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BACKGROUND Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific congresses are increasingly being organised as virtual congresses. In May 2020, the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) held a VC, free-of-charge. In the absence of systematic studies on this topic, the aim of this study is to evaluate the attendance and perceived quality of the 2020 EAN virtual congress (VC) compared to the 2019 EAN face-to-face congress (FFC). METHODS Analysis of demographic data of participants obtained from the online registration collected. Comparison of the two congresses based on a survey with questions on the perception of speakers' performance, quality of networking, and other aspects. RESULTS Of 43,596 registered participants, 20,694 active participants attended the VC. Compared to 2019, the number of participants tripled (6916 in 2019) and the cumulated number of participants attending the sessions was five times higher (169,334 in 2020 vs 33,024 in 2019). Out of active participants 55% were from outside Europe, 42% were board-certified neurologists (FFC: 80%), and 21% were students (FFC: 0.6%). The content of the congress was evaluated as 'above expectation' by 56% of the attendees (FFC: 41%). Out of the respondents who had been exposed to earlier EAN congresses 73% preferred the FFC congress compared to the VC (17%). CONCLUSION The VC fulfilled the main mission of organizing high quality EAN congresses despite the restrictions of the impersonal format. The geographical distribution of the participants prove the expected higher inclusivity of a VC. The large participation of students and neurologists in training opens new educational potentials for the EAN.

Members of the Cell Stress Society International (CSSI), Patricija van Oosten-Hawle (University of Leeds, UK), Mehdi Mollapour (SUNY Upstate Medical University, USA), Andrew Truman (University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA) organized a new virtual meeting format which took place on November 5–6, 2020. The goal of this congress was to provide an international platform for scientists to exchange data and ideas among the Cell Stress and Chaperones community during the Covid-19 pandemic. Here we will highlight the summary of the meeting and acknowledge those who were honored by the CSSI.

Introduction: The potential value of preconception care and interconception care is increasingly acknowledged, but delivery is generally uncommon. Reaching women for interconception care is potentially easier than for preconception care, however the concept is still unfamiliar. Expert consensus could facilitate guidelines, policies and subsequent implementation. A national and subsequent international expert meeting were organized to discuss the term, definition, content, relevant target groups, and ways to reach target groups for interconception care. Methods: We performed a literature study to develop propositions for discussion in a national expert meeting in the Netherlands in October 2015. The outcomes of this meeting were discussed during an international congress on preconception care in Sweden in February 2016. Both meetings were recorded, transcribed and subsequently reviewed by participants. Results: The experts argued that the term, definition, and content for interconception care should be in line with preconception care. They discussed that the target group for interconception care should be “all women who have been pregnant and could be pregnant in the future and their (possible) partners”. In addition, they opted that any healthcare provider having contact with the target group should reach out and make every encounter a potential opportunity to promote interconception care. Discussion: Expert discussions led to a description of the term, definition, content, and relevant target groups for interconception care. Opportunities to reach the target group were identified, but should be further developed and evaluated in policies and guidelines to determine the optimal way to deliver interconception care. ispartof: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine vol:33 issue:13 pages:2232-2240 ispartof: location:England status: Published online

2021-03-J060716.R1. Some of the materials in this paper has been presented at 23rd International Congress on Acoustics, Aachen, Germany, 9-13 September 2019. Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Experimental studies of a NACA 65(12)-10 airfoil with a sinusoidal leading-edge undulation (LEU) were carried out to simultaneously optimize its aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performances by considering the attached as well as the separated flow at the effective Reynolds number of 106, where the maximum lift was increased without sacrificing drag or overall noise at near- and poststall angles. Further aerodynamic and aeroacoustic tests indicated that a combination of LEU wavelength λ/c=30% and amplitude h/c=6% gave an optimum LEU by considering the aerodynamic performance as well as the noise reduction. Particle image velocimetry measurements of the flow over the optimized airfoil showed biperiodic velocity fluctuations downstream of the LEU peaks that were associated with unsteady stall cell structure near the trailing edge. EPSRC (Grant Number EP/N018486/1).

