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Objective: This large-scale cross-sectional study aims to identify the characteristics of and risk factors associated with sexual repression among internal migrants in China. Methods: Between August 2013 and August 2015, a total of 8,669 internal migrants from four major cities in China (Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, and Chongqing) voluntarily participated in our study. They were interviewed, and the data on their demographic information, occupation, and sexual activities were collected. The Chi-square test and multiple logistic regressions were conducted to identify significant associations. A stepwise method was adopted for the selection of variables. Results: There were 3,597 (41.49%) males and 5,072 (58.51%) females in total. A higher percentage of males reported that they felt sexual repression compared to females (14.43% vs. 9.21%). After adjusting for other covariates, the consequence was showed that male migrants working for more than 5 days were more likely to report sexual repression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40, P < 0.05). Living in a collective dormitory with others was also a risk factor for male migrants. The longer males spent with their partners, the less sexual repression occurred (OR= 0.94, P < 0.05). Similarly, agricultural household registration status and working for more than 5 days increased the risk for sexual repression among female migrants (OR= 1.41 and OR = 1.46, respectively, P < 0.05). Frequent and constructive communication also protected females against sexual repression (P < 0.05). Well-educated females experienced relatively less sexual repression when compared to their counterparts with less education (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Sexual repression was significantly associated with a few demographic, occupational, and sexual risk factors. Meaningful differences have been identified between male and female migrants. More effective intervention programs such as safeguard measures and welfare policies should be designed and implemented for a majority of female migrants and for those with agricultural household registration status.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the contribution of individual and contextual socioeconomic status (SES) to the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance in the adult population in rural southwest China. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study of diabetes was performed in 4801(2152 men) Chinese adults (≥ 25 years old). Multilevel logistic regression model was used to examine the association between individuals' and townships' variables and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance. RESULTS: The age-and gender-standardized prevalence of diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance were 7.1% (3.6% for undiagnosed) and 8.8% in adults aged ≥ 25 years, respectively, and increasing with age. Females were more likely to develop diabetes than males. The probability of developing diabetes increased with BMI. Both contextual and individual educational level and yearly household income were found to be negatively associated with the prevalence of diabetes. Residence in communities with a higher percentage of ethnic minorities was associated with higher prevalence of diabetes. Smoking had a protective effect for diabetes, drinking had a positive association with diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance are common in rural adults of southwest China by international standards. These results indicate that diabetes mellitus has become a major public health problem in rural areas in southwest China, and strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance are needed.

Objective With the increased population mobility and the transition in population policy, scholars are quite concerned about family planning/sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and related factors among internal migrant population of reproductive age. Therefore, the proposed study was designed to explore the association between factors related to family planning/SRH and contraceptive use as well as consistent condom use among the above-described population in China. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Three municipalities in China, namely Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing. Participants Among the 6545 participants, 2099, 2414 and 2031 subjects came from Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing, respectively. Results A total of 6545 eligible participants were included as the full sample, 6188 of whom who had intercourse in the last 3 months were selected as the subsample. Among the subsample, 80.88% (5005/6188) adopted any form of contraceptive methods and 49.14% (3041/6188) consistently used condom in the last three sexual intercourses. Meanwhile, the involved participants had a better mastery of knowledge on SRH than on contraception (p<0.0001). The results of the Heckprobit models revealed that the factors associated with both contraceptive use and consistent condom use were relationship with the first intercourse partner, communication frequency with spouse/sexual partners on sex, actual number of children and knowledge on SRH, while knowledge on contraception and age at first intercourse were associated with contraceptive use and consistent condom use, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusions In the current study, we revealed a high-level contraceptive prevalence, a relatively low-level consistent condom use and a poor mastery of knowledge on contraception and SRH. The Heckprobit selection model specified the existence of selection bias, providing evidence on the association between the factors on family planning/SRH and contraceptive use as well as consistent condom use, respectively. Our findings indicated that health institutions should offer appropriate technology and high-quality family planning/SRH services for the internal migrant population in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Question: Is it necessary to collect more than one semen sample from each individual in epidemiological studies?Summary Answer: Single semen samples can be used in model construction as long as the model adjusts for major relevant covariates.What Is Known Already: If a series of semen samples are taken from one individual at different times, significant intra-individual variation may exist.Study Design, Size, Duration: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 December 2000 to 20 November 2002. A total of 1010 volunteers, aged between 20 and 60 years old, were recruited.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: A total of 998 subjects were included for statistical analysis. Of these, 332 men provided single semen samples (group 1) and 666 men provided two samples (group 2). Semen parameters, including semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, progressive motility, vitality, and sperm morphology, were analyzed with standardized methods according to the World Health Organization (WHO) laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction (3rd edition).Main Results and the Role Of Chance: Rapidly progressive motility of semen from group 1 was lower than that of group 2, but other parameters were not significantly different. The differences in mean values between the double samples were small on all semen parameters. The correlations between the two ejaculates were high, but the agreements were poor except for sperm vitality and normal morphology. Model selection and validation analysis supported the premise that the regression model from the first samples was applicable for the second samples. The large sample size with extensive quality control provides robust parameter estimation and promises good applicability for model selection and validation.