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Copyright of Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Surgery & Medicine (JOSAM) is the property of Journal of Surgery & Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Surgery & Medicine (JOSAM) is the property of Journal of Surgery & Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Surgery & Medicine (JOSAM) is the property of Journal of Surgery & Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Smoking is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. Its detrimental effects are not only seen in the smoker, but also in the people around the smoker and in the fetus of maternal smokers. The aim of this study was to determine the rates of maternal smoking during the course of pregnancy, and to identify trajectories associated with this behavior. A total of 338 pregnant women were included in the study. Participants were provided with a 20-item questionnaire on their demographic characteristics, smoking behavior and awareness of smoking harms. The smoking rate was found to be 15.7% before pregnancy and 10.6% during pregnancy. No relationship was observed between education or income level and smoking status (p=0.177, p=0.490, respectively). It was found that those participants who continued smoking during pregnancy, did not change the number of cigarettes smoked per day, or the brand of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy. In addition, the rate of passive smoking was 37%. Although the M-POWER criteria are met in Turkey, cigarette consumption remains high. In conjunction with healthcare professionals, television, the Internet, written and visual media should play a more effective role in the fight against smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ultrasonography has been a reliable diagnostic tool used for years in fetal anomaly screening. Along with technological improvements, the image quality of ultrasound devices has also increased. Four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound with real time imaging capability is the latest technological tool in this area. Today, its use in perinatologic screening of fetal anomalies is becoming widespread This situation has opened the debate on the diagnostic value of 4D ultrasound in fetal evaluation. 4D ultrasound when performed in experienced hands provides more detailed information on organ functions, fetal anomalies, and understanding of movement and behavioral characteristics. In contrast, conventional 2D ultrasound maintains an indispensable position in the evaluation of fetuses. In the literature, the superiority of 4D to 2D has not been shown. However, diagnostic accuracy is expected to increase when the techniques are used together. A general evaluation was made in our article and the significance of the two ultrasound technologies in detecting fetal anomalies were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although fibroids are very common in women with reproductive age, vaginal leiomyomas are very rare. Two patients presented to our clinic and diagnosed with atypical localization of myoma uteri. A 52-year-old woman admitted to our clinic with the complaint of menometroragia and a 45-year-old woman referred to our clinic from another center with the diagnosis of cystocele. This two patients diagnosed as vaginal myoma. Vaginal leiomyoma may present with clinical symptoms such as dyspareunia and vaginal mass, vaginal discharge or mimicking uterovaginal prolapse. When a vaginal mass is detected, a differential diagnosis of leiomyoma should be considered despite being a rare situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]