During the virtual European Respiratory Society Congress 2020, early career members summarised the sessions organised by the Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly. The topics covered included diagnostic strategies in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with acute respiratory failure, with a focus on patients with interstitial lung disease and for obvious reasons, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These sessions are summarised in this article, with take-home messages highlighted., Updates from #ERSCongress 2020 on diagnostic strategies in patients admitted to the ICU with acute respiratory failure and on the management of #SARSCoV2 infection https://bit.ly/38cx0Pi

This Letter reports a validation of a lattice-Boltzmann approach following the Taylor–Green Vortex benchmark presented at the 19th International Congress on Numerical Combustion and recently reported by Abdelsamie et al. [“The Taylor–Green vortex as a benchmark for high-fidelity combustion simulations using low-Mach solvers,” Comput. Fluids 223, 104935 (2021)]. The lattice-Boltzmann approach, despite having a time step bound by an acoustic Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition, provides results faster than the low-Mach solvers which performed to the benchmark. Such a feat is made possible by the fully explicit nature of the method and indicates very high potential for practical applications.

Highlights • Some prolonged seizures (even nonconvulsive) can cause neuronal damage and warrant aggressive treatment. • Highly sedating anti-seizure drugs can also cause morbidity and should be avoided when possible. • Treatment aggressiveness should be tailored the type of SE and its refractoriness. • Some flexible ‘‘experience-based” recommendations are made for treatment of refractory SE., This article presents a “debate” about the appropriate level of aggressiveness of treatment for nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), held at the International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology in Washington D.C. on 4 May 2018. The proposition for discussion was “Nonconvulsive seizures and status epilepticus in the intensive care unit should be treated aggressively.” Dr. Andrea O. Rossetti from Lausanne, Switzerland, spoke in support of the proposition and Dr. Lawrence J. Hirsch from New Haven, Connecticut, discussed reasons for rejecting the proposal. Dr. Frank W. Drislane from Boston, Massachusetts, was asked by the conference organizers to add comments and perspective.

On April 14, 2018, the Department of International Law, Law Institute, RUDN University held the annual XVI Annual Blischenko Congress. The main work of the Blischenko Congress traditionally took place in sections focused on the main branches of international law. Co-organizers of the International Congress were international organizations, representative offices and departments. This research event was organized with grant support from: Russian Foundation for Basic Research; the grant of the President of the Russian Federation for the state support of young researches; grant of the Russian Science Foundation.

The European Respiratory Society congress in the year 2020, a year dominated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, was the first virtual congress planned with an innovative and interactive congress programme upfront. It was a large, novel platform for scientific discussion and presentations of cutting-edge innovative developments. This article summarises a selection of the scientific highlights from the Clinical Techniques, Imaging and Endoscopy assembly (assembly 14). In addition to presentations on the important role of bronchoscopy, imaging and ultrasound techniques in the field of SARS-CoV-2 infection, novel diagnostic approaches and innovative therapeutic strategies in patients with lung cancer, interstitial lung disease, obstructive airway disorders and infectious diseases were discussed., A summary of developments in interventional pulmonology, imaging techniques and ultrasound presented at #ERSCongress2020. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in various lung diseases are discussed. https://bit.ly/2Q2aX84

In this article, early career members of the Epidemiology and Environment Assembly of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) summarise a selection of five sessions from the ERS 2020 Virtual International Congress. The topics covered include risk factors for chronic respiratory diseases over the life course, from early life origins to occupational exposures in adulthood, and the interplay between these risk factors, including gene–environment interactions. Novel results were also presented on smoking prevention and potential risks of vaping. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for epidemiological and environmental research brought by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic were a major topic of this year's congress., Highlights of #ERSCongress 2020 from the Epidemiology and Environment Assembly https://bit.ly/3ogC1Me

