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Background: The prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis remains a challenge despite government efforts to eliminate the disease. This study aims to assess the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis in school-age children living in the villages surrounding Lake Chamo in southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Methodology/Principal findings: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2023 in Shele Mela Kebele in Gamo Zone, South Ethiopia. Stool samples were collected from 597 school-age children. A singe Kato-Katz for helminths and formalin-ether concentration technique for protozoan parasites were used to process the samples. The intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection among school-age children was determined by counting the number of eggs per gram of stool. Of the 597 children screened, 52.3% (95% CI: 48.4.4–56.4) were positive for Schistosoma mansoni. These findings showed that 55% of the infections were light, 30.3% were moderate, and 14.7% were heavy. The mean egg count of S. mansoni parasites was 182.1 eggs per gram. The prevalence of other intestinal parasites (Hymenolopis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Taenia species, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica) was found to be 7.7% (46/597). The overall prevalence of S. mansoni co-infection with other intestinal parasites was 5.0% (30/597). Specifically, the co-infection rates were 1.5% for A. lumbricoides, 1.3% for H. nana, 1.0% for Taenia species, 0.2% for Hookworm, 0.2% for E. histolytica, and 0.2% for G. lamblia. Conclusions/Significances: The study showed a high rate of S. mansoni infection among school-age children. This calls for immediate action, such as school-based deworming, to protect these children from the disease and reduce the burden. Further research is needed to understand the transmission of the infection by the intermediate host. Author summary: Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease that affects over 220 million people globally. Although there is a deworming mass drug administration (MDA) program for soil-transmitted helminths, the study area still needs to be integrated into the Praziquantel MDA. The study focused on school-age children to better understand the prevalence of the disease and recommend interventions. Hence, we assessed the prevalence and intensity of intestinal schistosomiasis among school-age children living in selected villages near Lake Chamo in the southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The results revealed that the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni was 52.3%. The overall prevalence of other intestinal parasites (Hymenolopis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Taenia species, Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica) was 7.7%. We documented a 5% S. mansoni co-infection with all other intestinal parasites including A. lumbricoides, H. nana, Taenia species, Hookworm, E. histolytica, and G. lamblia. This implies a high prevalence of intestinal parasites in school-age children, necessitating immediate action to alleviate this burden. Implementing school-based mass drug administration (MDA) for schistosomiasis is advisable in the study villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living organisms are exposed to multiple environmental factors that can affect their fitness. The negative effects of these simultaneous stressors can be additive or can interact in negative synergistic or antagonistic ways to affect the health of exposed individuals. Parasites can accumulate pollutants in their own tissues and have been shown to increase the tolerance of their hosts to different pollutants (antagonistic interaction between parasites and pollutants). Through an experimental approach, we tested the existence of combined antagonistic effects between intestinal parasites and lead exposure on urban feral pigeons (Columba livia) which are known to be exposed to trace metal pollution and harbour a wide variety of internal and external parasites. We experimentally exposed wild feral pigeons in captivity to two treatments: an anthelmintic treatment to eliminate intestinal nematode parasites; an exposure to lead for a period of 6 months. We tested the effects of these crossed treatments on several components of fitness: immunocompetence, reproduction, and body mass. Our findings suggest that the overall effects of lead exposure, either alone or in combination with the presence of intestinal parasites (without anthelmintic treatment) were negative, through either additive or synergistic means. Our results reveal the existence of negative combined effects between pollutant exposure and intestinal parasites, highlighting the importance of accounting for multiple stress factors when studying the effects of exposure to pollutants and/or other environmental stressors on the fitness of organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the need for a paradigm shift in soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) control, emphasizing the importance of targeting the right people, in the right place, and with the right drugs. It highlights the unequal burden of STH infections on disadvantaged populations and the need for a more targeted and equity-based approach to deworming. The World Health Organization's 2030 targets for STH control programs are outlined, focusing on achieving elimination of STH morbidity and increasing domestic financial support for preventive chemotherapy. The article calls for increased coordination, accountability, and country ownership to optimize resources and improve the effectiveness of STH control programs. [Extracted from the article]

Nigella sativa (N. sativa; Ranunculaceae), commonly referred to as black cumin, is one of the most widely used medicinal plants worldwide, with its seeds having numerous applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. With the emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens as an important health challenge, the need for alternative microbe-inhibitory agents is on the rise, whereby black cumin has gained considerable attention from researchers for its strong antimicrobial characteristics owing to its high content in a wide range of bioactive compounds, including thymoquinone, nigellimine, nigellidine, quercetin, and O-cymene. Particularly, thymoquinone increases the levels of antioxidant enzymes that counter oxidative stress in the liver. Additionally, the essential oil in N. sativa seeds effectively inhibits intestinal parasites and shows moderate activity against some bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Thymoquinone exhibits minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8–16 μg/mL against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and exhibits MIC 0.25 µg/mL against drug-resistant mycobacteria. Similarly, quercetin shows a MIC of 2 mg/mL against oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Furthermore, endophytic fungi isolated from N. sativa have demonstrated antibacterial activity. Therefore, N. sativa is a valuable medicinal plant with potential for medicinal and food-related applications. In-depth exploration of the corresponding therapeutic potential and scope of industrial application warrants further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cestode family Gymnorhynchidae (Trypanorhyncha) comprises three genera and six valid species that, as adults, are all intestinal parasites of large pelagic sharks. Their life cycle has not been elucidated yet, but it has been proposed that copepods serve as first, pelagic euphausiids or schooling fish as second, and larger predatory fishes as third intermediate hosts. Molidae fish have been proposed as intermediate hosts for at least two gymnorhynchid species (i.e., Molicola horridus and M. uncinatus). During a parasitological survey of fish from the coast of Kerala (India), some individuals of a gymnorhynchid species were found in a sharptail mola Masturus lanceolatus. Parasites were located on the subcapsular tissue of liver showing a serpiginous route. Based on 28S rDNA molecular and phylogenetic analysis, parasites were identified as Gymnorhynchus isuri, which resulted genetically identical to G. isuri obtained from the liver of a sun fish Mola mola in the Mediterranean Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Helicobacter pylori and infections due to intestinal parasites are quite common in developing countries around the world, in societies with low socioeconomic levels, and in regions with inadequate and unhealthy drinking water and food. Our study aimed to reveal the association Helicobacter pylori positivity and intestinal parasites (IP) in the stool patients who came to the hospital due to dyspeptic complaints. Materials and Methods: Between 01.2018 and 04.2024, 953 patients admitted to the hospital with dyspepsia and whose stool samples were taken were examined. The data of patients for whom stool Helicobacter pylori rapid antigen test, IP test and demographic variables were requested were evaluated retrospectively. Results: Of the 953 patients, 396 (41.6%) were male and 557 (58.4%) were female. Patient ages ranged from 18 to 85 years and the average was 38.65± 15,15.64 years. The patients were divided into two age groups. There were 882 (92.5%) patients between the ages of 18-65, and 71 (7.5%) patients between the ages of 66-85. Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica)/Entamoeba dispar (E. dispar) in 12 (1.3%) of the patients, Giardia intestinalis (G. intestinalis) in 24 (2.5%), Blastocystis hominis (B. Hominis) in 3 (0.3%) and H. pylori was detected in 128 (13.4%). The relationship between H. pylori and IP was found to be statistically significant. IP was detected in 20.3% of cases in which H. pylori was detected. No relationship was found between gender and H. pylori and IP. No relationship was found between age groups and H. pylori and IP. Conclusion: H. pylori and IP are found quite frequently in the world. To better understand the association between them, more comprehensive multi-center studies are needed, in which high-sensitivity methods are used and data can be compared with healthy control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the current prevalences of nutritional status and intestinal parasites, and their potential association with socio‐environmental conditions among schoolchildren in Aristóbulo del Valle, Misiones. Methods: We measured body weight and height in 444 schoolchildren aged 3–14 years and evaluated their nutritional status following WHO criteria. We examined fecal samples and anal swabs from 234 schoolchildren and collected socio‐environmental data through questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of undernutrition was 4.5% and excess of weight was 24.1%. The prevalence of stunting and of being overweight reached 2.3% and 12.4%, respectively. About 42% of the schoolchildren were infected with at least one of the 12 species identified. The most prevalent species were Blastocystis sp., Enterobius vermicularis, and Giardia lamblia. Entamoeba dispar was recorded for the first time in the locality. The multiple correspondence analysis identified peri‐urban, urban, and rural groups. Underweight, stunting and obesity were highest in the peri‐urban group, while overweight, wasting and parasitism rates were highest in the rural group. The urban group showed the lowest parasitic prevalences. Bed‐sharing, mother's education, and animal husbandry were associated with parasitic infections. Conclusions: The study highlights a decrease in undernutrition but a rise in overweight and obesity, indicating an ongoing nutritional transition. The association between socio‐environmental risk factors and parasitic infections underscore the need for comprehensive interventions addressing both nutritional and socio‐environmental conditions to improve the population's life quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The ultrastructural study of spermatozoa in parasites such as the Digenea provides data that, like classical morphological features, biological data, and genetic characterization, can help achieve