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The aim of this technical report is to provide a description and access to labelled image and video datasets of human faces that have been generated for different indoor visual comfort and glare visual discomfort situations. These datasets have been used to train and test a computer-vision artificial neural network detecting glare discomfort from images of human faces.

The spreading of a disease largely occurs in buildings or in collective transport. The microenvironment flow processes around people contribute to the cross-infection risk, for example when two persons are standing close to each other. The cross-infection risk is also dependent on the macro-environment e.g. distribution of velocity and turbulence in the room, particularly when the background airflow is strong. The surrounding temperature and the presence of a vertical temperature gradient can also modify airflows in the microenvironment and subsequently influence the cross-infection risk. This work is based on a fully mixed flow in a room without a vertical temperature gradient, considering different room temperatures.Exhalation flow and aerosol distribution are studied by smoke experiments and the cross-infection risk is expressed as concentration in the susceptible breathing zone normalized by the concentration in the room.

Der er kun få data om målinger af brugsvand i bygninger, der ikke er beboelsesejendomme. Der er behov for mere data for især at beskrive ikke-boligbyggeriers behov for varmt brugsvand (VBV) og udforme effektive varmtvandssystemer. Denne DCE Technical Report har til formål at præsentere og beskrive datasættet: "Datasæt - Brugsvand i CREATE og TMV23". Dette datasæt indeholder målinger fra to kontor- og uddannelsesbygninger i Aalborg, Danmark. Målingerne i bygningen CREATE er udført fra oktober 2018 til januar 2019 og i bygningen TMV23 fra april 2021 til maj 2021. Datasættet består af vand volumenstrøm og temperaturer for det kolde brugsvand, VBV, fjernvarme til VBV produktion og VBV cirkulation. Measurement data of domestic water in non-residential buildings is sparse. More data is needed to describe the non-residential buildings’ domestic hot water (DHW) demand and to be able to design more efficient DHW systems. This DCE Technical Report aims to present and describe the data set: “Data set - Domestic water at CREATE and TMV23”. This data set contains measurement data from two office and educational buildings in Aalborg, Denmark. The measurements in the building CREATE are conducted from October 2018 to January 2019 and in the building TMV23 from April 2021 to May 2021. The data set consists of water flow rates and temperatures for the domestic cold water, domestic hot water, district heating for DHW production, and DHW circulation circuit.

Well-functioning buildings are crucial for the occupant's health and comfort and for reducing the CO2 emissions from the building sector. A first step in assessing a well-functioning building is to know the current state of the building by, for example, relevant Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Choosing suitable KPIs to provide a clear message can be challenging; however, beneficial to convey a message to the building actors. This study proposes a Building Assessment Framework to mitigate the latter, consisting of 1) a flexible and novel KPI tool and 2) a step-bystep KPI assessment methodology applicable to all buildings, systems, subsystems, and components. The KPI tool provides the user with a list of KPIs suited for all building systems, and with a separate backend and frontend, it is an easy tool to use. The KPI assessment methodology will guide the user through 5 steps and propose visualization of the chosen KPIs. The step-bystep KPI assessment methodology consists of 5 steps: 1) identification of the selected building resolution level 2) selection of the KPIs for the resolution level 3 + 4) recognition and crossreferencing of necessary sensors 5) choice of benchmarking for the data. The results from the KPI assessment using historical data from a university building located in Denmark demonstrate that the KPI tool is generic, making it applicable to all levels of a building and its systems. The Building Assessment Framework is flexible; it can be used over short and long periods (instantaneous to several years) and implemented in the building management system. However, it is necessary to be used with historical data, allowing for the real-time performance evaluation of the selected buildings or systems, thereby enabling the users to spot potential abnormal behavior that can lead to faults in the systems., CLIMA 2022 conference, 2022: CLIMA 2022 The 14th REHVA HVAC World Congress

This document describes the development of the SATO KPI Tool in relation to the H2020 SATO Project.

