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Abstract Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a key protein implicated in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is recognized for its association with epigenetic dysregulation and pathogenesis. Despite clinical explorations into EZH2-targeting therapies, the mechanisms underlying its role in gene suppression in HCC have remained largely unexplored. Here, we integrate epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses to uncover the transcriptional landscape modulated by selective EZH2 inhibition in HCC. By reanalyzing transcriptomic data of HCC patients, we demonstrate that EZH2 overexpression correlates with poor patient survival. Treatment with the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat restored expression of genes involved in cysteine-methionine metabolism and lipid homeostasis, while suppressing angiogenesis and oxidative stress-related genes. Mechanistically, we demonstrate EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 enrichment at cis-regulatory elements of transsulfuration pathway genes, which is reversed upon inhibition, leading to increased chromatin accessibility. Among 16 EZH2-targeted candidate genes, BHMT and CDO1 were notably correlated with poor HCC prognosis. Tazemetostat treatment of HCC cells increased BHMT and CDO1 expression while reducing levels of ferroptosis markers FSP1, NFS1, and SLC7A11. Functionally, EZH2 inhibition dose-dependently reduced cell viability and increased lipid peroxidation in HCC cells. Our findings reveal a novel epigenetic mechanism controlling lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis susceptibility in HCC, providing a rationale for exploring EZH2-targeted therapies in this malignancy.

Abstract Autologous transplantation remains the standard of care for eligible multiple myeloma (MM) patients, yet optimal CD34+ cell dose remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective study on MM patients undergoing upfront transplant between 2005 and 2021 and divided them into low (≤2.5 × 106 cells/kg) and high (>2.5 × 106 cells/kg) CD34+ dose groups. We included 2479 patients, 95 in the low CD34+ group and 2384 in the high CD34+ group. Patients in the low CD34+ group were older (63.2 vs 61.1 years, p = 0.013), more often had R-ISS III (19% vs 9%, p = 0.014), received plerixafor (60% vs 35%, p 2.5 × 106 cells/kg. Multivariable analysis affirmed that CD34+ >2.5 × 106 cells/kg was associated with better PFS (HR 0.71, p = 0.008) and OS (0.59, p 2.5 × 106 cells/kg remained a predictor of better OS (0.42, p 2.5 × 106 cells/kg was associated with improved survival, without any additional benefit at incrementally higher doses.

Abstract The advanced patterning process is the basis of integration technology to realize the development of next-generation high-speed, low-power consumption devices. Recently, area-selective atomic layer deposition (AS-ALD), which allows the direct deposition of target materials on the desired area using a deposition barrier, has emerged as an alternative patterning process. However, the AS-ALD process remains challenging to use for the improvement of patterning resolution and selectivity. In this study, we report a superlattice-based AS-ALD (SAS-ALD) process using a two-dimensional (2D) MoS2-MoSe2 lateral superlattice as a pre-defining template. We achieved a minimum half pitch size of a sub-10 nm scale for the resulting AS-ALD on the 2D superlattice template by controlling the duration time of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) precursors. SAS-ALD introduces a mechanism that enables selectivity through the adsorption and diffusion processes of ALD precursors, distinctly different from conventional AS-ALD method. This technique facilitates selective deposition even on small pattern sizes and is compatible with the use of highly reactive precursors like trimethyl aluminum. Moreover, it allows for the selective deposition of a variety of materials, including Al2O3, HfO2, Ru, Te, and Sb2Se3.

Under what conditions do originators of innovation benefit from knowledge spillover by learning from knowledge recipients, and when do they not? This study examines how originator firms’ learning from recipients differs depending on their spillover characteristics. These characteristics were captured using the Spillover Knowledge Pool (SKP). It also examines how technological alliances moderate the relationship between SKP characteristics and originator follow-on innovations. An analysis of 62 firms over 10 years confirms that while the technological diversity of the SKP has a positive impact on the originator's innovation, the technological overlap of the SKP relative to the originator's knowledge has a negative impact. Furthermore, technological alliances enhance the positive effect of technological diversity while exacerbating the adverse effects of technological overlap. This study contributes to the literature on knowledge spillover, particularly within the knowledge-based view of firms, by providing a balanced perspective that addresses the dual impact of knowledge spillover on originator firms. Furthermore, this research highlights the contingent effects of knowledge spillover by examining the interplay between spillover phenomena and strategic factors, specifically technological alliances. The findings have concrete managerial and policy implications conducive to enhancing firms’ innovation performance in the context of knowledge spillover.

Abstract Insufficient labeling information regarding the appropriate age for prescribing drugs to the pediatric population is challenging. This study aimed to analyze the off‐label prescription of age‐related drugs for pediatric patients using claims data from South Korea and to assess the consistency of the approved age in South Korea, the United States, Europe, and Japan. In 2020, 1004 unique drugs were prescribed to the pediatric population in South Korea. We found that 641 drugs (63.8%, p

Abstract A tokamak relies on the axisymmetric magnetic fields to confine fusion plasmas and aims to deliver sustainable and clean energy. However, misalignments arise inevitably in the tokamak construction, leading to small asymmetries in the magnetic field known as error fields (EFs). The EFs have been a major concern in the tokamak approaches because small EFs, even less than 0.1%, can drive a plasma disruption. Meanwhile, the EFs in the tokamak can be favorably used for controlling plasma instabilities, such as edge-localized modes (ELMs). Here we show an optimization that tailors the EFs to maintain an edge 3D response for ELM control with a minimized core 3D response to avoid plasma disruption and unnecessary confinement degradation. We design and demonstrate such an edge-localized 3D response in the KSTAR facility, benefiting from its unique flexibility to change many degrees of freedom in the 3D coil space for the various fusion plasma regimes. This favorable control of the tokamak EF represents a notable advance for designing intrinsically 3D tokamaks to optimize stability and confinement for next-step fusion reactors.