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: The results are valid for healthy men in China, not for subfertile or infertile men.Wider Implications Of the Findings: The overall semen quality of a given group of healthy men will not vary significantly in the short term. Single semen samples can be used in model building as long as major relevant covariates are considered. Utilizing multiple semen donations may actually cause the samples to be less representative.Study Funding/competing Interests: This research was supported by a grant from Shanghai Science and Technical Committee (02DJ14053) and a grant from Ministry of Science and Technology, China (9902). All authors have no competing interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the combined regimen (consisting of condoms and emergency contraception pills (ECP)) and using condoms only for the purpose of preventing pregnancy. Methods One-thousand-five-hundred-and-sixty-two (1,562) couples as volunteers enrolled at nine centers in Shanghai. Eight-hundred-and-twelve (812) were randomized to use male condoms and ECP (i.e., Levonorgestrel) as a back-up to condoms (the intervention group) and 750 to use male condoms only(the control group), according to their working unit. Participants were visited at admission and at the end of 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The cumulative life table rates were calculated for pregnancy and other reasons for discontinuation. Result The gross cumulative life table rates showed that the cumulative discontinuation rates for all reasons during the year of follow-up in the condoms plus emergency contraception group and the condoms only group were 7.76 ± 0.94 and 6.61 ± 0.91, respectively, per 100 women (X2 = 0.41, p = 0.5227). The cumulative gross pregnancy rate of the condoms plus emergency contraception group and the condoms only group were 2.17 ± 0.52 and 1.25 ± 0.41, respectively, per 100 women (X2 = 1.93, p = 0.1645).The Pear Index in the condoms plus emergency contraception group and the condoms only group were 2.21% and 1.26%, respectively. Conclusion Male condoms remain a highly effective contraceptive method for a period of one year while consistently and correctly used. In addition, the lowest pregnancy rate followed from perfect use condom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In China, there is increasing concern because of the rapid increase in HIV infection recorded over recent years. Migrant workers are recognized as one of the groups most affected. In this study, HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among unmarried migrant workers in Shanghai are investigated, with the aim of providing critical information for policy makers and sex educators to reinforce sexual health services and sex health education targeting the behavior and sexual health of unmarried male migrants. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among unmarried male migrant workers in Shanghai, China' largest city and housing the most migrants. A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was used to collect information on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior associated with increased risk of HIV/AIDS. Results A total of 2254 subjects were questioned, with a response rate of 91.3%. Among those interviewed, 63.5% reported sexual activities. Misconceptions regarding HIV transmission, poor perception of HIV infection, and low use of condoms were not uncommon. Among those who had sexual intercourse, 73.7% had not used condoms in their last sexual intercourse, and 28.6% reported having engaged in sexual risk behavior (defined as having at least one non-regular partner). Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified several indicators of sexual risk behavior, including younger age at first sexual intercourse (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.31-0.91 for older age at first sexual intercourse), more cities of migration (OR: 2.91, 95% CI: 2.17-3.81 for high level; OR:1.15, 95% CI: 1.06-1.29 for medium level), poor perception of acquiring HIV/AIDS (OR:1.52, 95% CI: 1.33-1.96 for unlikely; OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.61-3.70 for impossible), frequent exposure to pornography (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.11- 0.43 for never; OR:0.69, 95% CI: 0.60-1.81 for less frequently), not knowing someone who had or had died of HIV/AIDS and related diseases (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.70-2.53 for no), and having peers who engaged in sex with a non-regular sex partner (OR: 4.40, 95% CI: 3.37- 5.56 for yes). Conclusions Today, it is necessary to reinforce sex health education among unmarried migrants and sexual health services should target vulnerable migrant young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To establish reference values of semen parameters in a residential, geographic, and age representative sample of healthy Chinese men. Methods: From a national study of 1,191 healthy Chinese men, semen samples were analyzed from 105 subjects whose wives or partners were pregnant within the 12 months prior to the date when the semen sample was taken. Results: The means, fifth percentiles, and percentages lower than the WHO criteria for semen parameters were, respectively: 75.8 × 106/ml, 17.8 × 106/ml, and 6.7% for sperm concentration; 206.9 × 106/ejection, 26.3 × 106/ejection, and 6.7% for total sperm count; 18.9, 3.0, and 79.1% for rapid progressive motility; 49.1, 25.3, and 52.4% for sperm progressive motility; 73.8, 49.3, and 45.7% for sperm viability, and 49.5, 25.2, and 9.5% for normal morphology. Conclusion: The values of semen parameters for Chinese men are lower than the WHO criteria, especially for rapid progressive motility, progressive motility, and sperm viability, and a different standard for Chinese may be needed. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the relationship between Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection and semen quality. Methods: From 2001 to 2003, 346 eligible patients aged 20–45 years were invited from two hospitals in Shanghai, China, to participate in an investigation which included questionnaires about general and reproductive health, an external genital tract examination, UU culture and semen analysis. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine whether UU had a significant effect on semen quality after adjustment for confounding factors. Results: Findings suggested that UU infection was associated with higher semen viscosity and lower semen pH value. Sperm concentration was lower in UU positive subjects than that in UU negative subjects (54.04 × 106/mL vs.70.58 × 106/mL). However, UU did not significantly affect other semen quality indexes. Conclusion: UU infection of the male genital tract could negatively influence semen quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess whether exposure to computers harms the semen quality of healthy young men. Methods: A total of 178 subjects were recruited from two maternity and children healthcare centers in Shanghai, 91 with a history of exposure to computers (i.e., exposure for 20 h or more per week in the last 2 years) and 87 persons to act as control (no or little exposure to computers). Data on the history of exposure to computers and other characteristics were obtained by means of a structured questionnaire interview. Semen samples were collected by masturbation in the place where the semen samples were analyzed. Results: No differences in the distribution of the semen parameters (semen volume, sperm density, percentage of progressive sperm, sperm viability and percentage of normal form sperm) were found between the exposed group and the control group. Exposure to computers was not found to be a risk factor for inferior semen quality after adjusting for potential confounders, including abstinence days, testicle size, occupation, history of exposure to toxic substances. Conclusion: The present study did not find that healthy men exposed to computers had inferior semen quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]