a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships at different taxonomic levels. In this context, the present study provides the first ultrastructural data of spermatozoa in a digenean species of the genus Artyfechinostomum. These results increase the database of ultrastructural spermatological characteristics within the group of Echinostomatoidea. The comparison of these features with the existing data allows us to establish a coherent model of the sperm cell for species belonging to this superfamily. The study of sperm characteristics has proven useful for elucidating interrelationships in several groups of Platyhelminthes, such as digeneans. Thus, in the present work, the ultrastructural organization of the mature spermatozoon of the digenean Artyfechinostomum malayanum (Echinostomatidae), a parasite of Rattus norvegicus (Rodentia: Muridae) from Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, was investigated for the first time using transmission electron microscopy. The male gamete of A. malayanum exhibits two axonemes of different lengths, showing the 9 + '1' pattern of the Trepaxonemata, a nucleus, two mitochondria, two lateral expansions, two bundles of parallel cortical microtubules, external ornamentation, spine-like bodies, and granules of glycogen. Thus, the mature spermatozoon follows a Type V sperm model proposed for digeneans. We also highlight some noteworthy characteristics in Echinostomatidae with possible phylogenetic implications, such as two lateral expansions in the anterior region of the spermatozoon and two mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Introduction: Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) are one of the most common causes of disease in the world. Clinical diagnosis of most parasitic diseases is difficult because they do not produce characteristic symptoms. (2) Methods: The PubMed, Science Direct, and Wiley Online Library medical databases were reviewed using the following phrases: "parasitic infections and diagnostics", "intestinal parasites", "gastrointestinal parasites", "parasitic infections and diagnostics", and their combinations. (3) Results and Conclusions: Correct diagnosis of GIP involves determining the presence of a parasite and establishing a relationship between parasite invasion and disease symptoms. The diagnostic process should consider the possibility of the coexistence of infection with several parasites at the same time. In such a situation, diagnostics should be planned with consideration of their frequency in each population and the local epidemiological situation. The importance of the proper interpretation of laboratory test results, based on good knowledge of the biology of the parasite, should be emphasized. The presence of the parasite may not be causally related to the disease symptoms. Due to wide access to laboratories, patients often decide to perform tests themselves without clinical justification. Research is carried out using various methods which are often unreliable. This review briefly covers current laboratory methods for diagnosing the most common gastrointestinal parasitic diseases in Europe. In particular, we provide useful information on the following aspects: (i) what to look for and where to look for it (suitability of feces, blood, duodenal contents, material taken from endoscopy or biopsy, tissue samples, and locations for searching for eggs, cysts, parasites, parasite genetic material, and characteristics of immune responses indicating parasitic infections); (ii) when material should be collected for diagnosis and/or to check the effectiveness of treatment; (iii) how—that is, by what methods—laboratory diagnostics should be carried out. Here, the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect methods of detecting parasites will be discussed. False-positive or false-negative results are a problem facing many tests. Available tests have different sensitivities and specificities. Therefore, especially in doubtful situations, tests for the presence of the pathogen should be performed using various available methods. It is important that the methods used make it possible to distinguish an active infection from a past infection. Finally, we present laboratory "case reports", in which we will discuss the diagnostic procedure that allows for the successful identification of parasites. Additionally, we briefly present the possibilities of using artificial intelligence to improve the effectiveness of diagnosing parasitic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetraspanins (TSPANs) are a family of proteins highly conserved in all eukaryotes. Although protein-protein interactions of TSPANs have been well established in eukaryotes including parasitic protists, the role they play in parasitism and pathogenesis remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized three representative members of TSPANs, TSPAN4, TSPAN12, and TSPAN13 from the human intestinal protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that TSPAN4, TSPAN12 and TSPAN13 are reciprocally pulled down together with several other TSPAN-interacting proteins including TSPAN binding protein of 55kDa (TBP55) and interaptin. Blue native-PAGE analysis showed that these TSPANs form several complexes of 120–250 kDa. Repression of tspan12 and tspan13 gene expression led to decreased secretion of cysteine proteases, while repression of tspan4 led to a four-fold increase in the activity of cysteine proteases in crude extracellular vesicles (EVs) fraction. Meanwhile, strains overexpressing HA-tagged TSPAN12 and TSPAN13 demonstrated reduced adhesion to collagen. Altogether, this study reveals that the TSPANs, especially TSPAN12 and TSPAN13, are engaged with complex protein-protein interactions and are involved in the pathogenicity-related biological functions such as protease secretion and adhesion, offering insights into the potential regulatory mechanisms of tetraspanins in protozoan parasites. Author summary: Tetraspanins (TSPANs) are involved in critical roles such as cellular communication, adhesion, and immune responses. However, their function in parasitic protozoa, particularly in relation to disease-causing mechanisms, remains poorly understood. Our study explores the role of three tetraspanins (TSPAN4, TSPAN12, and TSPAN13) in Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal parasite which causes amebiasis, and a significant health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Our findings reveal that these amebic TSPANs form various protein complexes similar to what is observed in other organisms. We also found that amebic TSPANs influence crucial processes related to the parasite's pathogenicity, such as adhesion to collagen and secretion of cysteine proteases (CPs). Gene silencing of TSPAN12 and TSPAN13 caused reduction in CP secretion, while overexpression resulted in decreased adhesion. Additionally, TSPAN4 appears to play a distinct role in exosome-mediated pathways. Our findings provide insights into a potential alternative mechanism of CP secretion via exosomes, in which amebic TSPANs may play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soil-transmitted diseases are caused by intestinal worms transmitted via various routes into the human body resulting in various clinical manifestations. This study aimed to investigate the socio-demographic factors contributing mainly to the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) among newly arrived laborers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A total of 188 stool specimens were collected and examined macroscopically and microscopically using different techniques. In addition, real-time PCR was used as a molecular tool to detect several STHs. The descriptive analysis was used to evaluate demographic data and categorical variables in association with STHs infection. Results: Of all participants, the mean age was 26.08 ± 2.67 years, including 103 females and 85 males. A total of 86 (45.70%) were illiterate, followed by 60 (31.90%) of participants belonging to elementary level. STHs and other intestinal parasites were detected among 35 newly arrived laborers (18.61%). Nineteen cases (10.11%) were infected with STHs, including 15 cases with one STHs (four A. lumbricoides, four N. americanus, four T. trichiura, two S. stercoralis, one A. duodenale) and four cases with two STHs (two T. trichiura and N. americanus; one S. stercoralis and A. duodenale; one T. trichiura and S. stercoralis). High rates of STHs infection were detected among drivers (11.70%) followed by housemaids (11.20%), but with no significant association to occupation. Higher rates of STHs infection were detected among those used to walk on soil barefoot in their home countries before arriving in Jeddah. Conclusion: This study found that none of the newly arrived expatriate laborers in Jeddah was aware of STHs. About 10% of them had infection with one or two STHs, mainly among newly arrived laborers from Asian countries. There is a need for awareness programs and regular screening for STHs and other intestinal parasites among newly arrived expatriate laborers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study updates the knowledge of current canine and feline endoparasitic prevalence in Finland. The previous studies reported intestinal worm prevalence of 5.9% in dogs and 7.1% in cats. We also determined the anthelmintic regime and background data of dogs and cats concerning Toxocara spp. infection. Altogether 664 canine and 379 feline (including 46 shelter cats') fecal samples from over six-month-old animals were examined with quantitative Mini-FLOTAC method using zinc sulfate with a specific gravity of 1.35. Of these samples, 396 canine and 89 feline samples were analyzed using the Baermann method for nematode larvae. A fenbendazole efficacy study was conducted with 12 animals positive for Toxocara spp. Results: Endoparasites were found in the feces of 3.5% of dogs, 3.6% of pet cats, and 41.3% of shelter cats. The most common findings in dogs were strongylid (1.7%) and Toxocara canis (0.9%) eggs. Trematode (0.4%), Eucoleus spp. (0.3%), taeniid (0.2%), and Trichuris vulpis (0.2%) eggs, and Cystoisospora spp. oocysts (0.2%) were also detected. One dog (0.2%) was positive for Crenosoma vulpis based on the Baermann method. Toxocara cati (3.3%), taeniid (0.6%), and trematode (0.3%) eggs were found in pet cats' samples. The findings in shelter cat samples were T. cati (34.8%), Eucoleus spp. (13.0%), Cystoisospora spp. oocysts (10.9%), taeniids (8.7%), and Toxoplasma gondii/Hammondia hammondii oocysts (2.2%). Fenbendazole efficacy was adequate in all treated animals, except one cat. The background data revealed 31.2% of dogs being dewormed less than once a year or never. Under twelve-month-old dogs and dogs that were dewormed twice a year were most likely to be T. canis- infected. Shelter cats, male cats, mixed-breed cats, cats that were dewormed two to four times a year, and cats with a history of parasitic infections were most likely to be T. cati infected. Conclusions: The prevalence of pet canine and feline intestinal parasites in Finland is low, particularly the Toxocara spp. prevalence. In free-roaming cats Eucoleus spp. is surprisingly prevalent. The parasite control strategies reported do not follow the ESCCAP guidelines. Typically, owners deworm their pets only once a year or less frequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The urease-producing Helicobacter pylori increase the likelihood that pathogenic intestinal protozoa will use the stomach's increased hydrogen potential to propagate the disease. Coinfections exacerbate the onset and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites/Helicobacter pylori coinfection and contributing factors in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms at Addis Zemen Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: From April to July 2023, patients with gastrointestinal problems participated in a cross-sectional study carried out in a hospital. To collect the clinical and sociodemographic data, a questionnaire was employed. Intestinal parasites and Helicobacter pylori were detected using the saline stool wet mount and Helicobacter pylori stool antigen tests, respectively. