130 results on '"Kasthuri, Narayanan"'
Search Results
2. Integration of signals from different cortical areas in higher order thalamic neurons
- Author
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Sampathkumar, Vandana, Miller-Hansen, Andrew, Sherman, S. Murray, and Kasthuri, Narayanan
- Published
- 2021
3. The role of spatial embedding in mouse brain networks constructed from diffusion tractography and tracer injections
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Trinkle, Scott, Foxley, Sean, Wildenberg, Gregg, Kasthuri, Narayanan, and La Rivière, Patrick
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- 2021
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4. Synchrotron‐source micro‐x‐ray computed tomography for examining butterfly eyes.
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Paukner, Dawn, Wildenberg, Gregg A., Badalamente, Griffin S., Littlewood, Peter B., Kronforst, Marcus R., Palmer, Stephanie E., and Kasthuri, Narayanan
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COMPUTED tomography ,MACHINE learning ,COMPARATIVE anatomy ,BUTTERFLIES ,CELL membranes - Abstract
Comparative anatomy is an important tool for investigating evolutionary relationships among species, but the lack of scalable imaging tools and stains for rapidly mapping the microscale anatomies of related species poses a major impediment to using comparative anatomy approaches for identifying evolutionary adaptations. We describe a method using synchrotron source micro‐x‐ray computed tomography (syn‐μXCT) combined with machine learning algorithms for high‐throughput imaging of Lepidoptera (i.e., butterfly and moth) eyes. Our pipeline allows for imaging at rates of ~15 min/mm3 at 600 nm3 resolution. Image contrast is generated using standard electron microscopy labeling approaches (e.g., osmium tetroxide) that unbiasedly labels all cellular membranes in a species‐independent manner thus removing any barrier to imaging any species of interest. To demonstrate the power of the method, we analyzed the 3D morphologies of butterfly crystalline cones, a part of the visual system associated with acuity and sensitivity and found significant variation within six butterfly individuals. Despite this variation, a classic measure of optimization, the ratio of interommatidial angle to resolving power of ommatidia, largely agrees with early work on eye geometry across species. We show that this method can successfully be used to determine compound eye organization and crystalline cone morphology. Our novel pipeline provides for fast, scalable visualization and analysis of eye anatomies that can be applied to any arthropod species, enabling new questions about evolutionary adaptations of compound eyes and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
5. Neuronal BIN1 Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmitter Release and Memory Consolidation
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De Rossi, Pierre, Nomura, Toshihiro, Andrew, Robert J., Masse, Nicolas Y., Sampathkumar, Vandana, Musial, Timothy F., Sudwarts, Ari, Recupero, Aleksandra J., Le Metayer, Thomas, Hansen, Mitchell T., Shim, Ha-Na, Krause, Sofia V., Freedman, David J., Bindokas, Vytas P., Kasthuri, Narayanan, Nicholson, Daniel A., Contractor, Anis, and Thinakaran, Gopal
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- 2020
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6. A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity
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Prasad, Judy A., Balwani, Aishwarya H., Johnson, Erik C., Miano, Joseph D., Sampathkumar, Vandana, De Andrade, Vincent, Fezzaa, Kamel, Du, Ming, Vescovi, Rafael, Jacobsen, Chris, Kording, Konrad P., Gürsoy, Doga, Gray Roncal, William, Kasthuri, Narayanan, and Dyer, Eva L.
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- 2020
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7. ZO-1 Regulates Intercalated Disc Composition and Atrioventricular Node Conduction
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Dai, Wenli, Nadadur, Rangarajan D., Brennan, Jaclyn A., Smith, Heather L., Shen, Kaitlyn M., Gadek, Margaret, Laforest, Brigitte, Wang, Mingyi, Gemel, Joanna, Li, Ye, Zhang, Jing, Ziman, Bruce D., Yan, Jiajie, Ai, Xun, Beyer, Eric C., Lakata, Edward G., Kasthuri, Narayanan, Efimov, Igor R., Broman, Michael T., Moskowitz, Ivan P., Shen, Le, and Weber, Christopher R.