With the freedom to consume content on preferred devices at any time as long as there is an Internet connection, the growing demand for over-the-top (OTT) services is evident. In conjunction with the rise of OTT services, binge-watching has become a prevalent behavior. In this research, we explore whether personality traits including the Big Five and need for cognition wield an effect on OTT use and binge-watching. We used a large, diverse, population representative sample from South Korea to investigate this topic. Results indicated that openness to experience and need for cognition were positively related to OTT use. Openness to experience, emotional stability, conscientiousness, and need for cognition had a negative association with binge-watching. When the sample was split by OTT frequency, the binge-watching effects were obtained exclusively for daily OTT users. For non-daily OTT users, most of the personality traits did not exert an effect on binge-watching. Implications of the current findings as well as limitations and future research are presented.

Abstract We report three highly efficient multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence blue-emitter host materials that include 5,9-dioxa-13b-boranaphtho[3,2,1-de]anthracene (DOBNA) and tetraphenylsilyl groups. The host materials doped with the conventional N 7,N 7,N 13,N 13,5,9,11,15-octaphenyl-5,9,11,15-tetrahydro-5,9,11,15-tetraaza-19b,20b-diboradinaphtho[3,2,1-de:1’,2’,3’-jk]pentacene-7,13-diamine (ν-DABNA) blue emitter exhibit a high photoluminescence quantum yield greater than 0.82, a high horizontal orientation greater than 88%, and a short photoluminescence decay time of 0.96–1.93 μs. Among devices fabricated using six synthesized compounds, the device with (4-(2,12-di-tert-butyl-5,9-dioxa-13b-boranaphtho[3,2,1-de]anthracen-7-yl)phenyl)triphenylsilane (TDBA-Si) shows high external quantum efficiency values of 36.2/35.0/31.3% at maximum luminance/500 cd m−2/1,000 cd m−2. This high performance is attributed to fast energy transfer from the host to the dopant. Other factors possibly contributing to the high performance are a T1 excited-state contribution, inhibition of aggregation by the bulky tetraphenylsilyl groups, high horizontal orientation, and high thermal stability. We achieve a high efficiency greater than 30% and a small roll-off value of 4.9% at 1,000 cd m−2 using the TDBA-Si host material.

The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) posits that maximal plant biodiversity is attained in environments characterized by moderate ecological disturbances. Although the applicability of the IDH to microbial diversity has been explored in a limited number of studies, there is a notable absence of experimental reports on whether soil microbial ‘activity’ demonstrates a similar response to the frequency or intensity of environmental disturbances. In this investigation, we conducted five distinct experiments employing soils or wetland sediments exposed to varying intensities or frequencies of disturbances, with a specific emphasis on disturbances associated with human activity, such as chemical contamination, hydrologic changes, and forest thinning. Specifically, we examined the effects of bactericide and heavy metal contamination, long-term drainage, tidal flow, and thinning management on microbial enzyme activities in soils. Our findings revealed that microbial enzyme activities were highest at intermediate disturbance levels. Despite the diversity in experiment conditions, each trial consistently demonstrated analogous patterns, suggesting the robustness of the IDH in elucidating microbial activities alongside diversity in soils. These outcomes bear significant implications for ecological restoration and management, as intermediate disturbance may expedite organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycles, crucial for sustaining ecosystem services in soils.

This study explored the possibility of recycling aluminum waste scrap, an industrial byproduct resulting from the increasing production of capacitors, a vital component in the modern electronics industry, as a reinforcement material for buildings without the need for re-melting and forming process. To achieve this, an aluminum alloy perforated sheet (ALS) was developed that preserves the form of aluminum scrap and is coated with copper. ALS has the potential to be used as a reinforcing and electromagnetic wave-shielding material for building structures while suppressing the increase in self-weight. Therefore, in this study, ALS was reinforced in a highly homogeneous mortar and experimentally evaluated to determine whether it could improve the mechanical properties and electromagnetic shielding performance of the structures. Static compressive, tensile, and flexural strength tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the specimens reinforced with ALS, and electromagnetic shielding measurements were performed through waveguide tests. Among them, the tensile performance of the ALS-reinforced specimens increased to 229% in strain with a strength increase of up to 2.6 times, and the electromagnetic shielding effect was improved by 3.6 times. These results show that ALS can improve the mechanical properties and electromagnetic shielding performance of mortar specimens. In addition, based on the experimental results, this study evaluates the possibility of using ALS as a reinforcing material and discusses its applications in building systems.

Abstract Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a primary regulator of the forest–climate feedback. However, its indicative capability for the soil CH4 sink is poorly understood due to the incomplete knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, SOC is not explicitly included in the current model estimation of the global forest CH4 sink. Here, using in-situ observations, global meta-analysis, and process-based modeling, we provide evidence that SOC constitutes an important variable that governs the forest CH4 sink. We find that a CH4 sink is enhanced with increasing SOC content on regional and global scales. The revised model with SOC function better reproduces the field observation and estimates a 39% larger global forest CH4 sink (24.27 Tg CH4 yr−1) than the model without considering SOC effects (17.46 Tg CH4 yr−1). This study highlights the role of SOC in the forest CH4 sink, which shall be factored into future global CH4 budget quantification.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. Stem-like GBM cells (GSCs) are a major driver of GBM propagation and recurrence; thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms that promote GSCs may lead to effective therapeutic approaches. Through in vitro clonogenic growth-based assays, we determined mitogenic activities of the ligand molecules that are implicated in neural development. We have identified that semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), originally known as an axon guidance molecule in the CNS, promotes clonogenic growth of GBM cells but not normal neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Mechanistically, Sema3A binds to its receptor neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and facilitates an interaction between NRP1 and TGF-β receptor 1 (TGF-βR1), which in turn leads to activation of canonical TGF-β signaling in both GSCs and NPCs. TGF-β signaling enhances self-renewal and survival of GBM tumors through induction of key stem cell factors, but it evokes cytostatic responses in NPCs. Blockage of the Sema3A/NRP1 axis via shRNA-mediated knockdown of Sema3A or NRP1 impeded clonogenic growth and TGF-β pathway activity in GSCs and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest that the Sema3A/NRP1/TGF-βR1 signaling axis is a critical regulator of GSC propagation and a potential therapeutic target for GBM.

