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Abstract Obesity is the result of interactions between genes and environmental factors. Since monogenic etiology is only known in some obesity-related genes, a genetic risk score (GRS) could be useful to determine the genetic predisposition to obesity. Therefore, the aim of our study was to build a GRS able to predict genetic predisposition to overweight and obesity in European adolescents. A total of 1069 adolescents (51.3% female), aged 11–19 years participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) cross-sectional study were genotyped. The sample was divided in non-overweight (non-OW) and overweight/obesity (OW/OB). From 611 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) available, a first screening of 104 SNPs univariately associated with obesity (p

Abstract Background Levels of physical activity and variation in physical activity and sedentary time by place and person in European children and adolescents are largely unknown. The objective of the study was to assess the variations in objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in children and adolescents across Europe. Methods Six databases were systematically searched to identify pan-European and national data sets on physical activity and sedentary time assessed by the same accelerometer in children (2 to 9.9 years) and adolescents (≥10 to 18 years). We harmonized individual-level data by reprocessing hip-worn raw accelerometer data files from 30 different studies conducted between 1997 and 2014, representing 47,497 individuals (2–18 years) from 18 different European countries. Results Overall, a maximum of 29% (95% CI: 25, 33) of children and 29% (95% CI: 25, 32) of adolescents were categorized as sufficiently physically active. We observed substantial country- and region-specific differences in physical activity and sedentary time, with lower physical activity levels and prevalence estimates in Southern European countries. Boys were more active and less sedentary in all age-categories. The onset of age-related lowering or leveling-off of physical activity and increase in sedentary time seems to become apparent at around 6 to 7 years of age. Conclusions Two third of European children and adolescents are not sufficiently active. Our findings suggest substantial gender-, country- and region-specific differences in physical activity. These results should encourage policymakers, governments, and local and national stakeholders to take action to facilitate an increase in the physical activity levels of young people across Europe.

El desplazamiento activo al colegio es un comportamiento susceptible de modificación que puede generar diferentes beneficios para la salud de los jóvenes. Se han implementado multitud de estrategias de intervención orientadas a la promoción del desplazamiento activo al colegio. Se ha observado que la calidad de la intervención depende de varios factores, entre los que se encuentran la dosis (número de actividades semanales), el contenido de la intervención y las medidas de evaluación dentro de la intervención. El objetivo del presente estudio es aportar recomendaciones prácticas para incrementar la calidad de las intervenciones orientadas a la promoción del desplazamiento activo al colegio basadas en experiencias previas en una población de escolares españoles. Como conclusión se recomienda que se incremente la dosis de las intervenciones, así como se oriente de manera adecuada el contenido de la misma y se realicen varias medidas de evaluación a lo largo de la intervención, con el fin de mejorar la calidad de las intervenciones. Abstract. Active commuting to school is a behavior that can be changed and could generate several health benefits in young people. Several intervention proposals have been implemented to promote active commuting to school. However, the quality of the intervention program depends mainly on the dose, content of the intervention and evaluation measures performed within the intervention. The objective of the current study is to propose different practical recommendations to increase the quality of the intervention programs focused on promoting active commuting to school, based on previous intervention experiences with Spanish schoolchildren. As a conclusion, it is recommended to increase the dose of the interventions, provide proper guidance about the content of the intervention, and conducted several assessments across the intervention, in order to improve the quality of the interventions.