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- 2020
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8. Publisher Correction: Flexible Learning-Free Segmentation and Reconstruction of Neural Volumes
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Shahbazi, Ali, Kinnison, Jeffery, Vescovi, Rafael, Du, Ming, Hill, Robert, Joesch, Maximilian, Takeno, Marc, Zeng, Hongkui, da Costa, Nuno Maçarico, Grutzendler, Jaime, Kasthuri, Narayanan, and Scheirer, Walter J.
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- 2018
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9. Flexible Learning-Free Segmentation and Reconstruction of Neural Volumes
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Shahbazi, Ali, Kinnison, Jeffery, Vescovi, Rafael, Du, Ming, Hill, Robert, Joesch, Maximilian, Takeno, Marc, Zeng, Hongkui, da Costa, Nuno Maçarico, Grutzendler, Jaime, Kasthuri, Narayanan, and Scheirer, Walter J.
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- 2018
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10. Large-scale automatic reconstruction of neuronal processes from electron microscopy images
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Kaynig, Verena, Vazquez-Reina, Amelio, Knowles-Barley, Seymour, Roberts, Mike, Jones, Thouis R., Kasthuri, Narayanan, Miller, Eric, Lichtman, Jeff, and Pfister, Hanspeter
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- 2015
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11. Distinct Profiles of Myelin Distribution Along Single Axons of Pyramidal Neurons in the Neocortex
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Tomassy, Giulio Srubek, Berger, Daniel R., Chen, Hsu-Hsin, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Hayworth, Kenneth J., Vercelli, Alessandro, Seung, H. Sebastian, Lichtman, Jeff W., and Arlotta, Paola
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- 2014
12. Multi-modal imaging of a single mouse brain over five orders of magnitude of resolution
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Foxley, Sean, Sampathkumar, Vandana, De Andrade, Vincent, Trinkle, Scott, Sorokina, Anastasia, Norwood, Katrina, La Riviere, Patrick, and Kasthuri, Narayanan
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- 2021
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13. Layer 5 of cortex innervates the thalamic reticular nucleus in mice.
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Carroll, Briana J., Sampathkumar, Vandana, Kasthuri, Narayanan, and Sherman, S. Murray
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THALAMIC nuclei ,THALAMUS ,MICROSCOPY ,ELECTRON microscopy ,NEURONS - Abstract
Neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) are a primary source of inhibition to the dorsal thalamus and, as they are innervated in part by the cortex, are a means of corticothalamic regulation. Previously, cortical inputs to the TRN were thought to originate solely from layer 6 (L6), but we recently reported the presence of putative synaptic terminals from layer 5 (L5) neurons in multiple cortical areas in the TRN [J. A. Prasad, B. J. Carroll, S. M. Sherman, J. Neurosci. 40, 5785-5796 (2020)]. Here, we demonstrate with electron microscopy that L5 terminals from multiple cortical regions make bona fide synapses in the TRN. We further use light microscopy to localize these synapses relative to recently described TRN subdivisions and show that L5 terminals target the edges of the somatosensory TRN, where neurons reciprocally connect to higher-order thalamus, and that L5 terminals are scarce in the core of the TRN, where neurons reciprocally connect to first-order thalamus. In contrast, L6 terminals densely innervate both edge and core subregions and are smaller than those from L5. These data suggest that a sparse but potent input from L5 neurons of multiple cortical regions to the TRN may yield transreticular inhibition targeted to higher-order thalamus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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14. Performance Characteristics of a Novel 3D-Printed Bubble Intermittent Mandatory Ventilator (B-IMV) for Adult Pulmonary Support.
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Poli, Jonathan A., Howard, Christopher, Garcia III, Alfredo J., Remboski, Don, Littlewood, Peter B., Kress, John P., Kasthuri, Narayanan, Comai, Alia, Soni, Kiran, Kennedy, Philip, Ogger, John, and DiBlasi, Robert M.