We present a proof-of-concept simulation-based inference on Ω _m and σ _8 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) LOWZ Northern Galactic Cap (NGC) catalog using neural networks and domain generalization techniques without the need of summary statistics. Using rapid light-cone simulations L- picola , mock galaxy catalogs are produced that fully incorporate the observational effects. The collection of galaxies is fed as input to a point cloud-based network, Minkowski-PointNet . We also add relatively more accurate G adget mocks to obtain robust and generalizable neural networks. By explicitly learning the representations that reduce the discrepancies between the two different data sets via the semantic alignment loss term, we show that the latent space configuration aligns into a single plane in which the two cosmological parameters form clear axes. Consequently, during inference, the SDSS BOSS LOWZ NGC catalog maps onto the plane, demonstrating effective generalization and improving prediction accuracy compared to non-generalized models. Results from the ensemble of 25 independently trained machines find Ω _m = 0.339 ± 0.056 and σ _8 = 0.801 ± 0.061, inferred only from the distribution of galaxies in the light-cone slices without relying on any indirect summary statistics. A single machine that best adapts to the G adget mocks yields a tighter prediction of Ω _m = 0.282 ± 0.014 and σ _8 = 0.786 ± 0.036. We emphasize that adaptation across multiple domains can enhance the robustness of the neural networks in observational data.

In KSTAR experiments exhibiting sawtooth instability, the formation of multiple flux tubes (MFTs) has been frequently observed when electron cyclotron resonance heating or a current drive is applied near the inversion radius of the sawtooth. On the global scale, these MFTs evolve into a single flux tube mode or dual modes. The modes are observed as multiple Fourier harmonics in the spectrogram. A comprehensive correlation analysis of 2D imaging diagnostic data reveals a notable energy transfer within structures of varying sizes during the global mode transition. Broadband fluctuations are enhanced, and energy transfer between Fourier harmonics occurs in the presence of MFTs. Cross-power spectrum in the presence of multiple Fourier harmonics aligns with power law of inverse cascade. This suggests that energy inverse cascade process can contribute to formation of MFTs.

We test whether Lyα emitters (LAEs) and Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) can be good tracers of high- z large-scale structures, using the Horizon Run 5 cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. We identify LAEs using the Ly α emission line luminosity and its equivalent width, and LBGs using the broadband magnitudes at z ∼ 2.4, 3.1, and 4.5. We first compare the spatial distributions of LAEs, LBGs, all galaxies, and dark matter around the filamentary structures defined by dark matter. The comparison shows that both LAEs and LBGs are more concentrated toward the dark matter filaments than dark matter. We also find an empirical fitting formula for the vertical density profile of filaments as a binomial power-law relation of the distance to the filaments. We then compare the spatial distributions of the samples around the filaments defined by themselves. LAEs and LBGs are again more concentrated toward their filaments than dark matter. We also find the overall consistency between filamentary structures defined by LAEs, LBGs, and dark matter, with the median spatial offsets that are smaller than the mean separation of the sample. These results support the idea that the LAEs and LBGs could be good tracers of large-scale structures of dark matter at high redshifts.

We introduce a novel halo/galaxy matching technique between two cosmological simulations with different resolutions, which utilizes the positions and masses of halos along their subhalo merger tree. With this tool, we conduct a study of resolution biases through the galaxy-by-galaxy inspection of a pair of simulations that have the same simulation configuration but different mass resolutions, utilizing a suite of IllustrisTNG simulations to assess the impact on galaxy properties. We find that, with the subgrid physics model calibrated for TNG100-1, subhalos in TNG100-1 (high resolution) have ≲0.5 dex higher stellar masses than their counterparts in the TNG100-2 (low resolution). It is also discovered that the subhalos with M _gas ∼ 10 ^8.5 M _⊙ in TNG100-1 have ∼0.5 dex higher gas mass than those in TNG100-2. The mass profiles of the subhalos reveal that the dark matter masses of subhalos in TNG100-2 converge well with those from TNG100-1, except within 4 kpc of the resolution limit. The differences in stellar mass and hot gas mass are most pronounced in the central region. We exploit machine learning to build a correction mapping for the physical quantities of subhalos from low- to high-resolution simulations (TNG300-1 and TNG100-1), which enables us to find an efficient way to compile a high-resolution galaxy catalog even from a low-resolution simulation. Our tools can easily be applied to other large cosmological simulations, testing and mitigating the resolution biases of their numerical codes and subgrid physics models.

One intriguing approach for studying the dynamical evolution of galaxy clusters is to compare the spatial distributions among various components such as dark matter, member galaxies, gas, and intracluster light (ICL). Utilizing the recently introduced weighted overlap coefficient (WOC), we analyze the spatial distributions of components within 174 galaxy clusters ( M _tot > 5 × 10 ^13 M _⊙ , z = 0.625) at varying dynamical states in the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation Horizon Run 5. We observe that the distributions of gas and the combination of ICL with the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) closely resembles the dark matter distribution, particularly in more relaxed clusters, characterized by the half-mass epoch. The similarity in spatial distribution between dark matter and BCG+ICL mimics the changes in the dynamical state of clusters during a major merger. Notably, at redshifts >1, BCG+ICL traced dark matter more accurately than the gas. Additionally, we examined the one-dimensional radial profiles of each component, which show that the BCG+ICL is a sensitive component revealing the dynamical state of clusters. We propose a new method that can approximately recover the dark matter profile by scaling the BCG+ICL radial profile. Furthermore, we find a recipe for tracing dark matter in unrelaxed clusters by including the most massive satellite galaxies together with the BCG+ICL distribution. Combining the BCG+ICL and the gas distribution enhances the dark matter tracing ability. Our results imply that the BCG+ICL distribution is an effective tracer for the dark matter distribution, and the similarity of the spatial distribution may be a useful probe of the dynamical state of a cluster.