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar si las instrucciones (aproximación positiva o negativa a la educación) estaban determinadas por las características del entrenador de fútbol base (formación académica, titulación federativa, modelo de enseñanza-entrenamiento, estilo de liderazgo y estilo de dirección del equipo) en edades escolares. Se analizaron a 10 entrenadores andaluces en un partido de competición cada uno. A cada uno de los entrenadores se le grabó durante un partido de competición regional, que hace un total de 10 partidos y 932 minutos analizados. Los jóvenes futbolistas a quienes iban dirigidas dichas instrucciones tenían unas edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 18 años, y participaron un total de 125. Se usó el análisis de contenido como instrumento, categorizando dichas instrucciones y contrastando la frecuencia de instrucciones de carácter negativo o positivo hacia la educación con las características formativas de los entrenadores. Los resultados mostraron que sí existe influencia de dichas características sobre el tipo de instrucciones, siendo además acumulativas en su efecto. La formación del entrenador, el modelo de enseñanza táctico y el liderazgo democrático-permisivo, así como dirigir al grupo con autoridad son esenciales para educar a los jóvenes futbolistas en estas etapas de formación. Abstract. The aim of this study was to analyse if youth sport coaches’ instructions were influenced by their characteristics (i.e. general education, coaching certificación, model of teaching, leadership style, and team instruction style) when delivered to school-aged youth. We analysed one match of each of 10 Andalusian coaches. One soccer game was recorded for each coach in a regional competition, which was a total of 10 soccer games and 932 minutes analysed. The young soccer players were aged between 15 and 18 years. A content analysis was used for collecting data, through a thematic coding system to categorize the instructions during the matches. We compared the frequencies of negative and positive approaches to education of the coaches with their aforementioned characteristics. The results showed that there is an influence of these characteristics on the type of instructions, and that there is a cumulative effect. Coaching education, the tactical teaching model, a democratic-permissive leadership style, and leading the group with authority, are essential in educating youth soccer players duringthe school years.

La deshidratación es uno de los principales enemigos de los deportes de resistencia. Sin embargo, la ingesta excesiva de líquido con el objetivo de evitar dicha deshidratación, ha provocado en los últimos años numerosos casos de hiponatremia, especialmente en esfuerzos de extrema duración. La hiponatremia se define como la presentación de concentraciones de sodio en plasma por debajo de 135 mmol/L. Representa la primera causa de enfermedad severa en deportes de ultraresistencia, a lo que ha sido asociado numerosos casos de muerte súbita. Las extremadas exigencias físicas de este tipo de deportes de creciente popularidad, junto con el peligro potencial que supone para la salud del deportista, nos ha conducido al estudio profundo de las causas, consecuencias, factores asociados, abordaje terapéutico y prevención de la hiponatremia , tanto desde un punto de vista científico como práctico. La ingesta de la cantidad adecuada de líquido se presenta como el método más importante para prevenir su aparición. No está clara la cantidad idónea y/o necesidad de una suplementación de sodio en la bebida para evitar el desarrollo de hiponatremia y mejorar el rendimiento deportivo en pruebas de ultraresistencia. No obstante, parece ser que esta suplementación sólo sería útil en aquellos individuos que ingirieron una excesiva cantidad de líquido.Dehydration is one of the main problems associated to endurance sports. In order to avoid the negative effects of dehydration athletes tend to drink well above their current needs. The negative effect of drinking too much fluid is hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is defined as a plasma sodium concentration lower than 135mmol/L. Hyponatremia is the first cause of severe illness in ultraendurance sports and has been associated with sudden death. In this article, we analyze the causes, consequences, associated factors, therapeutic treatment and prevention of ultraendurance sports-associated hyponatremia. It is concluded that an adequate fluid ingestion is the best method to avoid hyponatremia. There is not conclusive data about the amount and necessity of sodium supplementation to avoid hyponatremia. However, it might be that it is not necessary to ingest additional sodium to prevent the development of hyponatremia in athletes who only partially replace theirs fluid losses during prolonged exercise.