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data and variables with p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Result: The study included 384 participants in total, of which 47.3% (182/384) were farmers and 50.3% (193/384) were women. Of the study subjects, 69/384 or approximately 18%, had intestinal parasitic infections. In 12% of cases (46/384), Helicobacter pylori were detected. A coinfection of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites was found in 5.5% (21/384) of the subjects. Multiple logistic regression revealed increased risk of coinfection of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites in patients who drink surface water (AOR: 10.7, p = 0.03) family history of Helicobacter pylori (AOR: 3.3, p = 0.024) and those with untrimmed fingers (AOR: 4.9, p = 0.031). Conclusions: Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/ moshkovskii/ bangladeshi complex are the most common protozoans that cause coinfection with Helicobacter pylori. Drinking surface water, family history of Helicobacter pylori and untrimmed fingers are the contributing factors to intestinal parasites/Helicobacter pylori coinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Trichomonads are among the most prevalent intestinal parasites with a worldwide distribution which can infect many animals, resulting in economic losses and threatening public health. The donkey raising industry in Shanxi Province is relatively well-developed; however, it is not yet known whether donkeys in Shanxi Province were infected with Tetratrichomonas buttreyi and Pentatrichomonas hominis. Thus, 815 fecal samples were collected from donkeys in three representative geographical locations in Shanxi Province to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of T. buttreyi and P. hominis in donkeys using molecular approaches. The overall prevalence of T. buttreyi and P. hominis in donkeys in Shanxi Province was 25.4% and 0.7%, respectively. Genetic analysis revealed that all P. hominis sequences obtained in this study were identified as genotype CC1, suggesting possible zoonotic potential. This is the first report of T. buttreyi and P. hominis prevalence in donkeys worldwide, which not only extends the geographical distribution of trichomonads but also expands the host spectrum. The findings also have implications for the prevention and control of trichomonad infections in donkeys in Shanxi Province. Two species of trichomonads, Tetratrichomonas buttreyi and Pentatrichomonas hominis, are common intestinal parasites that can impact animal health and productivity. Severe infection by these parasites can lead to diarrhea and wasting in affected animals. Notably, P. hominis is known to cause diarrhea and has the potential to be transmitted between animals and humans. Donkeys hold significant economic importance in China's agricultural sector. However, whether donkeys are infected with T. buttreyi and P. hominis remains unknown globally. To address this gap in knowledge, 815 fecal samples were collected from donkeys in three representative regions in Shanxi Province, North China. Then, the presence and genetic characteristics of T. buttreyi and P. hominis were examined using species-specific PCR primers amplifying the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. The overall prevalence was detected to be 25.4% (207/815) for T. buttreyi and 0.7% (6/815) for P. hominis in donkeys in Shanxi Province. All obtained P. hominis sequences were identified as genotype CC1. Genetic analysis revealed that all P. hominis isolates from donkeys were clustered into the same branch with isolates detected in humans, suggesting possible zoonotic transmission. This study is the first to report the occurrence and prevalence of T. buttreyi and P. hominis in donkeys globally. These findings expand the host range of trichomonads and improve our understanding of their genetic diversity and zoonotic potential, providing essential baseline data for the prevention and control of these parasites in donkeys in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) remain a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Periodic assessments of IPI prevalence are essential prerequisite for effective control measures. Therefore, this cross‐sectional study is aimed at determining the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among schoolchildren at Wonji Shoa Secondary School, East Shoa Zone, Adama district, Oromia region, Ethiopia, between January and June 2022. A simple random stratified sampling technique was employed to select participants. Sociodemographic and risk factor data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Stool samples were examined to identify parasites. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics, chi‐square tests, and logistic regression were conducted to assess associations between variables and then the strength of the association. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the 403 selected students, 330 completed the study that makes 81.89% response success. The overall IPI prevalence was 16.66% (55/330), with a higher prevalence among males (60%, 33/55) than females (40%, 22/55). Five parasite species were identified: two protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia) with a combined prevalence of 9.70% (32/330) and three helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana, and Taenia spp.) with a combined prevalence of 6.97% (23/330). Cysts were detected in 62.5% of E. histolytica cases (15/24), and eggs were detected in 76.92% of A. lumbricoides cases (10/13). The study revealed a substantial IPI prevalence (16.66%) among the students. This finding underscores the need for effective prevention and control strategies. The predominance of parasitic infections among males is notable requiring further investigation of the factors. The identification of multiple parasite species indicates a complex epidemiological scenario. The presence of protozoan cysts and helminthic eggs highlights the potential for fecal‐oral transmission and the importance of improved sanitation and hygiene practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasmosis is a globally significant disease that poses a severe threat to immunocompromised individuals, especially in Brazil, where a high prevalence of virulent and atypical strains of Toxoplasma gondii is observed. In 1998, the EGS strain, exhibiting a unique infection phenotype, was isolated in Brazil, adding to the complexity of strain diversity. The P2X7 receptor is critical in inflammation and controlling intracellular microorganisms such as T. gondii. However, its genetic variability can result in receptor dysfunction, potentially worsening susceptibility. This study investigates the role of the P2X7 receptor during acute infection induced by the EGS atypical strain, offering insight into the mechanisms of T. gondii infection in this context. We infected the female C57BL/6 (WT) or P2X7 knockout (P2X7−/−) by gavage. The EGS infection causes intestinal inflammation. The P2X7−/− mice presented higher parasite load in the intestine, spleen, and liver. The absence of the P2X7 receptor disrupts inflammatory cell balance by reducing NLRP3, IL-1β, and Foxp3 expression while increasing IFN-γ expression and production in the intestine. In the liver, P2X7-/- animals demonstrate diminished inflammatory infiltrate within the portal and lobular regions concurrent with an enlargement of the spleen. In conclusion, the infection of mice with the EGS strain elicited immune alterations, leading to acute inflammation and cytokine dysregulation, while the P2X7 receptor conferred protection against parasitic proliferation across multiple organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Protozoan and helminth parasitic infections pose significant public health challenges, especially in developing countries with rural populations marked by suboptimal hygiene practices and socio‐economic constraints. The parasites are the etiological agents of these infections and have a notably elevated global prevalence. Therefore, this study focuses on estimating the frequency and transmission dynamics of several parasitic species, including Blastocystis, Giardia, Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia spp. and hookworms, within a rural community in southwest Colombia with a particular emphasis on the One Health framework, considering environmental and zoonotic transmission potentials. Methods and Results: This study involved the analysis of 125 samples, encompassing human participants (n = 99), their domestic pets (dogs) (n = 24) and water sources (n = 2). Parasite detection was carried out utilizing a combination of microscopy and molecular techniques. Furthermore, the characterization of Blastocystis subtypes (STs) was achieved through Oxford Nanopore sequencing of the rRNA‐18S gene. The investigation also entailed the examination of potential associations between intestinal parasitism and various sociodemographic factors. Results revealed a high frequency of parasitic infections when employing molecular methods, with Blastocystis (n = 109/87%), Giardia (n = 20/16%), Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 28/22%), Ancylostoma ceylanicum (n = 7/5.6%), E. histolytica (n = 6/4.8%), Cryptosporidium spp. (n = 12/9.6%) and even Taenia (n = 1/0.8%) detected. Cryptosporidium spp. was also identified in water samples. Coinfections were prevalent, with 57% (n = 70) of samples exhibiting single‐parasite infections and 43% (n = 53) showing various degrees of polyparasitism, emphasizing the complexity of transmission dynamics. Blastocystis subtyping, conducted via Oxford Nanopore sequencing, revealed a diversity of subtypes and coexistence patterns, with ST2 being the most prevalent. Conclusions: This research underscores the importance of using molecular techniques for frequency estimation, particularly emphasizing the relevance of zoonotic transmission in parasitic infections. It highlights the significance of the One Health approach in comprehending the circulation of parasites among animals, humans and environmental sources, thereby directly impacting public health and epidemiological surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocytosis is a quintessential feature of eukaryotes, and the emergence of endocytosis played a major role in the origin and evolution of eukaryotes. During the early evolution of eukaryotes, phagocytosis and the digestion of prey (i.e., bacteria) combined with the endocytosis of macromolecules opened a new source of nutrients beyond osmotrophy. Pathogenic and commensal protozoa have retained endocytosis as a major mechanism of nutrient acquisition even though, in theory, nutrients could be obtained from the host through osmotrophy. Nearly all pathogenic protozoa exhibit endocytosis and have lysosomal-like compartments that function as digestive vacuoles, and endocytosis appears to play a major role in the acquisition of nutrients. Cryptosporidium is a possible exception that may not exhibit endocytosis. Phagotrophy, however, is only observed in parasites of the intestinal lumen and appears to have been lost in blood and tissue parasites. Overall, the basic features of endocytosis and lysosomes are similar to other eukaryotes. Nonetheless, adaptation to the host has generated some novel features that are specific to certain protozoan lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We surveyed 159 American black bears (Ursus americanus) over a period of three years for the occurrence of ticks, tick-borne diseases, and intestinal parasites in Wisconsin. We collected blood from the bears to test for the presence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)), Babesia, Ehrlichia, Ehrlichia canis, Brucella canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We also examined scat samples for intestinal parasites. We commonly found the tick Dermacentor variabilis, but also present the first report of Rhipicephalus sanguineus on black bears. We detected antibodies to Lyme disease and RMSF. We detected antibodies to E. canis for the first time in a bear and both antibodies to R. rickettsii and A. phagocytophilum for the first time in a black bear in Wisconsin. No antibodies for Babesia or Br. canis were detected. We found eggs of the intestinal parasite Baylasascaris transfuga as