Nanotechnology and biotechnology are two of the fields that have generated the most “hype” within the last 20 years regarding their potential contribution to technological developments. Nanotechnology pursues the capability to design and synthesize nanometric structures and machines in a lego-like fashion, where each building block is an individual molecule. Biotechnology has the ultimate goal of designing, constructing, and using living organisms, or parts of them, for different applications. Therefore, it is fascinating and worth exploring where these fields can benefit from one another, and the field of NanoBioEngineering emerges at the interface of these fields. Nanobioengineering sees the great potential for biotechnology to take advantage of the powerful characterization tools and sophisticated synthesis developed within the field of nanotechnology to construct nanostructures and devices that interface organic and inorganic systems. On the other hand, biotechnology offers nanobioengineering the understanding of the genetic circuitry and biochemical processes that allow life in living organisms. Additionally, the solution to achieving organization of synthesized nanobiostructures lies in studying how biological systems have mastered self-assembly to build hierarchical systems through weak intramolecular forces. The beforementioned applications and technological advances of NanoBioEngineering were exhibited at the 2nd International Congress on NanobioEngineering (CINBI2020), which took place on the virtual premises of the Centro de Investigacion en Biotecnologia y Nanotecnologia (CIByN) at the Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas in the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon in Monterrey, Mexico (24th−30th October, 2020). CINBI2020 brought together, virtually, scientists from different fields working on NanoBioEngineering and highlighted the current state of the art of seven thematic areas. More importantly, Science communication was a thematic area we decided to include, due to the times we are currently facing, where the importance of disseminating scientific thinking and scientifically validated information is critical. In this opinion, I highlight the Keynote Conferences and some of the works that were found of high relevance and which I believe have an impact on the advances of NanoBioEngineering toward the development of knowledge and technology that contribute toward the advancement of society.

BACKGROUND Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific congresses are increasingly being organised as virtual congresses. In May 2020, the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) held a VC, free-of-charge. In the absence of systematic studies on this topic, the aim of this study is to evaluate the attendance and perceived quality of the 2020 EAN virtual congress (VC) compared to the 2019 EAN face-to-face congress (FFC). METHODS Analysis of demographic data of participants obtained from the online registration collected. Comparison of the two congresses based on a survey with questions on the perception of speakers' performance, quality of networking, and other aspects. RESULTS Of 43,596 registered participants, 20,694 active participants attended the VC. Compared to 2019, the number of participants tripled (6916 in 2019) and the cumulated number of participants attending the sessions was five times higher (169,334 in 2020 vs 33,024 in 2019). Out of active participants 55% were from outside Europe, 42% were board-certified neurologists (FFC: 80%), and 21% were students (FFC: 0.6%). The content of the congress was evaluated as 'above expectation' by 56% of the attendees (FFC: 41%). Out of the respondents who had been exposed to earlier EAN congresses 73% preferred the FFC congress compared to the VC (17%). CONCLUSION The VC fulfilled the main mission of organizing high quality EAN congresses despite the restrictions of the impersonal format. The geographical distribution of the participants prove the expected higher inclusivity of a VC. The large participation of students and neurologists in training opens new educational potentials for the EAN.

Dusan Srdoc was born on January 11, 1929, in Rijeka, Croatia. He graduated from the Technical Faculty of the University of Zagreb in 1953 and was employed at the Ruđer Boskovi´c Institute (RBI) in Zagreb, Croatia, where he founded a laboratory for the development and production of detectors of ionizing radiation.Dr. Srdoc and his team also developed and implemented the coupled vacuum preparation lines and electronic system for data acquisition and data evaluation. The Ruđer Boskovi´c Radiocarbon Laboratory, the first of this kind in southeastern Europe, was founded in 1968. During 1969 the whole system was tested, in 1970 the first radiocarbon dating results were obtained, and the next year they were published as Datalist I in Radiocarbon (Srdoc et al. 1971). The laboratory also implemented the measurement of tritium activity concentration by gas proportional counter, and both the multi-wire counter and the sample preparation line were produced by the laboratory staff. Dr. Srdoc was one of the founders of the Yugoslav Radiation Protection Association (YRPA) in 1963 and its first secretary. He represented Croatia and YRPA at the First International Congress on Radiation Protection in Rome in 1966. Later, this congress was recognized as the First International Congress of IRPA, the International Radiation Protection Association. We will remember Dr. Srdoc as a diligent and devoted scientist who initiated many new research topics at the Institute. For the current laboratory staff, his most important legacy is the founding of the Radiocarbon Laboratory, which is still in operation and following the top techniques and topics in the field. Dr. Srdoc taught us to look at our results from various standpoints, to question the conclusions, to not be afraid of the critics, and to continuously improve our knowledge and skills.

