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Cow milk consumption (CMC) and downstream alterations of serum metabolites are commonly considered important factors regulating human health status. Foods may lead to metabolic changes directly or indirectly through remodelling gut microbiota (GM). We sought to identify the metabolic alterations in Chinese Peri-/Postmenopausal women with habitual CMC and explore if the GM mediates the CMC-metabolite associations. 346 Chinese Peri-/Postmenopausal women participants were recruited in this study. Fixed effects regression and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to reveal alterations of serum metabolic features in different CMC groups. Spearman correlation coefficient was computed to detect metabolome-metagenome association. 36 CMC-associated metabolites including palmitic acid (FA(16:0)), 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesterin-3-one (7alphaC4), citrulline were identified by both fixed effects regression (FDR < 0.05) and PLS-DA (VIP score > 2). Some significant metabolite-GM associations were observed, including FA(16:0) with gut species Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides sp.D2. These findings would further prompt our understanding of the effect of cow milk on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cow milk consumption (CMC) and alterations of gut bacterial composition are proposed to be closely related to human health and disease. Our research aims to investigate the changes in human gut microbial composition in Chinese peri-/postmenopausal women with different CMC habits. A total of 517 subjects were recruited and questionnaires about their CMC status were collected; 394 subjects were included in the final analyses. Fecal samples were used for studying gut bacterial composition. All the subjects were divided into a control group ( n = 248 ) and a CMC group ( n = 146 ) according to their CMC status. Non-parametric tests and LEfSe at different taxonomic levels were used to reveal differentially abundant taxa and functional categories across different CMC groups. Relative abundance (RA) of one phylum ( p&#95;Actinobacteria ), three genera ( g&#95;Bifidobacterium , g&#95;Anaerostipes , and g&#95;Bacteroides ), and 28 species diversified significantly across groups. Specifically, taxa g&#95;Anaerostipes ( p < 0.01 ), g&#95;Bacteroides ( p < 0.05 ), s&#95;Anaerostipes&#95;hadrus ( p < 0.01 ), and s&#95;Bifidobacterium&#95;pseudocatenulatum ( p < 0.01 ) were positively correlated with CMC levels, but p&#95;Actinobacteria ( p < 0.01 ) and g&#95;Bifidobacterium ( p < 0.01 ) were negatively associated with CMC levels. KEGG module analysis revealed 48 gut microbiome functional modules significantly ( p < 0.05 ) associated with CMC, including Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity signature, cholera toxins ( p = 9.52e-04 ), and cephamycin C biosynthesis module ( p = 0.0057 ), among others. In conclusion, CMC was associated with changes in gut microbiome patterns including beta diversity and richness of some gut microbiota. The alterations of certain bacteria including g&#95;Anaerostipes and s&#95;Bifidobacterium&#95;pseudocatenulatum in the CMC group should be important for human health. This study further supports the biological value of habitual cow milk consumption., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Tian, Yao, Lin, Lv, Jiang, Wang, Shen, Xiao, Xu, Xu, Cheng, Shen, Qiu, Luo, Zhao, Yan, Deng and Zhang.)