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CONTINUOUS positive airway pressure ,CHILD patients ,CRITICAL care medicine ,ADULTS ,POSITIVE pressure ventilation ,ARTIFICIAL respiration ,TERTIARY care - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought attention to the need for developing effective respiratory support that can be rapidly implemented during critical surge capacity scenarios in healthcare settings. Lung support with bubble continuous positive airway pressure (B-CPAP) is a well-established therapeutic approach for supporting neonatal patients. However, the effectiveness of B-CPAP in larger pediatric and adult patients has not been addressed. Using similar principles of B-CPAP pressure generation, application of intermittent positive pressure inflations above CPAP could support gas exchange and high work of breathing levels in larger patients experiencing more severe forms of respiratory failure. This report describes the design and performance characteristics of the BubbleVent, a novel 3D-printed valve system that combined with commonly found tubes, hoses, and connectors can provide intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) suitable for adult mechanical ventilation without direct electrification. Testing of the BubbleVent was performed on a passive adult test lung model and compared with a critical care ventilator commonly used in tertiary care centers. The BubbleVent was shown to deliver stable PIP and PEEP levels, as well as timing control of breath delivery that was comparable with a critical care ventilator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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15. The role of neuronal identity in synaptic competition
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Kasthuri, Narayanan and Lichtman, Jeff W.
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Environmental issues ,Science and technology ,Zoology and wildlife conservation - Abstract
Author(s): Narayanan Kasthuri; Jeff W. Lichtman (corresponding author) In developing mammalian muscle, axon branches of several motor neurons co-innervate the same muscle fibre. Competition among them results in the strengthening [...]
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- 2003
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16. Long-term dendritic spine stability in the adult cortex
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Grutzendler, Jaime, Kasthuri, Narayanan, and Gan, Wen-Biao
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Environmental issues ,Science and technology ,Zoology and wildlife conservation - Abstract
Author(s): Jaime Grutzendler; Narayanan Kasthuri; Wen-Biao Gan (corresponding author) The structural dynamics of synapses probably has a crucial role in the development and plasticity of the nervous system. In the [...]
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- 2002
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17. Delayed synapse elimination in mouse levator palpebrae superioris muscle
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Fox, Michael A., Tapia, Juan Carlos, Kasthuri, Narayanan, and Lichtman, Jeff W.
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- 2011
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18. Synchrotron X‐ray micro‐CT as a validation dataset for diffusion MRI in whole mouse brain.
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Trinkle, Scott, Foxley, Sean, Kasthuri, Narayanan, and La Rivière, Patrick
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DIFFUSION magnetic resonance imaging ,FIBER orientation ,SYNCHROTRONS ,CALCULUS of tensors ,DISTRIBUTION (Probability theory) - Abstract
Purpose: To introduce synchrotron X‐ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) and demonstrate its use as a natively isotropic, nondestructive, 3D validation modality for diffusion MRI in whole, fixed mouse brain. Methods: Postmortem diffusion MRI and microCT data were acquired of the same whole mouse brain. Diffusion data were processed using constrained spherical deconvolution. Synchrotron data were acquired at an isotropic voxel size of 1.17 μm. Structure tensor analysis was used to calculate fiber orientation distribution functions from the microCT data. A pipeline was developed to spatially register the 2 datasets in order to perform qualitative comparisons of fiber geometries represented by fiber orientation distribution functions. Fiber orientations from both modalities were used to perform whole‐brain deterministic tractography to demonstrate validation of long‐range white matter pathways. Results: Fiber orientation distribution functions were able to be extracted throughout the entire microCT dataset, with spatial registration to diffusion MRI simplified due to the whole brain extent of the microCT data. Fiber orientations and tract pathways showed good agreement between modalities. Conclusion: Synchrotron microCT is a potentially valuable new tool for future multi‐scale diffusion MRI validation studies, providing comparable value to optical histology validation methods while addressing some key limitations in data acquisition and ease of processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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19. Ultrastructural analysis of dendritic spine necks reveals a continuum of spine morphologies.