The objectives of the 16th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies (aPL) Task Force on Clinical Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) were to critically analyze: a) the definition of “APS”; b) the current knowledge on non-traditional manifestations associated with aPL; and c) the risk stratification strategies in aPL-positive patients. The quality of evidence was assessed by the GRADE system. The task force concluded that: a) APS does not have a uniform definition given the heterogeneity of the clinical presentations and different aPL profiles; b) current literature supports the role for aPL testing in cases of thrombocytopenia and recurrent cardiac events but are limited by vast heterogeneity, providing an overall low-to-very low level of evidence; and c) risk stratification strategies in aPL-positive patients, such as aPL-Score and Global APS Score, can be useful in clinical practice. International multicenter studies are still highly needed to improve the quality of available evidence and consequently the strength of future recommendations.

The annual European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress will take place in a virtual format, from 5 to 8 September 2021. As in previous years, the programme will be full of outstanding scientific sessions in the field of respiratory medicine and enriching opportunities for Early Career Members (ECMs). In this article, we provide an overview of the structure and content of the Congress, as well as tips on how to navigate the programme and get the most out of it. We also provide a brief description of the ECM session which will focus on the keys to success in science., This article provides a brief description of the Early Career Member session and guidance on how to get the most out of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress 2021, to help attendees plan their Congress in advance. https://bit.ly/3dBNrYC

In historical research on internationalism and the international sphere, the rise of the international congress during the nineteenth century has long played a prominent role. This article investigates the making of the international congress as a phenomenon by comparing three early series of meetings – anti-slavery conventions, peace congresses and philanthropic congresses during the 1840s and 1850s – as communicative events. The analysis shows that their staging was influenced by the fact that these meetings were organised to mobilise reform movements, and that they relied on a public sphere where elite groups, gathered in the metropoles of Europe, could expect that their speeches would reach geographically dispersed audiences through print media. A general conclusion is that these meetings pioneered a new way of being international – called ‘representative internationality’ in the article – through how they were arranged as independent actors beyond local contexts that could both ‘speak for’ and ‘speak to’ different collectives.

International audience; SPECIAL ISSUE: 6TH INTERNATIONAL ENTOMOPHAGOUS INSECTSCONFERENCEEntomophag ous insects – an introductionEric Conti1* , Eric Wajnberg2,3& Leo W. Beukeboom41Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, Perugia 06121,Italy,2INRAE, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, Sophia Antipolis Cedex 06903, France,3INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, ProjetHephaistos, 2004 Route des Lucioles, BP 93, Sophia Antipolis Cedex 06902, France, and4Groningen Institute forEvolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, Groningen 9700 CC, The NetherlandsAccepted: 31 July 2020Key words: international congress, parasitoids, predators, trophic networks, ecosystem functioning,BIOCAT database, exploitation, behavioral manipulation, mass rearing, intraguild predation,chemical ecology, functional morphology, biological control, biocontrol agentsAbstract

appears in Infection Prevention & Control / International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101(S1) (2021) 300–335 the organizers of the 19th International Congress on Infectious Diseases (ICID) made the decision to cancel the Congress scheduled for September 10-13, 2020 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Venous ulcers represent the most frequent ulcers and have a high clinical and socioeconomic significance. Nevertheless, pending questions remain on epidemiology, genetic and biomolecular mechanisms, contraindications and risk factors of compression therapy, role of pharmacological therapy. Overall prevalence in the range of 1-2% and point prevalence of 0.08-0.6% can be reduced if risk factors are identified and treated early. In this context, analysis of factor XIII and hemocromatosis gene polymorphisms, with the C282Y and H63D variants, may be of great importance. Also MMP12 gene polymorphism and the imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors are able to impair wound healing via deleterious degradation process of extra-cellular matrix. From a therapeutic point of view, conflicting recommendations exist on relative contraindications, risks and adverse events of compression therapy. Some studies showed that the administration of pentoxyphilline, Micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) and sulodexide was effective in accelerating ulcer healing, but there is no data on the duration of treatment, recurrence rates and cost-effectiveness relationship.