Creating building designs is difficult for the designers, and often mistakes are made that are costly for the building process. The technology BIM-based Model Checking can help the designers identify errors in the design so they can correct them. The key is identifying errors, and with BIM-based Model Checking systems, it is the rules the specify how themes errors are identified, and in that sense, it is how the rules are identified that are the most important. However, there is not an agreed-upon method of translating such rules from, e.g., building codes that they the problematic translation in how the BIM-based Model Checking systems are limited in their adoption in the building design practices. In this study, we investigated practitioners’ experiences with their work supported and unsupported by checking systems. The challenges were related to the translation of rules used in the assessment because they become more explicit and thereby reduce the designer's interpretative flexibility.

The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry experiences a growing need for building performance simulations (BPS) as facilitators in the design process. However, inconsistent modelling practice and varying quality of export/import functions entail error-prone interoperability with IFC and gbXML data formats. Consequently, repeated manual modelling is still necessary. This paper presents a coupling module enabling a semi-automated extract of geometry data from the BIM software Revit and a further translation to a BPS input file using Revit Application Programming Interface (API) and visual programming in Dynamo. The module is tested with three test cases which shows promising results for fast and structured semi-automatic geometry modelling designed to fit today's practice. The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry experiences a growing need for building performance simulations (BPS) as facilitators in the design process. However, inconsistent modelling practice and varying quality of export/import functions entail error-prone interoperability with IFC and gbXML data formats. Consequently, repeated manual modelling is still necessary. This paper presents a coupling module enabling a semi-automated extract of geometry data from the BIM software Revit and a further translation to a BPS input file using Revit Application Programming Interface (API) and visual programming in Dynamo. The module is tested with three test cases which shows promising results for fast and structured semi-automatic geometry modelling designed to fit today's practice.

The share of the energy use for domestic hot water (DHW) in the total energy consumption of buildings is becoming more and more prominent. Depending on the building typology it varies between 20% to 50% of the total energy usage for old and new built single family house, respectively. The aim of this paper is to determine the energy losses in the DHW installation with division between: a) loss at the production point, b) loss in the distribution, and c) loss at the draw-off points using the results of the measurements of DHW consumption in two single family houses connected to district heating grid. The total Eloss for the two houses vary between 17% and 26%. For House 1, the production loss accounts for 8%, the pipe loss for 15% and loss at the draw off points for 3%. Moreover, the results shown that the layout of the house, in particular the placement of the bathrooms with showers or bath tubs has significant impact on the size of the distribution losses.

A novel ventilation system is presented in this study, named diffuse wall ventilation. The system is suitable for renovation projects, where the low ceiling and visible inlet and ducts are not accepted due to space limitation and design preference. The ventilation performance is evaluated by the numerical method under different operating conditions and inlet configurations. The CFD results indicate that diffuse wall ventilation creates a stratified flow pattern that is comparable to displacement ventilation. Due to the large inlet area, the air velocity in the occupied zone is much lower than displacement ventilation. The half-wall inlet provides the best performance in preventing cross-infection between occupants. The personal exposure index εexp for the target person is up to 11.8, the values with the full-wall inlet and lamella inlet are 2.16 and 5.04, respectively. This study indicates that diffuse wall ventilation is a promising ventilation principle for office buildings with low ceiling height.

Glare is a common local visual discomfort that is difficult to identify with conventional light sensors. This article presents an artificial intelligence algorithm that detects subjective local glare discomfort from the image analysis of the video footage of an office occupant’s face. The occupant’s face is directly used as a visual comfort sensor. Results show that it can recognize glare discomfort with around 90% accuracy. This algorithm can thus be at the basis of an efficient feedback control system to regulate shading devices in an office building.

Creating building designs is difficult for the designers, and mistakes that are costly for the building process are often made. The technology BIM-based Model Checking can help the designers identify errors in the design so they can correct them. BIM-based Model Checking systems uses translated rules that specify how errors are identified; in this sense, it is how the rules are identified that are the most important. Therefore, translation of the rules is a key to how successful a BIM-based Model Checking systems perform. However, there is not an agreed-upon method of translating such rules from, for example, building codes, and poorly translated rules often cause problems and has been identified as a key to better adoption of BIM-based Model Checking systems in building design practices. In this study, we investigated the experiences of practitioners whose work is either supported or unsupported by checking systems. The challenges were related to the translation of rules used in the assessment because such rules become more explicit and thereby reduce the designer’s interpretative flexibility.