well as a low number of Toxascara leonina and unknown Capillaria species occurrences in the examined feces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and schistosomiasis remain widely prevalent in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of STH and schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in Gidi Bench district (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Republic, Southwest Ethiopia) and the association with knowledge and health-related behaviors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Stool samples, analyzed by the Kato-Katz technique and a knowledge, attitudes and practices questionnaire, were collected. Results Out of 611 participants (mean age 12.8±3.1 y), 129 (21.1%) were infected with schistosomiasis and 382 (62.5%) had STH. More than 30% (n=195, 31.9%) were infected with a single intestinal parasite, while 138 (22.6%) and 47 (7.7%) were infected with two or three parasitic infections, respectively. Boys and those who did not participate in school clubs had higher infection rates (p=0.05). Lower parasitic infection was associated with using a latrine when available, washing hands and vegetables and wearing shoes regularly. Higher rates of infection were found among those who reported swimming and washing cloths and utensils in the river regularly. Conclusions Schistosomiasis and STH were highly prevalent among schoolchildren in Gidi Bench district. Infection rates were associated with gender, lack of knowledge on parasitic infections and unhealthy behaviors. Findings from this study may assist in decision making regarding disease prevalence and methods of control alongside mass drug administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since 2022, diagnostic laboratories in British Columbia have been advised to replace microscopy for intestinal ova and parasites with infectious diarrhea panel nucleic-acid amplification testing (IDP-NAAT). However, this multiplex assay captures only four common parasites: Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia spp. Methods: An audit was conducted from September 2022 to August 2023, 1 year prior to implementation of IDP-NAAT in LifeLabs BC, when microscopy was the method used to identify intestinal parasites. Results: Pathogenic parasites were identified in 6149 of 52 221 stool specimens. The most common pathogens were Blastocystis hominis (78.47%), Dientamoeba fragilis (12.23%), Giardia spp. (4.93%), and Cyclospora spp. (1.07%). Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Strongyloides stercoralis, Cryptosporidium spp., Ascaris lumbricoides, Diphyllobothrium spp., Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, Schistosoma mansoni, Taenia spp., Trichuris trichiura, and Clonorchis sinensis each accounted for less than 1% of the pathogenic parasites identified. Enterobius vermicularis was also identified in 46 of 1569 pinworm paddle specimens. Conclusions: Several potentially pathogenic parasites could be missed if only IDP-NAAT is used to detect intestinal parasites. If indicated, microscopy orders would be needed to capture parasites not detected by IDP-NAAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: A growing number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients suffer from opportunistic intestinal coccidian infections. Instead of human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) infection itself, opportunistic infections like intestinal coccidian parasites cause death of over 80% AIDS patients. Factors like exposed drinking water sources and poverty aid the prevalence of opportunistic intestinal coccidian parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal coccidian parasites and associated factors in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: A health facility based cross sectional study was conducted from 140 HIV/AIDS patients attending ART clinic in Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia from September to December 2023. The sociodemographic characteristics were collected through face‐to‐face interviews. Stool samples were processed with Modified Acid Fast staining technique. Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 20 was used to analyze the data. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with dependent variable and p < 0.05 was considered significantly associated. Results: The total prevalence of opportunistic intestinal coccidian parasites (OICPs) in HIV/AIDS patients was 16.4% (23/140). Drinking surface water [p = 0.015, COR = 3.4] compared to tape water, drinking alcohol [p = 0.001, COR = 18] compared to not drinking alcohol, diarrhea [p = 0.005, COR = 1] compared to non‐diarrheic, drug dropout [p = 0.01, COR = 11] compared to regular drug intake and low CD4 count [p = 0.042, COR = 9] compared to CD4 > 500/µL showed significant association with increased prevalence of OICPs in HIV/AIDS patients. Conclusions: OICPs are still the common causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. Surface water consumption, alcoholism, interruption of treatment drugs, diarrhea, and reduced CD4+ T‐cells significantly contribute to acquisition and prevalence of OICPs in HIV/AIDS patients. Routine screening of OICPs with sensitive diagnostic techniques in HIV/AIDS patients regardless of symptoms is crucial and has to be practiced in health settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Gastrointestinal parasitic infections are highly prevalent among goat populations, and field samples commonly display mixed infections. Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Blastocystis spp., and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are four common zoonotic intestinal parasites with similar symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. In this study, a multiplex PCR method was developed for the differential detection of these four zoonotic protozoans. Genomic DNA extracted from 130 goat stool samples obtained from four farms in Zhanjiang city, Guangdong Province, China, was tested with both the single-target PCRs and the multiplex PCR assay developed. The positive rates of G. duodenalis, C. parvum, Blastocystis spp., and E. bieneusi were 23.08% (30/130), 24.62% (32/130), 41.54% (54/130), and 12.31% (16/130), respectively. Furthermore, the detection results showed a high prevalence of mixed infections of goat parasites, predominantly involving two parasite species. The findings of the multiplex PCR were consistent with those of single-target PCRs. This multiplex PCR method showed high specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness, and it was suitable for the rapid large-scale screening of goat stool samples for infections caused by G. duodenalis, C. parvum, Blastocystis spp., and E. bieneusi. It thus provided a reliable and efficient tool for animal health management and disease monitoring. Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Blastocystis spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are four common zoonotic parasites associated with severe diarrhea and enteric diseases. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of these four zoonotic protozoans in goat stool samples and assessed its detection efficiency. Specific primers were designed from conserved gene sequences retrieved from GenBank, and the PCR conditions were optimized. Genomic DNA from 130 samples was subjected to both single-target PCR and multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR assay successfully amplified specific gene fragments (G. duodenalis, 1400 bp; C. parvum, 755 bp; Blastocystis spp., 573 bp; E. bieneusi, 314 bp). The assay sensitivity was ≥102 copies of pathogenic DNA clones with high specificity confirmed by negative results for other intestinal parasites. The detection rates were 23.08% (30/130) for G. duodenalis, 24.62% (32/130) for C. parvum, 41.54% (54/130) for Blastocystis spp., and 12.31% (16/130) for E. bieneusi, matching the single-target PCR results. The sensitivity and predictive values were 100.00%. This multiplex PCR provided a rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective approach for detecting these four parasites. It also provided essential technical support for the rapid detection and epidemiological investigation of G. duodenalis, C. parvum, Blastocystis spp., and E. bieneusi infections in goat fecal samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as pinworm, is a prevalent intestinal parasite that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms. Despite its ubiquity, the impact of enterobiasis on gastric biopsy results and laboratory parameters has not been thoroughly investigated. This study compares gastric biopsy findings and laboratory parameters between patients with and without enterobius infection. This case-control study enrolled 71 patients presenting with dyspeptic complaints. All participants underwent upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. The study group consisted of 21 patients with confirmed pinworm infection on colonoscopic examination, while the control group comprised 50 patients without pinworm infection. Demographic data, laboratory parameters, and gastric biopsy results (intestinal metaplasia, atrophy, Helicobacter pylori) were collected and analysed. The study included 21 patients with enterobiasis and 50 patients without enterobiasis. There was no significant difference in gastric biopsy findings between the study and control groups. However, the laboratory parameters of haemoglobin, hematocrit, potassium, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and C-reactive protein differed significantly. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were lower, and C-reactive protein values were higher in the enterobiasis group, while potassium, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase values were higher in the control group (p<0.05). This study demonstrates that while enterobius infection does not significantly alter gastric biopsy findings, it is associated with significant changes in several laboratory parameters. These findings suggest that enterobiasis may have systemic effects beyond the gastrointestinal tract, highlighting the importance of comprehensive laboratory evaluation in affected patients. Further research is warranted to elucidate the clinical implications of these laboratory alterations in enterobiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Blastocystis sp. is a single-celled, anaerobic, parasitic protozoan commonly found in the intestinal tract of animals and humans globally. Genetic analysis has revealed significant diversity within its species, leading to the identification of at least 40 subtypes (ST1–ST40). This study aimed to identify and differentiate Blastocystis in faeces samples from various animal hosts in Algeria. Methods: A total of 403 fecal samples, collected from both domestic and zoo animals, were subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing of Blastocystis-specific small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-RNA) gene. Results: The overall prevalence of Blastocystis in animals was found to be 38.9%. Through comprehensive phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses, we identified four distinct subtypes (ST1 in both domestic and zoo animals, and ST3, ST4, and ST5 exclusively in zoo animals), encompassing nine different haplotypes, including five that appear original to Algeria. Conclusion: This study represents the first epidemiological molecular investigation of Blastocystis sp. in animals in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nematophagous, or helminthophagous fungi of the genera Duddingtonia, Arthrobotrys, Monacrosporium, Pochonia, Paecilomyces, and Mucor, have been used over the years in in vitro and in vivo experiments to control helminth parasites that are potentially zoonotic. These fungi have shown efficacy against the following helminth genera: Ancylostoma, Toxocara, Enterobius, Strongyloides, Angiostrongylus, Taenia, Fasciola, and Schistosoma. The results obtained from these experiments, together with studies on soil contamination, suggest the viability of their use as a sustainable and effective strategy to reduce environmental contamination by these zoonotic parasites. Therefore, the aim of this review was to address the role of helminthophagous fungi in the biological control of potentially zoonotic helminths. To this end, we describe (1) a brief history of helminthophagous fungi; (2) a discussion of some potentially zoonotic intestinal parasites; (3) the importance of helminthophagous fungi in the control of nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes; and (4) the potential of helminthophagous fungi as a practical and sustainable strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have created new opportunities for comprehensive screening of multiple parasite species. In this study, we cloned the 18 S rDNA V9 region of 11 species of intestinal parasites into plasmids. Equal amounts and concentrations of these 11 plasmids were pooled, and amplicon NGS targeting the 18 S rDNA V9 region was performed using the Illumina iSeq 100 platform. A total of 434,849 reads were identified, and all 11 parasite species were detected, although the number of output reads for each parasite varied. The read count ratio, in descending order, was as follows: Clonorchis sinensis, 17.2%; Entamoeba histolytica, 16.7%; Dibothriocephalus latus, 14.4%; Trichuris trichiura, 10.8%; Fasciola hepatica, 8.7%; Necator americanus, 8.5%; Paragonimus westermani, 8.5%; Taenia saginata, 7.1%; Giardia intestinalis, 5.0%; Ascaris lumbricoides, 1.7%; and Enterobius vermicularis, 0.9%. We found that the DNA secondary structures showed a negative association with the number of output reads. Additionally, variations in the amplicon PCR annealing temperature affected the relative abundance of output reads for each parasite. These findings can be applied to improve parasite detection methodologies and ultimately enhance efforts to control and prevent intestinal parasitic infections.