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Ofer, Netanel, Berger, Daniel R., Kasthuri, Narayanan, Lichtman, Jeff W., and Yuste, Rafael
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- 2021
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20. An ultrastructural connectomic analysis of a higher‐order thalamocortical circuit in the mouse.
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Sampathkumar, Vandana, Miller‐Hansen, Andrew, Murray Sherman, S., and Kasthuri, Narayanan
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SOMATOSENSORY cortex ,THALAMIC nuclei ,MICE ,ELECTRON microscopy ,MITOCHONDRIA - Abstract
Many studies exist of thalamocortical synapses in primary sensory cortex, but much less in known about higher‐order thalamocortical projections to higher‐order cortical areas. We begin to address this gap using genetic labeling combined with large volume serial electron microscopy (i.e., "connectomics") to study the projection from the thalamic posterior medial nucleus to the secondary somatosensory cortex in a mouse. We injected into this thalamic nucleus a cocktail combining a cre‐expressing virus and one expressing cre‐dependent ascorbate peroxidase that provides an electron dense cytoplasmic label. This "intersectional" viral approach specifically labeled thalamocortical axons and synapses, free of retrograde labeling, in all layers of cortex. Labeled thalamocortical synapses represented 14% of all synapses in the cortical volume, consistent with previous estimates of first‐order thalamocortical inputs. We found that labeled thalamocortical terminals, relative to unlabeled ones: were larger, were more likely to contain a mitochondrion, more frequently targeted spiny dendrites and avoided aspiny dendrites, and often innervated larger spines with spine apparatuses, among other differences. Furthermore, labeled terminals were more prevalent in layers 2/3 and synaptic differences between labeled and unlabeled terminals were greatest in layers 2/3. The laminar differences reported here contrast with reports of first‐order thalamocortical connections in primary sensory cortices where, for example, labeled terminals were larger in layer 4 than layers 2/3 (Viaene et al., 2011a). These data offer the first glimpse of higher‐order thalamocortical synaptic ultrastructure and point to the need for more analyses, as such connectivity likely represents a majority of thalamocortical circuitry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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21. Sensitivity to myelin using model‐free analysis of the water resonance line‐shape in postmortem mouse brain.
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Foxley, Sean, Wildenberg, Gregg, Sampathkumar, Vandana, Karczmar, Gregory S, Brugarolas, Pedro, and Kasthuri, Narayanan
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WHITE matter (Nerve tissue) ,WATER analysis ,ECHO-planar imaging ,RESONANCE ,SPECTROSCOPIC imaging - Abstract
Purpose: Dysmyelinating diseases are characterized by abnormal myelin formation and function. Such microstructural abnormalities in myelin have been demonstrated to produce measurable effects on the MR signal. This work examines these effects on measurements of voxel‐wise, high‐resolution water spectra acquired using a 3D echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) pulse sequence from both postmortem fixed control mouse brains and a dysmyelination mouse brain model. Methods: Perfusion fixed, resected control (n = 5) and shiverer (n = 4) mouse brains were imaged using 3D‐EPSI with 100 µm isotropic resolution. The free induction decay (FID) was sampled every 2.74 ms over 192 echoes, for a total sampling duration of 526.08 ms. Voxel‐wise FIDs were Fourier transformed to produce water spectra with 1.9 Hz resolution. Spectral asymmetry was computed and compared between the two tissue types. Results: The water resonance is more asymmetrically broadened in the white matter of control mouse brain compared with dysmyelinated white matter. In control brain, this is modulated by and consistent with previously reported orientationally dependent effects of white matter relative to B0. Similar sensitivity to orientation is observed in dysmyelinated white matter as well; however, the magnitude of the resonance asymmetry is much lower across all directions. Conclusion: Results demonstrate that components of the spectra are specifically differentially affected by myelin concentration. This suggests that water proton spectra may be sensitive to the presence of myelin, and as such, could serve as a MRI‐based biomarker of dysmyelinating disease, free of mathematical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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22. Quantifying mesoscale neuroanatomy using X-ray microtomography