We study the formation and evolution of dark galaxies using the IllustrisTNG cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. We first identify dark galaxies with stellar-to-total mass ratios, M _* / M _tot , smaller than 10 ^−4 , which differ from luminous galaxies with M _* / M _tot ≥ 10 ^−4 . We then select the galaxies with a dark matter halo mass of ∼10 ^9 h ^−1 M _⊙ for mass completeness and compare their physical properties with those of luminous galaxies. We find that, at the present epoch ( z = 0), dark galaxies are predominantly located in void regions without star-forming gas. We also find that dark galaxies tend to have larger sizes and higher spin parameters than luminous galaxies. In the early universe, dark and luminous galaxies show small differences in the distributions of spin and local environment estimates, and the difference between the two samples becomes more significant as they evolve. Our results suggest that, unlike luminous galaxies, dark galaxies tend to be initially formed in less dense regions and could not form stars because of heating from cosmic reionization and few interactions and mergers with other systems containing stars. This study based on numerical simulations can provide important hints for validating dark galaxy candidates in observations and for constraining galaxy formation models.

We propose a new method for finding galaxy protoclusters that is motivated by structure formation theory and also directly applicable to observations. We adopt the conventional definition that a protocluster is a galaxy group whose virial mass M _vir < M _cl at its epoch, where M _cl = 10 ^14 M _⊙ , but would exceed that limit when it evolves to z = 0. We use the critical overdensity for complete collapse at z = 0 predicted by the spherical top-hat collapse model to find the radius and total mass of the regions that would collapse at z = 0. If the mass of a region centered at a massive galaxy exceeds M _cl , the galaxy is at the center of a protocluster. We define the outer boundary of a protocluster as the zero-velocity surface at the turnaround radius so that the member galaxies are those sharing the same protocluster environment and showing some conformity in physical properties. We use the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation Horizon Run 5 ( HR5 ) to calibrate this prescription and demonstrate its performance. We find that the protocluster identification method suggested in this study is quite successful. Its application to the high-redshift HR5 galaxies shows a tight correlation between the mass within the protocluster regions identified according to the spherical collapse model and the final mass to be found within the clusters at z = 0, meaning that the regions can be regarded as the bona fide protoclusters with high reliability. We also confirm that the redshift-space distortion does not significantly affect the performance of the protocluster identification scheme.

Our remote comb-to-comb stabilization expedites diverse long-distance ground-to-ground or ground-to-satellite applications for 6 THz bandwidth molecule spectroscopy and microwaves generation with phase noise of −80 dBc Hz–1 at 1 Hz.

Abstract The X-ray Free Electron Laser of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL-XFEL) was opened for the user in 2017. PAL-XFEL was the third XFEL facility in the world and well known for the small timing jitter of FEL radiation. This success was possible because of the significant achievements in the accelerator technology in PAL-XFEL. They are not limited to a small part of the accelerator but cover from the injector for the electron beam generation to the undulator line for FEL radiation. In this review, we describe the details of newly developed devices that contributed to the successful construction of PAL-XFEL.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a complex disease resulting from chronic liver injury associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammation. Recently, the importance of developing multi-target drugs as a strategy to address complex diseases such as NASH has been growing; however, their manufacturing processes remain time- and cost-intensive and inefficient. To overcome these limitations, we developed UniStac, a novel enzyme-mediated conjugation platform for multi-specific drug development. UniStac demonstrated high conjugation yields, optimal thermal stabilities, and robust biological activities. We designed a tetra-specific compound, C-192, targeting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucagon (GCG), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) simultaneously for the treatment of NASH using UniStac. The biological activity and treatment efficacy of C-192 were confirmed both in vitro and in vivo using a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced mouse model. C-192 exhibited profound therapeutic efficacies compared to conventional drugs, including liraglutide and dulaglutide. C-192 significantly improved alanine transaminase levels, triglyceride accumulation, and the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of UniStac in creating multi-specific drugs and confirmed the therapeutic potential of C-192, a drug that integrates multiple mechanisms into a single molecule for the treatment of NASH.

A metamaterial lens refers to a planar structure having multiple metamaterial unit cells capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves to improve antenna gains by changing their shape, geometry, size, or orientation. In this paper, we propose a large-aperture metamaterial lens antenna (MLA) designed to improve the gain of multiple beams emitted from a linear feed antenna array, taking multi-layer transmission into account. A new channel model incorporating MLA is presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed MLA on beam gain and system throughput gain. The channel model is derived by decomposing the entire propagation channel from the transmit antenna to the receive antenna through metamaterial lens into five serial channels. The measurement results of the MLA prototype prove that the channel model is valid to reflect the actual multiple beam patterns. Simulation results based on the channel model show that a single large-aperture MLA can achieve beam gain of up to 14 dB compared to the case without a lens. Finally, by adopting the proposed large-aperture MLA, it is shown through system-level simulation that the throughput of user equipment is increased on cellular networks.

Abstract Biological contextual information helps understand various phenomena occurring in the biological systems consisting of complex molecular relations. The construction of context-specific relational resources vastly relies on laborious manual extraction from unstructured literature. In this paper, we propose COMMODAR, a machine learning-based literature mining framework for context-specific molecular relations using multimodal representations. The main idea of COMMODAR is the feature augmentation by the cooperation of multimodal representations for relation extraction. We leveraged biomedical domain knowledge as well as canonical linguistic information for more comprehensive representations of textual sources. The models based on multiple modalities outperformed those solely based on the linguistic modality. We applied COMMODAR to the 14 million PubMed abstracts and extracted 9214 context-specific molecular relations. All corpora, extracted data, evaluation results, and the implementation code are downloadable at https://github.com/jae-hyun-lee/commodar . Ccs concepts • Computing methodologies~Information extraction • Computing methodologies~Neural networks • Applied computing~Biological networks.

We use the Horizon Run 5 cosmological simulation to study the effect of galaxy intrinsic properties and the local environment on active galactic nuclei (AGNs) characterized by their threshold of the accretion rate. We select galaxies in the stellar mass range ${10}^{9.5}\leqslant {M}_{* }^{}/{M}_{\odot }^{}\leqslant {10}^{10.5}$ in the snapshot at redshift z = 0.625. Among various intrinsic properties, we find that the star formation rate of the host galaxy is most correlated to the AGN activity. To quantify the environment, we use background galaxy number density (large-scale environment) and distance and morphological type of the nearest neighbors (small-scale environment), and study their relative effects on the AGN properties. We find that, compared to the background density, the nearest neighbor environment is the dominant quantity determining the bolometric luminosity, star formation rate, and kinematic properties of AGNs and better dictates the gas mass of the host galaxy. We show that the cold gas content in the host galaxies is crucial in triggering AGN activity. However, when the nearest neighbor environment effects start to act at the neighbor distance of less than about half the virial radius of the neighbor, the neighbor environmental effects are the most dominant factor for quasar activity.