A pesar de los avances registrados en el campo de la nutrición deportiva y la importancia que una adecuada alimentación tiene para mejorar el rendimiento físico-deportivo, los deportistas tanto recreacionales como profesionales olvidan con frecuencia incluir la planificación de una dieta y una pauta de hidratación óptimas dentro de la estrategia global de preparación para la práctica deportiva. Las adaptaciones fisiológicas y metabólicas del organismo como consecuencia del ejercicio físico conducen a la necesidad de aumentar la ingesta de calorías (de acuerdo al gasto energético) y de proteínas (en base a las necesidades tróficas del organismo). Igualmente, es preciso prestar una mayor atención a la ingesta de vitaminas y minerales, especialmente las vitaminas del grupo B, así como al cinc y al cromo. Esto permite optimizar el metabolismo de los hidratos de carbono, limitantes últimos de la duración del ejercicio. Durante la fase de entrenamiento, la dieta debe aportar un 60% carbohidratos, la ingesta proteica se cifra en torno a 1,2- 2 g/kg/día y, en general, se deben seguir las recomendaciones de la pirámide nutricional. Durante las fases pre-, per- y post-competición, el aspecto saludable de la dieta se complementa con la necesidad de obtener unos buenos rendimientos físico-deportivos así como garantizar una rápida y eficaz recuperación. De nuevo son los hidratos de carbono de índice glucémico alto o medio y el agua los elementos de la dieta a los que hay que prestar mayor atención. En conclusión, el deportista debe someterse a un régimen dietético adecuado al incremento del gasto que sufre y al mayor recambio metabólico a que se ve sometido. La pirámide nutricional es una representación gráfica que facilita la comprensión y el seguimiento de una dieta saludable. En el presente trabajo se adapta y presenta dicha pirámide a las características de la alimentación del deportista, considerando de una manera eminentemente práctica los tipos y cantidades de alimento que deben ser ingeridos en base al aporte nutricional que determinan para el sujeto que realiza actividad físico-deportivaIn spite of all the advances in sport nutrition and the importance of an adequate food intake in order to improve sport performance, both recreational and professional athletes forget frequently to include planning an optimum diet and fluid intake in their global strategy for performance. Physiological and metabolic adaptations produced as a consequence of physical exercise lead to the necessity of increasing caloric (in accordance to energy output) and protein (based on the trophic needs of the organism) intake. Likewise, paying major attention to vitamin and mineral intake, specifically B vitamins and zinc and chromium, is required, in order to optimize carbohydrate metabolism, the ultimate limiting factor for sport performance. During the training phase, 60% of calories should come from carbohydrates, protein intake should be 1.2 - 2 g/kg/day and athletes should follow the recommendations of the food guide pyramid. During the pre-, per- and post-competition phase the healthy aspect of the diet passes to a second level, in order to obtain good sport performance and to guarantee a fast and effective recovery. Again, carbohydrates with a high or medium glycaemic index and water are the nutrients which have to be calculated more thoroughly. In conclusion, athletes have to follow a diet that is adequate to their higher energy output and to their higher metabolic turnover. The food guide pyramid is a graphic expression which facilitates the comprehension and following of a healthy diet. In the present article, the authors introduce the pyramid adapted to the characteristics of sports nutrition, with easy-to-follow practical recommendations regarding the kind and amounts of foodstuffs that should be consumed in order to cover nutrient needs of people who exercise regularly

Conocer la relación entre capacidad aeróbica, fuerza muscular y factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes es de interés científico y sanitario. Además, para poder interpretar de una manera más precisa estas asociaciones es necesario disponer de una metodología sencilla y fiable. Esto puede ayudar a crear estrategias de prevención primaria desde las edades más tempranas. El objetivo general de esta memoria de Tesis Doctoral es estudiar la relación entre condición física (especialmente capacidad aeróbica y fuerza muscular) y factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en jóvenes, así como desarrollar nuevos métodos de estimación de la capacidad aeróbica y fuerza muscular en adolescentes. Un total de 873 niños de 9 a 10 años y 971 adolescentes de 12 a 19 años conforman las poblaciones que han participado en los tres estudios de cohortes incluidos en la presente memoria de Tesis: El estudio AVENA (Alimentación y Valoración del Estado Nutricional de los Adolescentes Españoles), el EYHS (European Youth Heart Study), y el estudio HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence). Los principales resultados de la memoria de Tesis sugieren que: a) La condición física se relaciona con parámetros de salud en niños y adolescentes. b) La capacidad aeróbica se asocia inversamente con factores tradicionales de enfermedad cardiovascular en niños de 9 a 10 años. c) La capacidad aeróbica se asocia con un factor novel de enfermedad cardiovascular tal como la homocisteína en niñas adolescentes, y esto tras ajustar por distintas variables de confusión incluido el genotipo MTHFR 677C>T. d) La fuerza muscular se asocia a proteínas de inflamación aguda tales como la proteína C reactiva en adolescentes. e) Se ha desarrollado y validado una nueva fórmula de estimación del consumo máximo de oxígeno a partir del resultado obtenido en el test de ida y vuelta de 20 metros, el sexo, la edad, el peso y la talla del adolescente. f) Hay un tamaño de agarre óptimo que debería ser ajustado en el dinamómetro cuando se evalúe la fuerza de prensión manual en adolescentes. Los resultados de la presente memoria de Tesis muestran que la condición física en general y la capacidad aeróbica y la fuerza muscular en particular constituyen un importante marcador de salud en jóvenes, al igual que ya se había mostrado en adultos. Estos datos confirman la necesidad de incluir este tipo de mediciones en los sistemas educativos y de salud pública. El desarrollo de nuevos métodos de evaluación de la condición física para ser aplicados en estudios epidemiológicos ayudará a mejorar la calidad y el rigor de los mismos.