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of parasitic infections in the human population and identify the related risk factors of Gonabad city, southeast of Khorasan Razavi province, northeastern Iran. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was performed from March to April 2019 in Gonabad city in Khorasan Razavi province in northeastern Iran. One thousand thirty-eight stool samples were examined using parasitological methods like direct wet-mounting, formalin-ether concentration and Gomori's trichrome staining. Moreover, the socio-demographic data of inhabitants were recorded. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 16). Qualitative variables were reported as numbers and percentages. RESULTS: The overall intestinal parasitic infection prevalence was 18.1 %, whereas this value for protozoan agents was 16.7% (95% CI 14.14 to 19) and 1.3% (95% CI 0.7 to 2) for helminth parasites. The highest parasitic agent prevalence belongs to Blastocystis sp (12.4 %), Entamoeba coli (1.8%) and Enterobius vermicularis (1.2%), respectively. Giardia lamblia (1.1%) Entamoeba histolytica /dispar (0.3%), Iodamoeba butschlii (0.3%), Chilomastix mesnili (0.3%), Hymenolepis nana (0.2 %) Dientamoeba fragilis (0.2%) and Trichomonas hominis (0.3%) were other identified parasites. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association of parasitic intestinal infections with factors such as age, residency status and source of drinking water (P

Abstract Background The urease-producing Helicobacter pylori increase the likelihood that pathogenic intestinal protozoa will use the stomach’s increased hydrogen potential to propagate the disease. Coinfections exacerbate the onset and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites/Helicobacter pylori coinfection and contributing factors in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms at Addis Zemen Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods From April to July 2023, patients with gastrointestinal problems participated in a cross-sectional study carried out in a hospital. To collect the clinical and sociodemographic data, a questionnaire was employed. Intestinal parasites and Helicobacter pylori were detected using the saline stool wet mount and Helicobacter pylori stool antigen tests, respectively. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data and variables with p-values

Objective: It is known that protozoa and helminths that cause intestinal infections adversely affect human life. Changing climate and demographic and socio-economic factors worldwide necessitate the determination and updating of the incidence of these parasites. Our study aimed to retrospectively examine the distribution of intestinal parasites detected in the Parasitology Laboratory of Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine between 2017 and 2021. Methods: Parasitological examinations were performed using the native-lugol and formol-ether condensation method. Staining method (Modified Ziehl-Neelsen) and cellophane tape method were then applied to evaluate the specimens considered necessary. Results: One or more parasites were detected in 33 of 373 patients (8.8%) evaluated in the study. These were Giardia intestinalis at a rate of 30.5% (11/36), Enterobius vermicularis at a rate of 27.7% (10/36), Blastocystis sp. at a rate of 19.4% (7/36), Entamoeba coli at a rate of 11.1% (4/36), Cryptosporidium spp. at a rate of 8.3% (3/36) and Taenia saginata at a rate of 2.7% (1/36). It was determined that two patients were coinfected by Entamoeba coli and Blastocystis sp. while one patient was coinfected by Entamoeba coli and Giardia intestinalis. Conclusion: It is thought that determining the incidence of intestinal parasites, which are an important public health problem, may help guide studies for preventive health services. Although the five-year laboratory data obtained from the study do not reflect our region, it is thought that intestinal parasites maintain their importance

Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are the main public health problems in several developing countries, and under-five-aged children are the most vulnerable groups of the population. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of IPIs among under-five-aged children at Dabat primary hospital, northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional hospital-based study including 384 under-five-aged children was conducted from February to June 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant information on risk factors, and stool samples were collected and examined using wet mount and sedimentation techniques to determine prevalence. Chi-square and logistic regression were used to evaluate the possible association and the strength of the association between dependent and independent variables. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 32.81%. Ten species of intestinal parasites were identified. Entamoeba histolytica / dispar was the predominant intestinal parasite species, with a prevalence of 7.55%. Giardia lamblia and hookworm had prevalence of 6.77% and 5.47% respectively. Those children whose Mother/guardian do not wash their hand before feeding their child are more than five time infected than those who do wash (AOR = 5.26, CI = 2.28–12.2, p < 0.001). Children who do not wear shoe are more infected than who did (AOR = 14.5, CI = 5.77–36.5, p < 0.001). Several risk factors were identified in this study among these washing hands after toilet before touching child, washing hands before feeding their child, Child meal and habit of shoes wearing were the main predictors of IPI. Since the prevalence of IPI observed in this study is that of under-five-aged children; raising awareness of mothers/guardians about how to keep hygiene; transmission ways and health impacts of IPIs; and proper way of feeding their children to avoid risk is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Gran Chaco ecoregion is a well-known hotspot of several neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) including Chagas disease, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and multiparasitic infections. Interspecific interactions between parasite species can modify host susceptibility, pathogenesis and transmissibility through immunomodulation. Our objective was to test the association between human co-infection with intestinal parasites and host parasitaemia, infectiousness to the vector and immunological profiles in Trypanosoma cruzi-seropositive individuals residing in an endemic region of the Argentine Chaco. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional serological survey for T. cruzi infection along with an intestinal parasite survey in two adjacent rural villages. Each participant was tested for T. cruzi and Strongyloides stercoralis infection by serodiagnosis, and by coprological tests for intestinal parasite detection. Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream parasite load was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR), host infectiousness by artificial xenodiagnosis and serum human cytokine levels by flow cytometry. Results The seroprevalence for T. cruzi was 16.1% and for S. stercoralis 11.5% (n = 87). We found 25.3% of patients with Enterobius vermicularis. The most frequent protozoan parasites were Blastocystis spp. (39.1%), Giardia lamblia (6.9%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (3.4%). Multiparasitism occurred in 36.8% of the examined patients. Co-infection ranged from 6.9% to 8.1% for T. cruzi-seropositive humans simultaneously infected with at least one protozoan or helminth species, respectively. The relative odds of being positive by qPCR or xenodiagnosis (i.e. infectious) of 28 T. cruzi-seropositive patients was eight times higher in people co-infected with at least one helminth species than in patients with no such co-infection. Trypanosoma cruzi parasite load and host infectiousness were positively associated with helminth co-infection in a multiple regression analysis. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) response, measured in relation to interleukin (IL)-4 among humans infected with T. cruzi only, was 1.5-fold higher than for T. cruzi-seropositive patients co-infected with helminths. The median concentration of IL-4 was significantly higher in T. cruzi-seropositive patients with a positive qPCR test than in qPCR-negative patients. Conclusions Our results show a high level of multiparasitism and suggest that co-infection with intestinal helminths increased T. cruzi parasitaemia and upregulated the Th2-type response in the study patients. Graphical Abstract

Introduction: Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites are major health concerns in both humans and domestic animals. Livestock farming is one of the common livelihood practices in rural Nepal. The proximity at human and domestic animal interface increases the chances of dissemination of enteric parasites, especially those of zoonotic importance. This study was aimed at finding the parasite prevalence and risk factors in both humans and their domestic animals in Jirel community. Materials and Methods: A field survey was conducted on the Jirel ethnic people and their domestic animals in Dolakha district, where a total of 152 fresh fecal samples from humans and domestic animals (cow, pigs, goats, chickens, ducks, and pigeons) were collected. The feces were examined by wet mounts and concentration techniques. A structured questionnaire survey was carried out among the local people and owners of the domestic animals to gather sociodemographic information, awareness, and hygienic practices in relation to parasite transmission Results: The enteric parasite prevalence was found to be highest in goats (80.0%;12/15), followed by pigs (55.55%;5/9), cows (45.45%;6/11), chickens (11.7%;4/34), and humans (1.41%;1/71), while the fecal samples of ducks and pigeons did not contain any parasites. The only parasite identified in humans was Ascaris lumbricoides. Similarly, three genera of GI parasites (Eimeria sp., Strongyloides sp, and Trichuris sp.) from goats, two genera each from cow (Eimeria sp. and Strongyloides sp.), pigs (Entamoeba sp. and A. suum), and chickens (Eimeria sp. and Ascaridia galli), were detected Conclusions: Based on the direct field observation, questionnaire survey and laboratory analysis, it is concluded that the Jirel community people are aware of health and hygiene; however, intervention measures are necessary to prevent parasitic infection in their domestic animals.