We investigate the impact of the surface-brightness (SB) limit on the galaxy stellar mass functions (GSMFs) using galaxy catalogs generated from the Horizon Run 5 ( HR5 ) simulation. We compare the stellar-to-halo-mass relation, GSMF, and size–stellar mass relation of the HR5 galaxies with observational data and other cosmological simulations. The mean SB of simulated galaxies are computed using their effective radii, luminosities, and colors. To examine the cosmic SB dimming effect, we compute k -corrections from the spectral energy distributions of individual simulated galaxy at each redshift, apply the k -corrections to the galaxies, and conduct mock surveys based on the various SB limits. We find that the GSMFs are significantly affected by the SB limits at the low-mass end. This approach can ease the discrepancy between the GSMFs obtained from simulations and observations at 0.6 ≲ z ≤ 2. We also find that a redshift survey with an SB selection limit of ${\left\langle {\mu }_{r}\right\rangle }^{e}=$ 25 mag arcsec ^−2 will miss 20% of galaxies with ${M}_{\star }^{g}={10}^{9}\,{M}_{\odot }$ at z = 0.625. The missing fraction of low-surface-brightness galaxies increases to 35%, 55%, and 80% at z = 0.9, 1.1, and 1.9, respectively, at the same SB limit.

The construction industry has the highest frequency of injuries and fatal accidents compared to other industries. Therefore, an accurate evaluation of the level of risk is necessary to effectively manage accidents in the construction industry. Although risk assessments are used in the construction industry to identify and reduce risk, they are carried out qualitatively by the subjective opinion of safety managers. Therefore, this study proposed a quantitative risk assessment based on the risk levels of 17 building facilities. Moreover, this study classified the building facilities into groups of similar risk levels. This study involved five steps. The results of the study indicated that in terms of both accident probability and financial losses, the facility type with the highest risk ranking was “Residential buildings” (5.92). The risk assessment method proposed in this study can contribute toward reducing accidents by identifying the exact risk level for each facility type. Moreover, clients and contractors can utilize this study and its findings as a basis for different safety management approaches depending on the risk group level.

ABSTRACT Noncoding small RNAs (sRNAs) are crucial for the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in all organisms and are known to be involved in the regulation of bacterial virulence. In the human pathogen Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough, virulence is controlled primarily by the master two-component system BvgA (response regulator)/BvgS (sensor kinase). In this system, BvgA is phosphorylated (Bvg+ mode) or nonphosphorylated (Bvg− mode), with global transcriptional differences between the two. B. pertussis also carries the bacterial sRNA chaperone Hfq, which has previously been shown to be required for virulence. Here, we conducted transcriptomic analyses to identify possible B. pertussis sRNAs and to determine their BvgAS dependence using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and the prokaryotic sRNA prediction program ANNOgesic. We identified 143 possible candidates (25 Bvg+ mode specific and 53 Bvg− mode specific), of which 90 were previously unreported. Northern blot analyses confirmed all of the 10 ANNOgesic candidates that we tested. Homology searches demonstrated that 9 of the confirmed sRNAs are highly conserved among B. pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Bordetella bronchiseptica, with one that also has homologues in other species of the Alcaligenaceae family. Using coimmunoprecipitation with a B. pertussis FLAG-tagged Hfq, we demonstrated that 3 of the sRNAs interact directly with Hfq, which is the first identification of sRNA binding to B. pertussis Hfq. Our study demonstrates that ANNOgesic is a highly useful tool for the identification of sRNAs in this system and that its combination with molecular techniques is a successful way to identify various BvgAS-dependent and Hfq-binding sRNAs. IMPORTANCE Noncoding small RNAs (sRNAs) are crucial for posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in all organisms and are known to be involved in the regulation of bacterial virulence. We have investigated the presence of sRNAs in the obligate human pathogen B. pertussis, using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and the recently developed prokaryotic sRNA search program ANNOgesic. This analysis has identified 143 sRNA candidates (90 previously unreported). We have classified their dependence on the B. pertussis two-component system required for virulence, namely, BvgAS, based on their expression in the presence/absence of the phosphorylated response regulator BvgA, confirmed several by Northern analyses, and demonstrated that 3 bind directly to B. pertussis Hfq, the RNA chaperone involved in mediating sRNA effects. Our study demonstrates the utility of combining RNA-seq, ANNOgesic, and molecular techniques to identify various BvgAS-dependent and Hfq-binding sRNAs, which may unveil the roles of sRNAs in pertussis pathogenesis.

It is essential to objectively evaluate accident prevention costs (APCs) to respond to high-accident rates in the construction industry. However, currently, no quantitative APC analysis model considers the properties of the Korean construction industry. Therefore, in this study, the APC quantification structure was derived to comprehensively evaluate the properties of Korean construction projects, such as occupational safety and health management funds, safety management expenses, and others. Subsequently, the current status of APC in Korea was analyzed based on case studies on 38 projects for which questionnaires were collected. As a result of the study, the average ratio of the APC to total construction cost of the target project was calculated to be 1.95%. In addition, an average difference exists between groups according to client types and facility types in the target project. This study developed an APC quantification model considering Korea’s safety-related laws and insurance systems. It is expected that the results of this study can be used as objective data for evaluation according to the target project type.

In the construction industry, workers are exposed to hazardous emissions, such as dust, and various diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which affect workers. There is, however, a lack of studies that evaluate the dust that workers are exposed to, taking into account different factors of dust. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the amount of dust construction workers are exposed to by considering different factors of dust emission and to assess the health and economic impact of dust emissions. This study is conducted in three steps: (1) scope definition, (2) definition of worker dust exposure, and (3) health impact assessment. As a result, dust concentrations from the energy used, the atmosphere, and during construction activities were 1.01 × 10−5 µg/m3, 37.50 µg/m3, and 1.33 × 104 µg/m3 respectively. Earthwork had the highest dust concentration of 3.85 × 103 µg/m3. The total added number of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of workers was 0.0542a with an economic cost of $13,691.00. The contributions of this study are the accurate assessment of the amount of dust workers are exposed to and the development of policies to help compensate construction workers suffering from dust emission-related diseases.

