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Batteries are a very efficient energy source used in an all-digital environment that adapts to today’s human mobility. The lithium-ion battery is one of the batteries used in various household appliances. There are some problems caused by the anode in terms of utility. This is due to high electrochemical reactivity, which can reduce battery performance. One of the innovations in lithium-ion batteries is anode-free Li-ion battery (AFLB). The working mechanism of this battery is the same as the previous Li-ion battery, but with a smaller anode capacity, so that it can reduce the volume (large) of the battery. The problem that arises is the growth of dendrites that interferes with the battery’s running mechanism, so it needs to be evaluated for its growth. The way that can be done is to modify the copper foil by adding Cu. The innovation of this research is to modify Cu-foil by adding Cu from cable waste. The research method used is leaching Cu from cable waste, followed by reducing Cu powder to form a modified Cu. This study’s data collection techniques include empirical research derived from previous studies and instrumental analysis using SEM, FTIR, and electrochemical performance tests. Electrochemical testing using a cylindrical battery with a current of 1 C (1 C = 430 mA g−1) and a voltage of 2.6–4.3 V obtained ALFB and ALFB Cu-modification batteries with a discharge capacity of 70 and 123 mA h g−1, respectively.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remain the cornerstone of EV technology due to their exceptional energy density. The selection of cathode materials is a decisive factor in LIB technology, profoundly influencing performance, energy density, and lifespan. Among these materials, nickel-rich NCM cathodes have gained significant attention due to their high specific capacity and cost-effectiveness, making them a preferred choice for EV energy storage. However, the transition from the laboratory-scale to industrial-scale production of NMC-811 cathode material presents challenges, particularly in optimizing the oxidation process of Ni2+ ions. This paper addresses the challenges of transitioning NMC-811 cathode material production from a lab scale to a pilot scale, with its high nickel content requiring specialized oxidation processes. The important point emphasized in this transition process is how to produce cathode materials on a pilot scale, but show results equivalent to the laboratory scale. Several optimization variations are carried out, namely, the optimization of the heating rate and the calcination and sintering temperatures, as well as oxygen variations. These two aspects are important for large-scale production. This paper discusses strategies for successful pilot-scale production, laying the foundation for industrial-scale manufacturing. Additionally, NMC-811 cathodes are incorporated into 18650 cylindrical cells, advancing the adoption of high-performance cathode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li-ion batteries with "nickel" as the main material or the highest ratio material on the cathode or anode electrode have attracted considerable attention. Nickel has high strength and corrosion resistance. Nickel has also been utilized successfully as the cathode and anode materials. The specific capacity and energy and power density of the material increased with increasing nickel content. However, several problems have limited the use of nickel-based Li-ion batteries. Problems such as cation mixing, the properties of nickel, and highly Ni-rich compounds leading to side reactions, influence the electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries. The morphology is another factor affecting the electrochemical performance. Further studies will be needed to synthesize materials with the desired morphology and determine how the morphology affects the electrochemical performance. In a morphological perspective, extensive morphological adjustments are a pathway to a long and stable life cycle. In this light, nickelbased electrodes are manufactured continuously and will always be considered for next-generation secondary energy storage. The morphology of nickel-based active materials is one of the main factors determining the highperformance of Li-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]