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Children’s free play is often characterised by moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), touch, joint action, and enjoyment. Each of these features has been associated with interpersonal affiliation in either human or non-human primates. However, no research has examined how children’s joint physically active play is linked with social bonding (i.e., positive emotional states and behaviours that help create, maintain, and characterise affiliation and attachment among individuals). This thesis comprises three novel studies that were designed to explore this question. A naturalistic observation study (N = 50) was first conducted to assess links among physical activity (PA), smiling/laughing, touch, and prosociality in children’s play behaviour during school breaks. PA levels were also measured indirectly via heart rate monitors (HRM). We found that observed-PA was associated with frequency of smiling/laughing between pairs. PA (observed and HRM) was also associated with frequency of touch. A second study (N = 84) experimentally tested the effect of touch on helping behaviour in the context of physically-active play. In pairs, children ran to collect felt shapes, which they placed either onto each other (touch condition) or onto a board (no-touch condition). Subsequent helping behaviour was assessed in a separate task. There was a non-significant trend towards more helping in the touch condition. The final study (N = 252) tested the effect of physical exertion on children’s social bonding and behavioural inhibition. In pairs, children either ran (MVPA condition) or walked (light PA condition) around an area laid out with mats. One child could choose to stand either on the same mat as the other child and do actions together or stand on separate mats and do the actions separately. This was followed by a pictorial measure of social closeness, followed by a behavioural inhibition task in which one child was instructed to place their hand inside a box containing unknown stimuli. No significant differences were detected between the two conditions. The thesis contributes to filling in gaps within the literature on play, social bonding, and physical activity, spanning evolutionary anthropology, developmental psychology, and health, and highlights the need for more controlled experimental studies among diverse populations.

This thesis examines the industrial architecture of Imperial Germany in the context of the wider economic and political power struggles of the Wilhelmine era. Written against the backdrop of a lively and ongoing debate on the relative 'modernity' of the Kaiserreich, the main focus falls on two separate but related movements, which campaigned to improve the character of industrial architecture for political, commercial and environmental, as well as aesthetic reasons: the 'Bund Heimatschutz', founded in 1904, and the 'Werkbund' , established three years later. Both organisations developed in opposition to historicism in late 19th century architecture and design. The reformers, who included laymen as well as architects, sought an architecture more "worthy' of the German 'Bürgertum' than the hybrid historical styles, applied to buildings regardless of function or location, which had come to characterise the German 'Gründerzeit'. The 'Heimatschutz' movement lobbied successfully for the introduction of legislation to protect the landscape from the worst ravages of urbanisation and industrial development. The thesis suggests that the general view of 'Heimatschutz' activists, as 'cultural pessimists' opposed to modernisation in all its guises, is inaccurate, and highlights the more pragmatic strand of 'Heimatschutz' thought, which influenced the design of many industrial structures in the 1900s, particularly those erected by local authorities. The bulk of the thesis, however, concentrates on the 'Werkbund'; an organisation whose members proved remarkably successful at winning commissions from Germany industry in the years before 1918. Particular stress is placed on the role played in the organisation by the politician Friedrich Naumann and his followers. It is argued that the 'Werkbund's policy of promoting 'quality' in the German workplace was an integral part of Naumann's political reform programme. The thesis describes the adoption of the 'Werkbund's progressive architecture by a number of leading manufacturing firms, and seeks an explanation in the rivalries which divided German industry at the turn of the century. It concludes with a short study of architecture, industry and municipal politics in Delmenhorst, a small town in the throes of modernisation.

This report to the National Energy Board presents a compendium of ice loading events experienced by the Gulf Canada Resources Ltd. offshore platform "Molikpaq". To date, the primary interest in the Molikpaq has focused on a single event (the 0800 hr ice loading event on April 12th, 1986 at Amauligak I-65) which has perhaps led to some unbalanced views about the response of the Molikpaq during its four deployments in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. The intent of this report is to make the ice mechanics community more aware of the range of ice-structure interactions and ice load levels that the Molikpaq has experienced during the four winter deployments. Four winters of operation at four different locations have produced an enormous amount of data, far more than can be realistically used within a research context. However, much of the ice interaction data are similar. An objective of the work carried out for this report was to review the available information and filter out about 30 days with events which capture the key aspects of Molikpaq icestructure interaction and for which the available information is suitable for further research use. Icestructure interaction events where ice failed directly against the caisson are of most interest and are available from the first two deployments at Tarsiut P-45 in 1984/85 and at Amauligak I-65 in 1985/86. At these locations the Molikpaq was deployed at a setdown draft of 19.5 metres, which resulted in no permanent accumulation of rubble ice around the caisson. A total of 10 operating days at Tarsiut P-45 and 19 operating days at Amauligak I-65 have been selected that contain representative periods with both ice documentation and Molikpaq instrumentation response data. A further objective of this study is to summarize how the reported loads were derived from the sensor data, and to address concerns about potential structural resonance and overall load estimate accuracy. The Molikpaq was deployed for hydrocarbon exploration and the acquisition of the ice structure interaction data was peripheral to its principal activity which was oil drilling. One consequence of this is that the extent of the sensor arrays and the completeness of the ice documentation was pragmatic, and perhaps less complete than ice researchers might wish. This in turn has led to some uncertainty over the magnitude of reported ice loads on the Molikpaq, which has been exacerbated by the divergent views on ice loads within the ice community. Therefore, this report presents an overview of how ice loads have been calculated and importantly identifies the traceability of these reported loads to reference calibrations. To provide researchers with confidence in their understanding of the data, a computer program running under the Microsoft Windows environment was developed to read and process the information obtained from the Molikpaq data acquisition system. The program, called DynaMAC, operates on the Molikpaq data sets which have been transferred from the original HP format to the industry-standard MS-DOS form and duplicates much of the functionality of the software developed by Gulf Canada Resources Ltd. Default calibration factors in DynaMAC correspond to values used for the Gulf Canada Resources Ltd. sponsored Dynamics Project and as such, this software provides a starting point for researchers to verify data records by reproducing the ice load plots previously reported. The program DynaMAC was further developed to provide a means of accessing a database that contains the ice documentation, and site photography from the Amauligak I-65 ice events. This information, together with data on sensor status and location, availability of video records, and the response data has been stored on a CD-ROM, as illustrated below.