong, Thiery, Wim, Wada, Yoshihide, Wang, Xuhui, Weedon, Graham P., Yang, Hong, and Zhou, Tian
- Subjects
ISIMIP2a ,hydrological extreme events ,13. Climate action ,evapotranspiration ,15. Life on land ,uncertainty ,cluster analysis - Abstract
Actual land evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component of the global hydrological cycle and an essential variable determining the evolution of hydrological extreme events under different climate change scenarios. However, recently available ET products show persistent uncertainties that are impeding a precise attribution of human-induced climate change. Here, we aim at comparing a range of independent global monthly land ET estimates with historical model simulations from the global water, agriculture, and biomes sectors participating in the second phase of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2a). Among the independent estimates, we use the EartH2Observe Tier-1 dataset (E2O), two commonly used reanalyses, a pre-compiled ensemble product (LandFlux-EVAL), and an updated collection of recently published datasets that algorithmically derive ET from observations or observations-based estimates (diagnostic datasets). A cluster analysis is applied in order to identify spatio-temporal differences among all datasets and to thus identify factors that dominate overall uncertainties. The clustering is controlled by several factors including the model choice, the meteorological forcing used to drive the assessed models, the data category (models participating in the different sectors of ISIMIP2a, E2O models, diagnostic estimates, reanalysis-based estimates or composite products), the ET scheme, and the number of soil layers in the models. By using these factors to explain spatial and spatio-temporal variabilities in ET, we find that the model choice mostly dominates (24%–40% of variance explained), except for spatio-temporal patterns of total ET, where the forcing explains the largest fraction of the variance (29%). The most dominant clusters of datasets are further compared with individual diagnostic and reanalysis-based estimates to assess their representation of selected heat waves and droughts in the Great Plains, Central Europe and western Russia. Although most of the ET estimates capture these extreme events, the generally large spread among the entire ensemble indicates substantial uncertainties., Environmental Research Letters, 13 (7), ISSN:1748-9326, ISSN:1748-9318
48. Basin-scale water-balance dataset (BSWB): an update
- Author
-
Hirschi, Martin and Seneviratne, Sonia I.
- Subjects
13. Climate action ,6. Clean water - Abstract
This paper presents an update of a basin-scale diagnostic dataset of monthly variations in terrestrial water storage for large river basins worldwide (BSWB v2016, doi:10.5905/ethz-1007-82). Terrestrial water storage comprises all forms of water storage on land surfaces, and its seasonal and inter-annual variations are mostly determined by soil moisture, groundwater, snow cover, and surface water. The dataset presented is derived using a combined atmospheric and terrestrial water-balance approach with conventional streamflow measurements and reanalysis data of atmospheric moisture flux convergence. It extends a previous, existing version of the dataset (Mueller et al., 2011) temporally and spatially., Earth System Science Data, 9 (1), ISSN:1866-3516, ISSN:1866-3508
49. The WACMOS-ET project – Part 2: Evaluation of global terrestrial evaporation data sets
- Author
-
Miralles, Diego, Jiménez, Carlos J., Jung, Martin, Michel, Dominik, Ershadi, Ali, McCabe, M.F., Hirschi, Martin, Martens, Brecht, Dolman, A. Johannes, Fisher, Joshua B., Mu, Qiaozhen, Seneviratne, Sonia I., Wood, Eric F., and Fernández Prieto, Diego
- Subjects
13. Climate action ,15. Life on land ,6. Clean water - Abstract
The WAter Cycle Multi-mission Observation Strategy – EvapoTranspiration (WACMOS-ET) project aims to advance the development of land evaporation estimates on global and regional scales. Its main objective is the derivation, validation, and intercomparison of a group of existing evaporation retrieval algorithms driven by a common forcing data set. Three commonly used process-based evaporation methodologies are evaluated: the Penman–Monteith algorithm behind the official Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) evaporation product (PM-MOD), the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), and the Priestley–Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model (PT-JPL). The resulting global spatiotemporal variability of evaporation, the closure of regional water budgets, and the discrete estimation of land evaporation components or sources (i.e. transpiration, interception loss, and direct soil evaporation) are investigated using river discharge data, independent global evaporation data sets and results from previous studies. In a companion article (Part 1), Michel et al. (2016) inspect the performance of these three models at local scales using measurements from eddy-covariance towers and include in the assessment the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model. In agreement with Part 1, our results indicate that the Priestley and Taylor products (PT-JPL and GLEAM) perform best overall for most ecosystems and climate regimes. While all three evaporation products adequately represent the expected average geographical patterns and seasonality, there is a tendency in PM-MOD to underestimate the flux in the tropics and subtropics. Overall, results from GLEAM and PT-JPL appear more realistic when compared to surface water balances from 837 globally distributed catchments and to separate evaporation estimates from ERA-Interim and the model tree ensemble (MTE). Nonetheless, all products show large dissimilarities during conditions of water stress and drought and deficiencies in the way evaporation is partitioned into its different components. This observed inter-product variability, even when common forcing is used, suggests that caution is necessary in applying a single data set for large-scale studies in isolation. A general finding that different models perform better under different conditions highlights the potential for considering biome- or climate-specific composites of models. Nevertheless, the generation of a multi-product ensemble, with weighting based on validation analyses and uncertainty assessments, is proposed as the best way forward in our long-term goal to develop a robust observational benchmark data set of continental evaporation., Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20 (2), ISSN:1027-5606, ISSN:1607-7938
50. Validation practices for satellite soil moisture retrievals: What are (the) errors?
- Author
-
Gruber, Alexander, de Lannoy, Gabriëlle, Albergel, Clement, Al-Yaari, Amen, Brocca, Luca, Calvet, Jean-Christophe, Colliander, Andreas, Cosh, Michael H., Crow, Wade T., Dorigo, Wouter, Draper, Clara, Hirschi, Martin, Kerr, Yann, Konings, Alexandra, Lahoz, William, McColl, Kaighin, Montzka, Carsten, Muñoz-Sabater, Joaquín, Peng, Jian, Reichle, Rolf H., Richaume, Philippe, Rüdiger, Christoph, Scanlon, Tracy, van der Schalie, Robin, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, and Wagner, Wolfgang
- Subjects
Error estimation ,13. Climate action ,Error characterization ,Validation ,Good practice ,Soil moisture ,Standardisation ,Remote sensing - Abstract
This paper presents a community effort to develop good practice guidelines for the validation of global coarse-scale satellite soil moisture products. We provide theoretical background, a review of state-of-the-art methodologies for estimating errors in soil moisture data sets, practical recommendations on data pre-processing and presentation of statistical results, and a recommended validation protocol that is supplemented with an example validation exercise focused on microwave-based surface soil moisture products. We conclude by identifying research gaps that should be addressed in the near future., Remote Sensing of Environment, 244, ISSN:0034-4257
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