Abstract  We studied 278 adolescents (169 females) aged 13.0–18.5 years to elucidate whether an independent effect of physical fitness and lean mass in the differences between male and female bones can be detected. Lean and fat masses and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured with DXA. Physical fitness was evaluated with six different tests included in the EUROFIT test battery (flexibility, isometric, dynamic and endurance strength, speed, and cardiovascular fitness). To test the independent relationship between physical fitness and bone mass, multiple regression analysis was applied, including lean mass, age, and Tanner development as covariates. The males had a 43% lower fat mass and 40% and 16% higher lean mass and total BMC compared with the females (all P P P R 2 was 0.658 for hand grip and 0.035–0.151 for the rest of physical fitness-related variables; but 0.019–0.042 in females (all P–0.001); however, the independent relationships between physical fitness and bone disappeared after controlling for lean mass. In conclusion, it is likely the differences between male and female in bone mass could be explained by differences in lean mass and physical fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eubiosis is the intestinal microbial ecosystem balance between human and microorganisms, whereas a disbalance in this intestinal microbial ecosystem is known as dysbiosis. The relationship between exercise with gut microbiota in humans is poorly studied, although it seems that one of the possible ways to restore eubiosis could be via exercise. This systematic review aimed to examine the scientific literature available on the influence of exercise in the gut microbiota of healthy adults. Methods: A systematic and comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science (WOS) from their inception to April 2019. Search terms used were: "Gastrointestinal Microbiome", "Fecal Microbiota", "Cecal Microbiota", "Faecal Microbiota, "Exercises", "Training" and "Human". Results: The initial search retrieved 218 articles and 15 met the inclusion criteria of which 9 were cross-sectional, 3 acute and 3 chronic exercise interventions. Higher levels of physical activity or VO2max were positively associated with alpha-diversity in the 85.7% of the cross-sectional studies (n = 6). We found controversial findings between levels of physical activity or VO2max with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phylum over cross-sectional studies. However, some studies found that higher levels of physical activity or VO2max were positively related with Verrumicrobia and Actinobacteria, as well as their levels increased after the exercise interventions studies. Furthermore, higher levels of physical activity or VO2max were positively related with short-chain-fatty-acids (SCFAs), as well as their levels increased after a chronic intervention. Discussion: The muscle-gut axis is based on the contraction of skeletal muscle during exercise due to the release of myokines. This myokines that seem to play a role in mediating the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in the gut during exercise. GLP-1 is one of the key incretins involved in the whole-body metabolism. On other hand, the gut-muscle axis, relies that the gut microbiota is able to produce SCFAs, which are mediator of mitochondrial energy metabolism in skeletal muscles. Conclusion: Higher levels of physical activity or VO2max are positively related with higher levels of alpha diversity and some phylum in healthy adults. Moreover, both acute and chronic exercises only influence some phylum. However, the high heterogeneity between studies hampers to draw stronger conclusions. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand the possible mechanism about how exercise could affect healthy human gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]