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections pose a significant public health challenge in developing countries, with children being particularly susceptible. The prevalence of these infections varies across communities. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among students in 12 primary schools on Kish Island, Iran, and to evaluate the infection status of family members of infected students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 443 students aged 7‒12 years in Kish Island, southern Iran, from May 2016 to 2017. Stool samples from 179 boys (40.4%) and 264 girls (40.4%) across 12 primary schools were examined for evidence of parasitic infections using direct wet mount, formalin ethyl acetate, and trichrome stain methods. Modified Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining was used to detect coccidian parasites. Conventional PCR was also employed to identify the genotype of Giardia lamblia. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19.Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 5.2%. The highest incidence rate was found in Entamoeba coli (2.0%), followed by Giardia lamblia (1.6%). The prevalence rate of infection was significantly correlated with the type of drinking water (P0.05). In this study, the genotypes of Giardia lamblia were molecularly characterized by studying the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. This study represents the first molecular characterization of G. lamblia in children on Kish Island, with sequence analysis revealing assemblage B (BIII 100.0%).Conclusion: This study indicates a low prevalence of parasitic infections in a sensitive population (children) on Kish Island. The prevalence of Giardia lamblia, a more pathogenic parasite, was quite low in our study. This cross-sectional study was conducted on all island residents; no significant difference was observed among them.

Background: Intestinal parasitic infection is highly prevalent among children in the tropics. Identifying the most at risk group and subsequent targeted intervention will lead to cost effective and easy to implement control programme. We thus aim to determine the prevalence and pattern of intestinal parasite among pupils from public and private schools. Material and Method: This was a cross-sectional survey. Participants were recruited through multistage stratified random sampling. Information were collected using a questionnaire and early morning freshly passed stool sample was collected and processed from each participating pupil. Stool microscopy was done using saline and iodine preparations. Eggs were counted using Stoll’s method. Data obtained was analyzed using EPI INFO version 3.5.1. Results: Four hundred and twenty pupils were studied, 210 pupils from each school type. Prevalence of 78.1% and 17.1% were recorded for the public and private schools respectively. The pupils from the public schools were 17.23 times more likely to have intestinal parasitic infestation compared to those from private schools (OR =17.23, 95% CI = 10.6-28.01, p = < 0.0001) Ascaris lumbricoides was the most frequent isolate in both the public (62.8%) and private (66.7%) schools. The prevalence of multiple parasitic infestation was 14.8% in the public schools and none in the private schools. Socioeconomic status and source of water were the main factors with significant effect on the prevalence of intestinal parasite (p

Shaymaa A Abdalal,1 Hatoon A Niyazi,2 Soa’ad M Alsulami,3 Ala A Azhari,2 Hanouf A Niyazi,2 Jawahir A Mokhtar,2 Dalya M Attallah,3 Faten A Al Braikan,2 Moroj A Aldarmasi1 1Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 2Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 3Clinical and Molecular Microbiology Laboratories, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Shaymaa A Abdalal, Email sabdalal@kau.edu.saPurpose: Parasitic infections are a primary cause of illness worldwide and a public health problem. This study highlighted the prevalence of intestinal parasitic (IP) infections and their updated epidemiologic status from 2019 to 2023 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from 2019 to 2023 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital. The laboratory results, socio-demographic information, and the year of data collection were collected from the hospital’s parasitology laboratory. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Ethical approval was obtained from the National Committee of Bioethics (NCBE) - King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology, with an approval number of 258-22.Results: During the study period, 7673 stool samples were requested for intestinal parasite examination. The prevalence of IP infection from 2019 to 2023 was 212/7673, with a percentage of 2.8%. Infected patients had a mean (SD) age of 37.68 (17.27) years. Most infected patients were females (61%) and from Saudi Arabia (37.1%). Most stool samples were brown (79.1%), and about half were soft (51.7%). 2019 had the highest number of infected cases (28.3%), while the number of cases decreased in 2023 (8.8%), the lowest during five years. The most predominant parasite among study subjects was Blastocystis hominis (48.11%).Conclusion: The prevalence of IP infection is lower than in previous comparable surveys. Maintaining personal hygiene, conducting epidemiological surveillance, and enhancing environmental sanitation can prevent and control infections.Keywords: intestinal parasites, infection, prevalence, Saudi Arabia

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are a group of parasites that are globally distributed and are the most prevalent neglected disease (NTD) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC); their presence is associated with health and development problems. In Argentina, their distribution is heterogenous, and there are highly endemic areas in the north of the country. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the mass deworming of children as a first-line strategy for the prevention and control of STHs and recently also encourage the development of more sensitive diagnostic tests. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of STHs in Tartagal (Salta, Argentina) after four years of deworming interruption with albendazole and ivermectin. A total of 437 fecal samples were analyzed using standard coprological techniques, a subset of which were selected to molecularly typify protozoan parasites; 257 blood samples were analyzed for the presence of specific antibodies to the STH Strongyloides stercoralis. The most prevalent protozoan species were G. intestinalis (19.6–49.2%) and B. hominis (19.1–38.5%). Molecular characterization allowed us to evidence possible zoonotic or human-to-human transmission pathways for Giardia intestinalis or Blastocystis spp., while serology for S. stercoralis proved to be a useful screening tool for monitoring this parasite after treatment. In general, a decrease in the prevalence of STHs was observed in the area, from 60% to 2.9–20% for hookworms and from 51% to 1–9.3% for S. stercoralis four years after treatment, demonstrating the effectiveness and duration of anthelmintic treatment with these two drugs.

Intestinal parasitosis constitutes a serious problem of public health, especially in developing countries. Even though the population of immunocompromised individuals is growing, this is a primary cause of illness and mortality. Numerous studies have demonstrated that immunosuppressive medications, such as those used after transplantation, as well as immune suppression as a primary immunodeficiency in HIV infection, increase the possibility of infection and persistent states of carriage. People whose immune systems were weakened, like in the case of chronic internal disorders or abnormal metabolism, were thought to be more susceptible to infection. A group of metabolic non-communicable diseases known as diabetes mellitus (DM) are characterized by hyperglycemia or elevated blood sugar, which can be brought on by either inadequate secretion of insulin, insulin-resistant cells, or both. Parasitic infections in immunocompromised people are becoming more well-known as major opportunistic microorganisms that cause clinical illnesses. The goal of this research is to see how common intestinal parasite infections are in people with diabetes. The research was carried out at the Chandulal Chandrakar Memorial Medical College, Bhilai, Durg district of Chhattisgarh, India. From March to August 2020, diabetic patients who visited hospitals were studied in this cross-sectional study. This study comprised 188 diabetic individuals with type I or type II diabetes who were taking anti-diabetic medication. With a little spoon and a sterile, dry, leak-proof plastic container with a tight-fitting cover that had the patient’s name and identification number on it, the feces samples were taken. The container was then quickly sent to the parasitology lab of the microbiology department for processing. Stool samples were examined under three headings: macroscopic examination, microscopic examination, and formal ether concentration procedure. A total of 188 DM patients was included with data on socio-demographic characteristics, and from each patient stool sample were collected and processed. Out of which, 27 stool samples were positive for intestinal parasites; showed a prevalence of 14.36%. Female 16 (16.49%) revealed a greater frequency than that of men 11 (12.09%). The age range of 51 to 60 years old exhibited the highest incidence 8 (29.63 %). Stool samples were positive for intestinal parasites with one suffering from a dual infection. Various parasites were detected in which Entamoeba histolytica 10 (5.32%) was most common parasite to isolate followed by Ascaris lumbricoides 9 (4.79%) and Giardia lamblia 6 (3.19%) was least isolated parasite. The most prevalent isolated parasite was Entamoeba histolytica, which was followed by Cryptosporidium parvum. Diabetic patients have an increased risk of parasitic infections, particularly when they have the opportunistic infection Entamoeba histolytica. Patients with diabetes who have been diagnosed with Cryptosporidium parvum have a weaker immune system. Therefore, for the sake of societal welfare, people with diabetes mellitus should have routine stool examination screening for parasite infection.