The 2019 European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress took place in Madrid, Spain, and served as a platform to find out the latest advances in respiratory diseases research. The research aims are to understand the physiology and consequences of those diseases, as well as the improvement in their diagnoses, treatments and patient care. In particular, the scientific sessions arranged by ERS Assembly 4 provided novel insights into sleep-disordered breathing and new knowledge in respiratory physiology. This article, divided by session, will summarise the most relevant studies presented at the ERS International Congress. Each section has been written by Early Career Members specialising in the different fields of this interdisciplinary assembly., A selection of the best sessions from @ERS_assembly4 at the 2019 #ERSCongress by Early Career @EuroRespSoc members https://bit.ly/3g30X6W

Preface: When it comes to transitions, we usually think of important progressions, momentous historical events, peoples’ unforgettable memories, or significant changes in the individual’s life. More rarely, we refer to the feature of simplicity. The Second International Congress of the Italian Society of Pediatric Psychology, in order to focus on and open a debate about the evolutionary transitions in pediatric conditions, emphasised simplicity as essentiality, repeatability, reproducibility and comprehensibility of these progressions [...].

The European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress, the largest respiratory meeting in the world, will take place 7–9 September 2020 in a virtual way. Next to an outstanding scientific programme with novel insights into a broad spectrum of respiratory topics, a comprehensive programme will be offered to Early Career Members (ECMs). ECMs will have access to pre-recorded postgraduate courses, professional development workshops and “Expert view” sessions, which are only a few examples of an excellent educational programme that promotes the exchange of basic and translational science, and clinical knowledge. Alongside this educational programme, the Early Career Members Committee (ECMC) also organises a session dedicated to the professional development of ECMs. This ECM session, will take place on Wednesday morning (9.30–10.30 h in Studio Madrid), 9 September. Useful information about the ERS structure and how to get involved within the ERS will be covered by the co-chair of the ECMC, Maxime Patout. Furthermore, the opportunity of fellowships that allow ECMs to gather experience in another country, to learn new skills and to promote respiratory networks worldwide will be highlighted by Louise E. Donnely (ERS Fellowships and Awards Director), followed by the Mina Gaga lecture given by Chris Burtin, who is the 2020 ECM awardee. The session will be closed by a talk on motivation and leadership in science by ECMC representative Daniela Gompelmann. As clinical and scientific work presents multidisciplinary teamwork, one key to success in science is to develop the ability to inspire, push and motivate the team. As motivational leadership is a true challenge, some motivational techniques that will positively influence the productivity and happiness of the scientific team will be presented., A sneak peek into the @EarlyCareerERS session at #ERSCongress 2020 and the experience of organising an @EuroRespSoc Research Seminar http://bit.ly/39yncgO

The 12th International Congress of South-East European Studies, Political, Social and Religious Dynamics in the South-Eastern Europe, was organized by the Institute for the South-East European Studies of the Romanian Academy, in cooperation with the Association Internationale d’Etudes du Sud-Est europeen (AIESEE) and UNESCO, between September 2 and 6, 2019. Hosted by the Faculty of Law of the University of Bucharest, by the Library of the Holy Synod and by the National Archives of Romania, the Congress has gathered over 400 specialists from over 30 countries.

Although it was with great sadness that we had to cancel the 2020 congress, which was to have been held in Tallinn, Estonia, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the EAPCCT Board and Scientific and Meetin...