Modern Pepper's ghost—“floating hologram”—systems generally use transparent screens called half mirrors or foils. this system must have the same screen size as the image size in order to display a large-sized image. Further, depth of the image can only be obtained from the distance between the screen and the display panel. These limitations can be overcome using holographic optical elements (HOE). HOE is made by recording as a refractive force of the lens with holographic material. In this study, the numerical values of the reconstructed images were theoretically analyzed through optical ray tracing, and the theoretical design of the reconstructed image size and depth plane was numerically measured and experimentally verified.

This paper presents a TCAD-based methodology to enable Design-Technology Co-Optimization (DTCO) of advanced semiconductor memories. After reviewing the DTCO approach to semiconductor devices scaling, we introduce a multi-stage simulation flow to study the device-to-circuit performance of advanced memory technologies in presence of statistical and process variability. We present a DRAM example to highlight the DTCO enablement for both memory and periphery. Our analysis demonstrates how the evaluation of different possible technology improvements and design combinations can be carried out to maximize the benefits of continuous technology scaling for a given set of manufacturing equipment.

The introduction of Phragmites australis is known to substantially increase methane emission in the tidal salt marsh. Previous studies suggested that enhanced carbon input by the introduction may stimulate methanogenic activity. However, the exact mechanisms and the effects of the introduction of P. australis to methane dynamics in the deep soil layer are still unclear. In this study we collected 1 m deep intact soil cores and gas samples at native Suaeda japonica- and P. australis-vegetated temperate tidal salt marshes in Suncheon Bay, Republic of Korea. Rates of methane emission and vertical distribution of soil biogeochemistry and microbial communities were analyzed to understand the relationship among chemical and microbiological properties. The introduction of P. australis significantly enhanced methane emission in sites, which was caused by increased DOC and reduced competitive inhibition between sulfate reducer and methanogens. In particular, reduced competitive inhibition between sulfate reducers and methanogens in deep soil layer may play a substantial role in the enhanced methane emission by the introduction of P. australis. Potential methane production was also significantly higher in deeper soil layers than the surface soil layer. We suggest that deep soil layer plays a critical role in the methane dynamics of tidal salt marsh which is introduced by deep root plants, such as P. australis. Keywords: Tidal salt marsh, Methane, Phragmites australis, Soil organic matter, Soil microbial community

Some of the least studied calixarenes are those that consist of azulene rings bridged by -CH2- groups. Since Lash and Colby’s discovery of a simple and convenient method for producing the parent all-hydrocarbon calix[4]azulene, there have been two other all-hydrocarbon calix[4]azulenes which have been synthesized in good yields by their method. This allowed studying their supramolecular properties. This report is of our latest work on the solution-state supramolecular complexation of one of these calix[4]azulenes, namely tetrakis(5,7-diphenyl)calix[4]azulene or “OPC4A”, with several electron-deficient tetraalkyammonium salts. As a result of more recent methods developed by us and others employing Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions to produce additional functionalized azulenes, the promise of further greater functionalized calixazulenes lies in store to be investigated.

Peripheral nerve injury can induce pathological conditions that lead to persistent sensitized nociception. Although there is evidence that plastic changes in the cortex contribute to this process, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we find that activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) induced by peripheral nerve injury increases the turnover of specific synaptic proteins in a persistent manner. We demonstrate that neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) is one of the molecules involved and show that it mediates spine reorganization and contributes to the behavioral sensitization. We show striking parallels in the underlying mechanism with the maintenance of NMDA-receptor- and protein-synthesis-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the ACC. Our results, therefore, demonstrate a synaptic mechanism for cortical reorganization and suggest potential avenues for neuropathic pain treatment.

In this paper, we present several optimization strategies that can improve the overall performance of the distributed in-memory computing system, “Apache Spark”. Despite its distributed memory management capability for iterative jobs and intermediate data, Spark has a significant performance degradation problem when the available amount of main memory (DRAM, typically used for data caching) is limited. To address this problem, we leverage an SSD (solid-state drive) to supplement the lack of main memory bandwidth. Specifically, we present an effective optimization methodology for Apache Spark by collectively investigating the effects of changing the capacity fraction ratios of the shuffle and storage spaces in the “Spark JVM Heap Configuration” and applying different “RDD Caching Policies” (e.g., SSD-backed memory caching). Our extensive experimental results show that by utilizing the proposed optimization techniques, we can improve the overall performance by up to 42%.

Abstract In silico network-based methods have shown promising results in the field of drug development. Yet, most of networks used in the previous research have not included context information even though biological associations actually do appear in the specific contexts. Here, we reconstruct an anatomical context-specific network by assigning contexts to biological associations using protein expression data and scientific literature. Furthermore, we employ the context-specific network for the analysis of drug effects with a proximity measure between drug targets and diseases. Distinct from previous context-specific networks, intercellular associations and phenomic level entities such as biological processes are included in our network to represent the human body. It is observed that performances in inferring drug-disease associations are increased by adding context information and phenomic level entities. In particular, hypertension, a disease related to multiple organs and associated with several phenomic level entities, is analyzed in detail to investigate how our network facilitates the inference of drug-disease associations. Our results indicate that the inclusion of context information, intercellular associations, and phenomic level entities can contribute towards a better prediction of drug-disease associations and provide detailed insight into understanding of how drugs affect diseases in the human body.