Background: Techniques for diagnosing intestinal parasites need technological advancements in the preanalytical (collection/processing) and analytical (detection) stages. The dissolved air flotation (DAF) technique effectively recovers parasites from processed feces for routine diagnosis. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a practical and affordable alternative to modernize the analysis stage of microscopy images and generates high efficiency in the parasitological examination of feces. Methods: The objective of this study was to standardize a laboratory protocol for stool processing using the DAF technique in conjunction with an automated diagnosis of intestinal parasites (DAPI) system. A total of 400 samples were obtained to perform the tests with the use of DAF to verify the recovery of the parasites as a function of the chemical reagent (polymer and surfactant), the volume of the flotation tube, and standardization of smear assembly on a microscopy slide, with automated analysis by DAPI. The DAF protocol that obtained the most satisfactory results in terms of parasite recovery (P < 0.05) and slide positivity was compared with the Three Fecal Test (TF-Test) protocol with manual (microscopists) and automated (DAPI) evaluation. We compared the sensitivity with the modified TF-Test technical protocol and the diagnostic agreement with the gold standard (Kappa) result. Results: There was no significant difference in the parasite recovery between the 10 ml and 50 ml tubes (P > 0.05). The surfactants showed a range of parasite recoveries between 41.9% and 91.2% in the float supernatant. We obtained a maximum positivity of 73% of the assembled slides when we applied DAF processing with 7% CTAB surfactant and 57% positivity with the modified TF-Test technique. Regarding diagnostic performance, the TF-Test-modified and DAF techniques used in fecal processing for subsequent computerized analysis by AI presented sensitivities of 86% and 94%, with kappa agreements of 0.62 and 0.80 (substantial), respectively. Conclusions: The DAF protocol defined in this study and the DAPI system are innovative processes for parasite recovery and fecal debris elimination that are favorable for effectively detecting pathogenic structures in laboratory diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Gran Chaco ecoregion is a well-known hotspot of several neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) including Chagas disease, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and multiparasitic infections. Interspecific interactions between parasite species can modify host susceptibility, pathogenesis and transmissibility through immunomodulation. Our objective was to test the association between human co-infection with intestinal parasites and host parasitaemia, infectiousness to the vector and immunological profiles in Trypanosoma cruzi-seropositive individuals residing in an endemic region of the Argentine Chaco. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional serological survey for T. cruzi infection along with an intestinal parasite survey in two adjacent rural villages. Each participant was tested for T. cruzi and Strongyloides stercoralis infection by serodiagnosis, and by coprological tests for intestinal parasite detection. Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream parasite load was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR), host infectiousness by artificial xenodiagnosis and serum human cytokine levels by flow cytometry. Results: The seroprevalence for T. cruzi was 16.1% and for S. stercoralis 11.5% (n = 87). We found 25.3% of patients with Enterobius vermicularis. The most frequent protozoan parasites were Blastocystis spp. (39.1%), Giardia lamblia (6.9%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (3.4%). Multiparasitism occurred in 36.8% of the examined patients. Co-infection ranged from 6.9% to 8.1% for T. cruzi-seropositive humans simultaneously infected with at least one protozoan or helminth species, respectively. The relative odds of being positive by qPCR or xenodiagnosis (i.e. infectious) of 28 T. cruzi-seropositive patients was eight times higher in people co-infected with at least one helminth species than in patients with no such co-infection. Trypanosoma cruzi parasite load and host infectiousness were positively associated with helminth co-infection in a multiple regression analysis. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) response, measured in relation to interleukin (IL)-4 among humans infected with T. cruzi only, was 1.5-fold higher than for T. cruzi-seropositive patients co-infected with helminths. The median concentration of IL-4 was significantly higher in T. cruzi-seropositive patients with a positive qPCR test than in qPCR-negative patients. Conclusions: Our results show a high level of multiparasitism and suggest that co-infection with intestinal helminths increased T. cruzi parasitaemia and upregulated the Th2-type response in the study patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birds of various families and genera comprise a notable proportion of veterinary clients in veterinary practice. Regarding the scarcity of information on avian coccidia in pet birds, this study was designed to investigate and identify the diversity of gastrointestinal coccidian protozoa in caged pet birds. Accordingly, droppings samples were collected in 2.5% potassium dichromate and examined for the presence of oocysts by wet smear and by flotation with the saturated salt solution. Detected oocysts were further morphologically specified. Special Modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain was used for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. Out of the 145 droppings that were collected for parasitological investigations, it was discovered that a Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) had a Cryptosporidium sp. infection (1/145: 0.7%). Additionally, Isospora spp. was found in a common mynah and a canary (2/145: 1.4%), while Eimeria sp. was detected in a canary (1/145: 0.7%). Studied birds were clinically normal and no signs of intestinal infection were observed. The oocysts are described morphologically in detail and compared with the available data. Periodic faecal examination should be recommended for monitoring intestinal parasites in pet birds both from a public health perspective for Cryptosporidium and for avian host health in the case of non-zoonotic parasites. Additionally, the identification of parasite/host species composition will enhance our understanding of species diversity and the variety of hosts that coccidian parasites are capable of infecting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Internal parasites have major impact on goat productivity. • Thirteen Ethnobotanical plant were documented in treating internal parasites. • Plant part commonly used was the roots. • Terminalia sericea, Gnidia capitata and Aloe ferox had the highest frequency. The effect of internal parasites on goats is of major concern, particularly in the tropics where there are limited resources and financially constrained farmers. The ethnic knowledge on controlling and treating internal parasites is of value to sustainable and organic product production which are essential for long-term prosperity of goat farmers. Using participatory approaches, this study identified and documented popular plants used by farmers to control internal parasites in goats in the Ngamiland region of Botswana. A total of 120 communal farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire consisting of demographic parameters and ethnobotanical information. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the most popular plants were identified using fidelity levels (FL). Most of the informants were secondary educated males of 50 to 60 years and relied on livestock for their livelihoods. It was recorded that a total of 13 local plant species from 11 families are commonly used in the treatment of intestinal parasites in goats. The plant family Fabaceae (27.3 %) was common among the farmers. The roots (76.9 %) were the most frequently used plant part while decoction (46 %) was popular in medicinal preparations. The prepared plant-based medicine is often administered orally. The highest FL values were found for the following plant species; Terminalia sericea, Gnidia capitata and Aloe ferox, scoring 89.3 %, 88.0 % and 86.3 %, respectively. The safety and efficacy of these plants should be validated to inform strategic utilization and alternative cost-effective strategy in managing internal parasites in Botswana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The muscle system and the FMRFamide immunopositive components of the nervous system of flatworms Acrolichanus auriculatus (Digenea, Allocreadiidae), an intestine parasite of acipenserid fishes, were studied for the first time by immunocytochemical, histochemical methods and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy in A. auriculatus revealed a consistent pattern in the number and arrangement of ciliated and unciliated sensory papillae along the digenean body. Morphological data demonstrated the presence of the circular, longitudinal and diagonal muscles in different body regions of A. auriculatus. The musculature of the oral and ventral suckers, the digestive system, as well as the muscles extending radially from the genital pore are described. The study revealed the presence of the FMRFamide immunopositive staining in the central and peripheral nervous systems of A. auriculatus: in the neurons and neurites of the brain, brain commissure, in three pairs of the longitudinal nerve cords and commissures. FMRFamide immunopositive nerve elements innervate the attachment organs and the compartments of the digestive, reproductive and excretory systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultrastructural spermatozoon organisation of the acanthocolpid digenean Stephanostomum bicoronatum have been described by micrographs of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Live digeneans were isolated from the digestive tract of the Brown meagre Sciaena umbra (Teleostei: Sciaenidae), obtained from artisanal fishing off the coast of La Chebba (Tunisia Mediterranean Sea). The ultrastructural study reveals that the male gamete of S. bicoronatum is a filamentous cell tapered at both extremities, which present typical characteristics of digenean spermatozoa of the type III, namely two axonemes of the 9 + '1' pattern of trepaxonematan Platyhelminthes, nucleus, one mitochondrion, external ornamentation of the plasma membrane associated with cortical microtubules and located in the posterior part of the anterior region of the sperm cell, two parallel bundles of cortical microtubules, and maximum number of cortical microtubules in the anterior part of the spermatozoon. In