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International audience; Dinarmus basalis Rondani (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), an ectoparasitoid of Bruchid pest of stored cowpeas, is a potential biological control agent. We investigated whether grain protectants from Hyptis spicigera and H. suaveolens (Lamiaceae) disturb parasitism and post embryonic growth of the parasitoid. When cowpeas containing bruchid larvae were treated before being placed in the presence of D. basalis females, the rate of parasitism decreased on average up to 24 and 47% respectively in the presence of leaves dry powder and essential oils from both plant species. The estimated larval mortality was higher on treated (9.5 to 28.6%) than on non treated parasitized hosts (2.8%), depending on the plant species and the plant extract tested. Additional larval mortality was higher for essential oil, and for H. suaveolens..An in-depth analysis of the pre-imaginal development in capsules adapted for this purpose showed that without treatment, mortality was recorded only for eggs and the two first larval stages. In the presence of treatment, mortality not only significantly increased on eggs but also spanned over all other pre-imaginal stages. Pre-imaginal development was also significantly extended in the presence of treatment, depending on the type of extract and dose used. In conclusion, both plant species exert acute toxicity on D. basalis larvae and also act as growth inhibitors. These results provide additional information that enable to move towards a harmonious use of allelochemical compounds from plants while protecting biocontrol agentsfrom their adverse effects.

Oogenesis of the parasitoid wasp Eupelmus vuilleti is known to be dependent on host availability. However, examination of ovarian dynamics by microscopy showed that oogenesis and vitellogenesis are initiated before female eclosion and proceed 1-2 days after, independent of host presence. Oogenesis continued beyond the 2nd day only in the presence of hosts, otherwise it was replaced by egg resorption. It is thus possible to distinguish between host-independent and host-dependent periods of oogenesis. In the presence of host, each ovariole (three per ovary) contained generally three oocytes: a fully mature oocyte, a nearly mature one and an immature one. However, host deprived-females resorbed their most mature and their smallest oocytes, but kept one almost mature oocyte per ovariole. Comparison of zero, short and long host deprivation periods showed that females always had the ability to quickly lay eggs to exploit any new host. However, increased deprivation led to a reduction in the number and the viability of eggs. Enzymo-immunological measurements of ecdysteroids were made in whole females, in dissected ovaries and in newly laid eggs. Our results indicated that ecdysteroids play a major role as circulating hormones involved in the regulation of oogenesis.

Dinarmus basalis Rond. (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) et Eupelmus vuilleti Craw. (Hymenoptera : Eupelmidae) sont les deux principales especes d’ectoparasitoides solitaires de larves et de nymphes de Bruchidae en Afrique de l’Ouest. Des etudes anterieures effectuees sur ces parasitoides ont montre que D. basalis et E. vuilleti entraient en competition interspecifique. E. vuilleti est competitivement superieur a D. basalis et l’elimine quand les deux especes se developpent a densite initiale egale. Nous avons montre, dans les conditions du climat subtropical de type guineen que l’issue de la competition pouvait dependre du nombre de femelles de D. basalis exploitant le patch par rapport a celui de E. vuilleti. Quand la proportion initiale des concurrents est en faveur de D. basalis (75 % de D. basalis et 25 % de E. vuilleti), la descendance est majoritairement constituee de D. basalis. Ces resultats permettent d’expliquer en partie l’abondance de D. basalis par rapport a E. vuilleti dans les greniers de la zone subtropicale de type guineen. Dinarmus basalis Rond. (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) and Eupelmus vuilleti Craw. (Hymenoptera : Eupelmidae) are the two main solitary ectoparasitoids of larvae and pupae of Bruchidae in West Africa. Former studies carried out on these species showed that D. basalis and E vuilleti entered interspecific competition. E vuilleti is competitively higher than D. basalis and eliminates it when the two species develop with equal initial density. We showed under subtropical climate conditions in guinean zone that the exitence of the competition could depend on the number offemales of D. basalis exploiting the patch compared to that of E vuilleti. When the initial proportion of the competitors is in favour of D. basalis (75 % of D. basalis and 25 % of E vuilleti), the descent mainly consists of D. basalis. These results permitted to explain the abundance of D. basalis compared to E. vuilleti in guinean zone.

Eupelmus vuilleti (Hymenoptera; Eupelmidae) is a host feeding ectoparasitoid of fourth-instar larvae or pupae of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera; Bruchidae) infecting Vigna unguiculata seed and pods (Fabacae). Parasitoid females are synovigenic, i.e. they are born with immature eggs and need to feed from the host in order to sustain egg production. In this study, the role of sterols obtained through host feeding in parasitoid oogenesis are examined. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the sterol contents in each partner of the tritrophic interaction show that a parasitoid female's larval sterol contents is sufficient to produce only 30% of the total number of eggs laid throughout a female's life cycle. In a second step, by manipulating the composition of the sterols hemolymph in the host, it is shown that cholesterol obtained through adult nutrition plays a crucial role in the eggs viability but does not affect the egg production quantitatively. This result has important implications for understanding both the nutrient allocation strategy in this species and the impact of cholesterol in parasitoid reproduction.