The European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress 2019 in Madrid, Spain, was a platform for scientific discussion of the highest quality scientific research, cutting-edge techniques and innovative new therapies within the respiratory field. This article discusses some of the high-quality research studies presented at that Congress, with a focus on airway diseases, including asthma, COPD, small airways, bronchiectasis and cough, presented through the Airway Diseases, Asthma and COPD Assembly (Assembly 5) of the ERS. The authors establish the key take-home messages of these studies, compare their findings and place them into context of current understanding., This article discusses some of the high-quality research studies presented at #ERSCongress in Madrid, with a particular focus on airway diseases, presented through the Airway Diseases, Asthma and COPD Assembly (Assembly 5) http://bit.ly/2RpDVvv

At the European Respiratory Society's International Congress of 2019, which was held in Madrid, Spain, there were several sessions with exciting poster and oral presentations within the fields of epidemiology and tobacco control. This article is the summary of two of these sessions. One was on the use of Big Data in epidemiology and the other, on the global burden of respiratory disease and tobacco., Highlights from the Epidemiology and Environment Assembly at the #ERSCongress 2019 http://bit.ly/38p6jEZ

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the academic productivity of and the obstacles encountered by orthopedic residents in Turkey. METHODS: Overall, 220 orthopedic specialists who were registered in the Ministry of Health and had started orthopedic residency between 2009 and 2010 were invited to participate in a survey through e-mail. The survey comprised a total of 19 questions to evaluate the academic works conducted and obstacles encountered during residency. Academic work was defined as an article published in the peer-reviewed journals as well as an oral or poster presentation at a national or international congress. Case reports, letters to the editor, and technical notes were excluded. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 116 respondents who completed the survey. In peer-reviewed journals in Science Citation Index (SCI) or SCI-Expanded, the mean number of articles published with and without the first name per resident was 0.09 and 0.73, respectively. In peer-reviewed journals other than those in SCI and SCI-Expanded, the mean number of articles published with and without the first name per resident was 0.37 and 1, respectively. The mean number of oral and poster presentations per resident at national and international congresses was 2.63 and 4.67, respectively. No significant difference in the number of academic works was noted between the regions and institutions (p>0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between the number of associate professors and assistant professors in the clinic and the total number of academic works (article plus presentation) (p

The First International Neurological Congress took place in 1931 in Berne, Switzerland, convening among >800 participants were many of the best-known neurologists and neuroscientist of that time. It had a great impact on the acknowledgement and acceptance of neurology as a specialized field in medicine and led to the formation of University Chairs and Neurological Societies in various countries.

The Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly of the European Respiratory Society is delighted to present the highlights from the 2019 International Congress in Madrid, Spain. We have selected four sessions that discussed recent advances in a wide range of topics: from acute respiratory failure to cough augmentation in neuromuscular disorders and from extra-corporeal life support to difficult ventilator weaning. The subjects are summarised by early career members in close collaboration with the Assembly leadership. We aim to give the reader an update on the most important developments discussed at the conference. Each session is further summarised into a short list of take-home messages., The #ERSCongress in Madrid had some great sessions on respiratory intensive care. This article highlights the most important sessions. http://bit.ly/2GtT0qL

This article discusses a selection of the scientific presentations in the field of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) that took place at the 2019 European Respiratory Society International Congress in Madrid, Spain. There were sessions from all four groups within Assembly 12: group 12.01 “Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias”, group 12.02 “ILDs/diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs) of known origin”, group 12.03 “Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous ILDs/DPLDs” and group 12.04 “Rare ILDs/DPLDs”. The presented studies brought cutting-edge developments on several aspects of these conditions, including pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. As many of the ILDs are individually rare, the sharing of experiences and new data that occur during the Congress are very important for physicians interested in ILDs and ILD patients alike., The 2019 #ERSCongress in Madrid provided novel data on interstitial lung diseases https://bit.ly/3iUKMZY

Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) remains a clinical challenge for practitioners, with several controversial points that have not been answered so far. This Obstetric APS Task Force met on the 16th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Manchester, England, to discuss about treatment, diagnostic and clinical aspects of the disease. This report will address evidence-based medicine related to obstetric APS, including limitations on our current management, the relationship between antibodies against domain 1 of β2GPI and obstetric morbidity, hydroxychloroquine use in patients with obstetric APS and factors associated with thrombosis after obstetric APS. Finally, future directions for better understanding this complex condition are also reported by the Task Force coordinators.