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Dyer, Eva L., Roncal, William Gray, Fernandes, Hugo L., G��rsoy, Doga, De Andrade, Vincent, Vescovi, Rafael, Fezzaa, Kamel, Xiao, Xianghui, Vogelstein, Joshua T., Jacobsen, Chris, K��rding, Konrad P., and Kasthuri, Narayanan
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FOS: Computer and information sciences ,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV) ,FOS: Biological sciences ,Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods ,Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM) - Abstract
Methods for resolving the 3D microstructure of the brain typically start by thinly slicing and staining the brain, and then imaging each individual section with visible light photons or electrons. In contrast, X-rays can be used to image thick samples, providing a rapid approach for producing large 3D brain maps without sectioning. Here we demonstrate the use of synchrotron X-ray microtomography ($\mu$CT) for producing mesoscale $(1~\mu m^3)$ resolution brain maps from millimeter-scale volumes of mouse brain. We introduce a pipeline for $\mu$CT-based brain mapping that combines methods for sample preparation, imaging, automated segmentation of image volumes into cells and blood vessels, and statistical analysis of the resulting brain structures. Our results demonstrate that X-ray tomography promises rapid quantification of large brain volumes, complementing other brain mapping and connectomics efforts., Comment: 28 pages, 9 figures
- Published
- 2016
23. International Neuroscience Initiatives through the Lens of High-Performance Computing.
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Bouchard, Kristofer E., Aimone, James B., Chun, Miyoung, Dean, Thomas, Denker, Michael, Diesmann, Markus, Donofrio, David D., Frank, Loren M., Kasthuri, Narayanan, Koch, Christof, Rubel, Oliver, Simon, Horst D., Sommer, F.T., and Prabhat
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HIGH performance computing ,NEURAL circuitry ,NEUROSCIENCES ,OPEN source software ,COMPUTER input-output equipment - Abstract
Neuroscience initiatives aim to develop new technologies and tools to measure and manipulate neuronal circuits. To deal with the massive amounts of data generated by these tools, the authors envision the co-location of open data repositories in standardized formats together with high-performance computing hardware utilizing open source optimized analysis codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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24. Multi-color correlative light and electron microscopy using nanoparticle cathodoluminescence
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Glenn, David R., Zhang, Huiliang, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Schalek, Richard, Lo, Peggy K., Trifonov, Alexei, Park, Hongkun, Lichtman, Jeff W., and Walsworth, Ronald L.
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Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph) ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,Physics - Atomic Physics - Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy promises to combine molecular specificity with nanoscale imaging resolution. However, there are substantial technical challenges including reliable co-registration of optical and electron images, and rapid optical signal degradation under electron beam irradiation. Here, we introduce a new approach to solve these problems: multi-color imaging of stable optical cathodoluminescence emitted in a scanning electron microscope by nanoparticles with controllable surface chemistry. We demonstrate well-correlated cathodoluminescence and secondary electron images using three species of semiconductor nanoparticles that contain defects providing stable, spectrally-distinguishable cathodoluminescence. We also demonstrate reliable surface functionalization of the particles. The results pave the way for the use of such nanoparticles for targeted labeling of surfaces to provide nanoscale mapping of molecular composition, indicated by cathodoluminescence color, simultaneously acquired with structural electron images in a single instrument., 11 pages, 4 figures