addition, the male gamete of S. bicoronatum shows spine-like bodies, a large amount of glycogen granules and a posterior extremity containing only the nucleus. The results are compared and discussed according to the existing data in other digeneans, particularly with those of the family Acanthocolpidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some tannin-rich plants such as Combretum mucronatum and Phyllanthus urinaria are widely used in Africa for the control of parasitic nematodes in both humans and livestock. Tannins have been recognized as an alternative source of anthelmintic therapies, and hence, recent studies have focused on both the hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. These groups of compounds, however, have poor oral bioavailability and are metabolized by gut microbiota into lower molecular weight compounds. The role of these metabolites in the anthelmintic activities of tannins has not been explored yet. This study investigated the effects of fecal metabolism on the anthelmintic potential of procyanidin C1 (PC1) and geraniin and the tannin-enriched extracts of C. mucronatum (CML) and P. urinaria (PUH), which contain these compounds, respectively. Metabolites were formed by anaerobic fermentation of the test compounds and extracts in a fresh human fecal suspension for 0 h, 4 h, and 24 h. Lyophilized samples were tested in vitro against hookworm larvae and whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) larvae obtained from naturally infected human populations in Pru West District, Bono East Region, Ghana, and against the wildtype strain of Caenorhabditis elegans (L4). Both extracts and compounds in the undegraded state exhibited concentrationdependent inhibition of the three nematodes. Their activity, however, significantly decreased upon fecal metabolism. Without fermentation, the proanthocyanidin-rich CML extract was lethal against hookworm L3 (LC50 = 343.5 µg/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 267.5-445.4), T. trichiura L1 (LC50 = 230.1 µg/mL, CI = 198.9-271.2), and C. elegans (LC50 = 1468.1 µg/mL, CI = 990.3-1946.5). PUH, from which the ellagitannin geraniin was isolated, exhibited anthelmintic effects in the unfermented form with LC50 of 300.8 µg/mL (CI = 245.1-374.8) against hookworm L3 and LC50 of 331.6 µg/mL (CI = 290.3-382.5) against T. trichiura L1, but it showed no significant activity against C. elegans L4 larvae at the tested concentrations. Similarly, both compounds, procyanidin C1 and geraniin, lost their activity when metabolized in fecal matter. The activity of geraniin at a concentration of 170 µg/mL against C. elegans significantly declined from 30.4% ± 1.8% to 14.5% ± 1.5% when metabolized for 4 h, whereas that of PC1 decreased from 32.4% ± 2.3% to 8.9% ± 0.9% with similar treatment. There was no significant difference between the anthelmintic actions of metabolites from the structurally different tannin groups. The outcome of this study revealed that the intact bulky structure of tannins (hydrolyzable or condensed) may be required for their anthelmintic action. The fermented products from the gut may not directly contribute toward the inhibition of the larvae of soil-transmitted helminths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the algae, zooplankton, macroinvertebrate, fish, and parasitic single-celled organism communities in Larus crassirostris (black-tailed gull) fecal samples from Baengnyeongdo, Hongdo, and Ulleungdo in South Korea. The fecal samples can identify key species consumed by black-tailed gull, providing insights into their, trophic interactions, and habitat dependencies. Using DNA metabarcoding, we identified algae, zooplankton, macroinvertebrate, fish, and intestinal and single-celled parasite species in the fecal samples. Parasitic single-celled organisms, such as Rhogostoma sp., Rhogostoma schuessleri, Eimeria furonis, and Aggregata eberthi, showed differing relative abundances at each sampling location, indicating variability in parasite diversity in the fecal DNA analysis of birds at each site. Intestinal parasites showed similar site-specific variability, though Clistobothrium sp. and Tetrabothrius sp. were common at all locations. Algae species, including Heterocapsa steinii, Heterocapsa niei, and Sargassum cristaefolium, also displayed habitat-specific patterns, as did zooplankton, with Calanus sp., Corycaeus speciosus, and Caprella californica being dominant on Baengnyeongdo, Hongdo, and Ulleungdo, respectively. In the macroinvertebrate communities, Octopus sinensis was prevalent at all locations but at varying abundances. Site-specific dominant fish species were also identified, with Ammodytes personatus, Decapterus maruadsi, and Arctoscopus japonicus highly predominant on Baengnyeongdo, Hongdo, and Ulleungdo, respectively. Other fish species, such as Ammodytes hexapterus, were detected in lower frequencies, suggesting a diverse diet for the seabirds. These results offer insights into the species composition and ecological dynamics in black-tailed gull populations across disparate Korean islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal parasites, including helminths and protozoa, account for a significant portion of the global health burden. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract not only serves as the stage for these parasitic infections but also as the residence for millions of microbes. As the intricacies of the GI microbial milieu continue to unfold, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the interactions between host, parasite, and resident microbes help dictate parasite survival and, ultimately, disease outcomes. Across both clinical and experimental models, intestinal parasites have been shown to impact microbial composition and diversity. Reciprocally, microbes can directly influence parasitic survival, colonization and expulsion. The gut microbiota can also indirectly impact parasites through the influence and manipulation of the host. Studying this host–parasite–microbiota axis may help bring about novel therapeutic strategies for intestinal parasitic infection as well as conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review, we explore the relationship between intestinal parasites, with a particular focus on common protozoa and helminths, and the gut microbiota, and how these interactions can influence the host defence and intestinal immune response. We will also explore the impact of this tripartite relationship in a clinical setting and its broader implications for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Around the world, food-borne illnesses are still a frequent and significant hazard to public health. Human infection outbreaks brought on by eating raw fruits have happened more frequently. Fruits have been connected in recent years to a number of outbreaks of food-borne illness around the globe, including in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess bacterial and parasitic contamination of fruits gathered from specific local markets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using fruits gathered from Addis Ababa local marketplaces. Convenient sampling were applied. With the assumption that each vendor provided 30 samples, a total of 120 fruit samples were gathered. Fruit samples were gathered in a plastic bag that had been sanitized and then brought to the lab for bacterial and parasitological investigation. All of the samples were checked for intestinal parasites and bacterial contamination. SPSS software version 25 was used to analyze the data. The Pearson's Chi-square test was used to assess categorical variables. The student's t-test was utilized to compare continuous variables, which were represented as the mean ± standard deviation. Using both univariate and multivariate analysis, odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed. Statistical significance was defined as a P < 0.05. Results: There was a 100 (83.3%) level of bacterial contamination. While Salmonella and Shigella species were not recovered, S. aureus isolates 16 (13.3%) were the most common bacterial contamination, followed by E. coli isolates 8 (6.7%). The samples of bananas, mangos, papayas, and avocados from all four sites had total coliform (TCC) bacteria ranging from 2.1 × 103 to 3.2 × 104, 8.3x 102 to 1.8x 105CFU/g, 1.6x 102 to 3.7 x 104, and 1.2x 102 to 3.8 x 104 CFU/g, in that order. No parasites were found in this investigation. Conclusion and recommendation: It is usually recommended that customers in this research region wash and handle infected fruits properly to prevent bacterial illnesses. In addition, fruit dealers should have their bacterial contaminations routinely inspected. Large-scale research is advised to support this discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastrointestinal helminths are a very widespread group of intestinal parasites that can cause major health issues in their hosts, including severe illness or death. Traditional methods of helminth parasite identification using microscopy are time-consuming and poor in terms of taxonomic resolution, and require skilled observers. DNA metabarcoding has emerged as a powerful alternative for assessing community composition in a variety of sample types over the last few decades. While metabarcoding approaches have been reviewed for use in other research areas, the use of metabarcoding for parasites has only recently become widespread. As such, there is a need to synthesize parasite metabarcoding methodology and highlight the considerations to be taken into account when developing a protocol. Methods: We reviewed published literature that utilized DNA metabarcoding to identify gastrointestinal helminth parasites in vertebrate hosts. We extracted information from 62 peer-reviewed papers published between 2014 and 2023 and created a stepwise guide to the metabarcoding process. Results: We found that studies in our review varied in technique and methodology, such as the sample type utilized, genetic marker regions targeted and bioinformatic databases used. The main limitations of metabarcoding are that parasite abundance data may not be reliably attained from sequence read numbers, metabarcoding data may not be representative of the species present in the host and the cost and bioinformatic expertise required to utilize this method may be prohibitive to some groups. Conclusions: Overall, using metabarcoding to assess gastrointestinal parasite communities is preferable to traditional methods, yielding higher taxonomic resolution, higher throughput and increased versatility due to its utility in any geographical location, with a variety of sample types, and with virtually any vertebrate host species. Additionally, metabarcoding has the potential for exciting new discoveries regarding host and parasite evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]