The purpose of this report is to register radon level of the project building Bolig 2020 for a winter period, from November 2019 to January 2020. The building is located in Kildebjerg Søvej 32, Ry. The data registration is taking place every hour in the walkin next to the master bedroom. The data is measured with a Corentium Pro and follows the guidelines in “SBi-Anvisning 270 - Måling af radon i bygninger” for placement. The measurements are conducted over a period of 90 days.

The purpose of this report is to register the operation and performance of the project building Bolig 2020 for the period of 1 year, from January to December 2019. The building is located in Kildebjerg Søvej 32, Ry. The aim is the long-term assessment of the indoor environmental quality and energy use of the dwelling. Additionally, the data is examined in order to verify that the systems’ and equipment’s performance matches their intended operation.

Hemp-lime is a bio-based multi-functional building material, which has been proven to have excellent moisture buffering capacity, good thermal insulation and negative embodied energy. Due to its moisture buffering properties, hemp-lime materials can influence the indoor relative humidity by adsorbing, storing or desorbing water vapor to/from the ambient air. This provides passive design possibilities for improved indoor environment. The prediction of the indoor air quality is often done by the use of dynamic simulation models, where material properties are necessary input for successful simulation. The work presented in this paper utilizes the dynamic simulation software BSim for the investigation of moisture transfer between ambient air and two different hemp-lime building materials. Two material properties, the water vapor sorption isotherm and the water vapor diffusivity (denoted vapor permeability in BSim), are required for a simulation. Obtaining both of those material properties by standard experimental procedures is a time- and resourceintensive process. Recent research has validated commercially available equipment, allowing for obtaining detailed isotherms of building materials in a time efficient manner. However, it has been shown that detailed isotherms alone are not enough to achieve meaningful moisture transfer simulation results. A new method for experimental determination of sorption independent vapor diffusivity (companion paper) has been applied to the two hemp-lime materials simulated in this paper. The aim is to quantify the difference in simulation results, when using both experimentally derived isotherms and diffusivity, rather than derived isotherms and assumed diffusivity.

This report presents the process, findings and user-guide of the development of a real time Virtual Reality with Auralization system allowing building-designers, owners and end-users to listen to a design proposal and provide such people a better foundation for decision-making and a heightened ability to consider the acoustic IE during building design.

As energy standards focus on reducing energy use in new buildings, attention is drawn to the gap between the expected and actual building operation and energy performance. This performance gap can be associated with the building construction, its systems, its unbalanced operation, the assumptions on occupancy profiles during the design phase, or the users’ interaction with the systems’ operation and control. This work focuses on a nearly zero-energy (nZEB) single-family house located in central Denmark. The analysis of indoor environment and energy use is based on year-long data monitoring. The reasons for the deviation between the expected and actual energy use are suggested. The indoor environmental quality is analyzed to verify the compliance with the standards. The European recommendation for the yearly primary energy use of new single-family houses is 50 – 65 kWh/m2. For the current case, the simulation tool Be18 gives a result of 30.8 kWh/m2 for the design phase. However, the actual energy use is measured to be 58.2 kWh/m2. The sensibility of nZEBs to such imbalances can lead to houses that do not function as intended. It is thus crucial to investigate further the causes of these disparities in order to bridge the gap between expected and final energy use in dwellings.

This publication presents an in‐depth comparison of the indoor environmental quality aspect (the most prominent social sustainability aspect) on structure, content and weighting for five selected sustainable building certifications. The aim is to give the readers an insight into what the different certifications do and do not include in their indoor environmental assessment, by calculating how they prioritise indoor environmental aspects, and by giving an overview of the content covered.

This paper concerns the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for the prediction of room air movement and provide a guide on selecting of the proper turbulence model. The benchmark which developed here for the first time is a backward-facing step flow problem. The measurements is performed in a small-scale model and the velocity filed is measured by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The measurements focus on transitional flow and fully developed turbulent flow at isothermal condition. The PIV measurements and different CFD predictions are compared. The CFD predictions are generally slightly diverse, and this is, among other things, the result of using different turbulence models as well as using different software codes, grid distribution and boundary values etc. The k-ϵ family of turbulence models is an option for fully developed flow, and the k-ω family does work for transitional low turbulent flow in this backward-facing step flow.