Abstract Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a histone demethylase that participates in transcriptional repression or activation. Recent studies reported that LSD1 is involved in learning and memory. Although LSD1 phosphorylation by PKCα was implicated in circadian rhythmicity, the importance of LSD1 phosphorylation in learning and memory is unknown. In this study, we examined the roles of LSD1 in synaptic plasticity and memory using Lsd1 SA/SA knock-in (KI) mice, in which a PKCα phosphorylation site is mutated. Interestingly, short-term and long-term contextual fear memory as well as spatial memory were impaired in Lsd1 KI mice. In addition, short-term synaptic plasticity, such as paired pulse ratio and post-tetanic potentiation was impaired, whereas long-term synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation and long-term depression, was normal. Moreover, the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current was significantly increased, suggesting presynaptic dysfunction in Lsd1 KI mice. Consistent with this, RNA-seq analysis using the hippocampus of Lsd1 KI mice showed significant alterations in the expressions of presynaptic function-related genes. Intriguingly, LSD1n-SA mutant showed diminished binding to histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) compared to LSD1n-WT in SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that LSD1 is involved in the regulation of presynaptic gene expression and subsequently regulates the hippocampus-dependent memory in phosphorylation-dependent manner.

We investigated the hemodynamic and mortality effects of continuous ketamine infusion in critically ill pediatric patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Patients who used continuous sedative from 2015 to 2017 for 24 hours or more were included. We compared blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, vasogenic medications, and sedation and pain scores for 12 hours before and after initiation of continuous ketamine. The mortality rates for continuous ketamine and Non-ketamine groups were compared by multivariate logistic regression. A total of 240 patients used continuous sedation, and 82 used continuous ketamine. The median infusion rate of ketamine was 8.1 mcg/kg/min, and the median duration was 6 days. Heart rates (138 vs. 135 beat/minute, P = .033) and respiratory rates (31 vs. 25 respiration/minute, P = .001) decreased, but blood pressure (99.9 vs. 101.1 mm Hg, P = .124) and vasogenic medications did not change after ketamine infusion. Continuous ketamine was not a significant risk factor for mortality (hazard ratio 1.352, confidence interval 0.458-3.996). Continous ketamine could be used in PICU without hemodynamic instability. Further studies in randomized controlled design about the effects of continuous ketamine infusion on hemodynamic changes, sedation, and mortality are required.

As highly immersive virtual reality (VR) content, 360° video allows users to observe all viewpoints within the desired direction from the position where the video is recorded. In 360° video content, virtual objects are inserted into recorded real scenes to provide a higher sense of immersion. These techniques are called 3D composition. For a realistic 3D composition in a 360° video, it is important to obtain the internal (focal length) and external (position and rotation) parameters from a 360° camera. Traditional methods estimate the trajectory of a camera by extracting the feature point from the recorded video. However, incorrect results may occur owing to stitching errors from a 360° camera attached to several high-resolution cameras for the stitching process, and a large amount of time is spent on feature tracking owing to the high-resolution of the video. We propose a new method for pre-visualization and 3D composition that overcomes the limitations of existing methods. This system achieves real-time position tracking of the attached camera using a ZED camera and a stereo-vision sensor, and real-time stabilization using a Kalman filter. The proposed system shows high time efficiency and accurate 3D composition.

Large porcelain tiles have attracted increased demand owing to their cost-effectiveness and superior esthetics. Here, an epoxy resin adhesive was injected into cement mortar, which was then applied to tiles. The adhesion performance of the tiles was subsequently evaluated in terms of the permeability and drying shrinkage under various curing conditions. The epoxy resin adhesive not only penetrated the tile–mortar and mortar–concrete interfaces, but also directly penetrated the mortar, thus enhancing the mechanical adhesion at each interface. In addition to the mechanical adhesion between the tiles and mortar, the epoxy resin adhesive prevents the degradation of adhesion due to shear stress by minimizing the moisture evaporation and shrinkage of the mortar. Evaluation of the adhesion characteristics under water and freeze–thaw curing conditions revealed the vulnerability of the epoxy resin to moisture; however, adequate adhesion performance was observed when the epoxy resin was air-cured prior to being exposed to harsh environments. Moreover, the injection method did not prolong the construction period, but could potentially reduce it during actual application. Nevertheless, further research on the adhesion performance of tiles with injected epoxy resin adhesive is required to evaluate the long-term durability.

Image-based three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is a process of extracting 3D information from an object or entire scene while using low-cost vision sensors. A structure-from-motion coupled with multi-view stereo (SFM-MVS) pipeline is a widely used technique that allows 3D reconstruction from a collection of unordered images. The SFM-MVS pipeline typically comprises different processing steps, including feature extraction and feature matching, which provide the basis for automatic 3D reconstruction. However, surfaces with poor visual texture (repetitive, monotone, etc.) challenge the feature extraction and matching stage and affect the quality of reconstruction. The projection of image patterns while using a video projector during the image acquisition process is a well-known technique that has been shown to be successful for such surfaces. In this study, we evaluate the performance of different feature extraction methods on texture-less surfaces with the application of synthetically generated noise patterns (images). Seven state-of-the-art feature extraction methods (HARRIS, Shi-Tomasi, MSER, SIFT, SURF, KAZE, and BRISK) are evaluated on problematic surfaces in two experimental phases. In the first phase, the 3D reconstruction of real and virtual planar surfaces evaluates image patterns while using all feature extraction methods, where the patterns with uniform histograms have the most suitable morphological features. The best performing pattern from Phase One is used in Phase Two experiments in order to recreate a polygonal model of a 3D printed object using all of the feature extraction methods. The KAZE algorithm achieved the lowest standard deviation and mean distance values of 0.0635 mm and −0.00921 mm, respectively.

Precise and rapid detection of biomolecules is a fast-growing research theme in the field of biomedical engineering. Based on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering, micro/nano-scale structures composed of noble metals (e.g., gold and silver) play a critical role in plasmonics. However, it is still limited to structuring nanomaterials in a specific manner. Here, we investigated a novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) application using one-dimensional nanomaterials and micro-encapsulation methods. With the immiscible nature of fluids, the nanomaterials were properly captured inside a number of droplets for encapsulation, deforming to micro-ring nanostructures. To yield uniform sizes of the silver micro-ring structures, a microchannel system was designed to characterize particle sizes via microscopic approaches. We were able to obtain printable silver nanowire micro-ring ink, and investigated the SERS substrate effect of the silver micro-ring structure. This fabrication method can be used in many other SERS-based biomedical engineering applications in the near future.

In this study, we examined the effects of cement fineness, SO3 content, an accelerating agent, and chemical admixtures mixed with unit weights of cement on concrete early strength using concrete mixtures. C24 (characteristic value of concrete, 24 MPa) was used in the experiment conducted. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), high fineness and SO3 OPC (HFS_OPC), and Early Portland cement (EPC) were selected as the study materials. The unit weights of cement were set to OPC 330, 350, and 380. Further, a concrete mixture was prepared with a triethanolamine (TEA)-based chemical admixture to HFS. A raw material analysis was conducted, and the compressive strength, temperature history, and maturity (D∙h) were examined. Then, the vertical formwork removal time was evaluated according to the criterion of each country. Finally, the time required to develop concrete strength of 5 MPa was estimated. Results showed that the early strength of concrete mixed with HFS and EPC was greater than that exhibited by concrete with an increased unit weight of cement with OPC. In addition, when HFS was used with EPC, its strength developed early, similar to the trend exhibited by EPC, even at low temperatures.

There have been many studies on the effect of durability and compressive strength on the increase of the mixing rate of admixtures. However, there is no research that can provide a guide on the optimal mixture proportions for maintaining compressive strength and secure durability properties when using local materials. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to assess the durability and engineering performances of concrete based on local fly ash (FA), as well as to derive the optimum CaO content scope for ensuring durability. The results of this study were compared with the results of the previous study of high-volume ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) concrete. To achieve this, tests were carried out by increasing the admixture mixing rate in 10% increments from 0% to 70%. The unit water was set at 175 kg/m3 and the amount of binder was set at 330 kg/m3. It was found that the overall compressive strength of the hardened concrete decreased when the admixture mixing rate increased. In addition, the compressive strength of specimens tended to improve as all the CaO contents of the admixture types increased. When the durability properties were examined, it was found that the relative dynamic elasticity modulus and carbonation depth decreased, and the chloride penetration depth increased as the CaO content increased for both GGBFS and FA. The weight loss rate, however, remained similar. Based on the results of this study, the optimal CaO content that achieved satisfactory engineering and durability properties was found to be between 39% and 48% for FA. The results of this study will be able to offer guidelines for the mixture rates of FA when mixing durable concrete for use in the field. Additionally, these results are expected to be utilized as a basis for determining instructions relating to chemical composition in order to develop binders with improved durability.

This study proposes model formulae for predicting the strength of concrete by analyzing the relationships between the results of nondestructive testing (NDT) methods and the compressive strength of concrete specimens at the hardened stage. Further, NDT of concrete molds and mock-up specimens was conducted using NDT methods (rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity). The water/cement (W/C) ratios were set to 0.48, 0.41, and 0.33 to achieve concrete strengths within the compressive strength range of 24–60 MPa. The evaluation parameters included the fresh concrete properties, compressive strength (mold and core), temperature history, maturity, rebound value, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Evaluation results indicated that the reliability of existing models, based on the rebound and ultrasonic pulse velocity, is significantly low on high-strength concrete of 40 MPa or higher, and cannot satisfy the ±20% error range. Consequently, this study proposes a regression equation of the concrete strength based on the experimental rebound and ultrasonic pulse velocity values in a 24–60 MPa range, which offers satisfactory reliability.

Floating holograms using holographic optical element screens differ from existing systems because they can float 2D images in the air and provide a sense of depth. Until now, the verification of such displays has been conducted only on the system implementation, and only the diffraction efficiency and angle of view of the hologram have been verified. Although such displays can be directly observed with the human eye, the eye’s control ability has not been quantitatively verified. In this study, we verified that the focus of the observer coincided with the appropriate depth value determined with experiments. This was achieved by measuring the amount of control reaction from the perspective of the observer on the image of the floating hologram using a holographic optical element (HOE). An autorefractor was used, and we confirmed that an image with a sense of depth can be observed from the interaction of the observer’s focus and convergence on the 2D floating image using a HOE. Thus, the realization of content with a sense of depth of 2D projected images using a HOE in terms of human factors was quantitatively verified.

The mixing proportions of concrete were examined with regard to the durability performance and early strength in coastal areas. Research was conducted to improve the C24 mix (characteristic strength of 24 MPa). C35 concrete (characteristic strength of 35 MPa) was selected as a comparison group, as it exhibits the minimum proposed strength criterion for concrete in the marine environment. To secure the early strength of the C24 concrete, 50% of the total ordinary Portland cement (OPC) binder was replaced with early Portland cement (EPC); and to provide durability, 20% was substituted with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS). In addition, a polycarboxylate (PC)-based superplasticizer was used to reduce the unit water content. The compressive strength, chloride ion diffusion coefficient, chloride penetration depth, and pore structure were evaluated. After one day, the compressive strength improved by 40% when using EPC and GGBS, and an average increase of 20% was observed over 91 days. EPC and GGBS also reduced the overall porosity, which may increase the watertightness of concrete. The salt resistance performance was improved because the rapid early development of strength increased the watertightness of the surface and immobilization of chloride ions, decreasing the chloride diffusion coefficient by 50%.

This study aimed to evaluate the durability and engineering performance of concrete mixed with locally produced ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) based on CaO content and ratio, and to derive the optimal CaO content range that can secure durability. Hence, tests were conducted by increasing the GGBS replacement ratio by 10% from 0% to 70%, while the unit binder weight was fixed at 330 kg/m3. The results indicated that the compressive strength exhibited a tendency to increase when the CaO content and basicity increased within 28 d of age, although similar compressive strength characteristics were observed at 56 d of age, irrespective of the CaO content and basicity. Additionally, four test items (i.e., carbonation depth, chloride penetration depth, relative dynamic elastic modulus, and weight reducing ratio) were measured to evaluate durability. The optimal CaO content satisfying all four parameters was observed as ranging between 53% and 56% (GGBS replacement ratio: 27.5%–47.1%). The results of the study can provide guidelines on the mixing proportions of GGBS concrete with excellent durability that can be applied to local construction sites and can be used as basic data to set chemical composition criteria for the development of binders to improve durability.