- Published
- 2012
25. NeuroBlocks – Visual Tracking of Segmentation and Proofreading for Large Connectomics Projects.
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Ai-Awami, Ali K., Beyer, Johanna, Haehn, Daniel, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Lichtman, Jeff W., Pfister, Hanspeter, and Hadwiger, Markus
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EYE tracking ,PROOFREADING ,WEB-based user interfaces ,VISUAL perception ,IMAGE segmentation - Abstract
In the field of connectomics, neuroscientists acquire electron microscopy volumes at nanometer resolution in order to reconstruct a detailed wiring diagram of the neurons in the brain. The resulting image volumes, which often are hundreds of terabytes in size, need to be segmented to identify cell boundaries, synapses, and important cell organelles. However, the segmentation process of a single volume is very complex, time-intensive, and usually performed using a diverse set of tools and many users. To tackle the associated challenges, this paper presents NeuroBlocks, which is a novel visualization system for tracking the state, progress, and evolution of very large volumetric segmentation data in neuroscience. NeuroBlocks is a multi-user web-based application that seamlessly integrates the diverse set of tools that neuroscientists currently use for manual and semi-automatic segmentation, proofreading, visualization, and analysis. NeuroBlocks is the first system that integrates this heterogeneous tool set, providing crucial support for the management, provenance, accountability, and auditing of large-scale segmentations. We describe the design of NeuroBlocks, starting with an analysis of the domain-specific tasks, their inherent challenges, and our subsequent task abstraction and visual representation. We demonstrate the utility of our design based on two case studies that focus on different user roles and their respective requirements for performing and tracking the progress of segmentation and proofreading in a large real-world connectomics project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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26. Saturated Reconstruction of a Volume of Neocortex.
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Kasthuri, Narayanan, Hayworth, Kenneth Jeffrey, Berger, Daniel Raimund, Schalek, Richard Lee, Conchello, José Angel, Knowles-Barley, Seymour, Lee, Dongil, Vázquez-Reina, Amelio, Kaynig, Verena, Jones, Thouis Raymond, Roberts, Mike, Morgan, Josh Lyskowski, Tapia, Juan Carlos, Seung, H. Sebastian, Roncal, William Gray, Vogelstein, Joshua Tzvi, Burns, Randal, Sussman, Daniel Lewis, Priebe, Carey Eldin, and Pfister, Hanspeter
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NEOCORTEX , *BRAIN physiology , *NERVE tissue , *AXONS , *DENDRITIC cells , *LABORATORY mice - Abstract
Summary We describe automated technologies to probe the structure of neural tissue at nanometer resolution and use them to generate a saturated reconstruction of a sub-volume of mouse neocortex in which all cellular objects (axons, dendrites, and glia) and many sub-cellular components (synapses, synaptic vesicles, spines, spine apparati, postsynaptic densities, and mitochondria) are rendered and itemized in a database. We explore these data to study physical properties of brain tissue. For example, by tracing the trajectories of all excitatory axons and noting their juxtapositions, both synaptic and non-synaptic, with every dendritic spine we refute the idea that physical proximity is sufficient to predict synaptic connectivity (the so-called Peters’ rule). This online minable database provides general access to the intrinsic complexity of the neocortex and enables further data-driven inquiries. Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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27. NeuroLines: A Subway Map Metaphor for Visualizing Nanoscale Neuronal Connectivity.
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Al-Awami, Ali K., Hadwiger, Markus, Beyer, Johanna, Strobelt, Hendrik, Pfister, Hanspeter, Kasthuri, Narayanan, and Lichtman, Jeff W.
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BRAIN mapping ,NEUROSCIENCES ,ABSTRACT data types (Computer science) ,NEURONS ,IMAGE segmentation ,VISUALIZATION - Abstract
We present NeuroLines, a novel visualization technique designed for scalable detailed analysis of neuronal connectivity at the nanoscale level. The topology of 3D brain tissue data is abstracted into a multi-scale, relative distance-preserving subway map visualization that allows domain scientists to conduct an interactive analysis of neurons and their connectivity. Nanoscale connectomics aims at reverse-engineering the wiring of the brain. Reconstructing and analyzing the detailed connectivity of neurons and neurites (axons, dendrites) will be crucial for understanding the brain and its development and diseases. However, the enormous scale and complexity of nanoscale neuronal connectivity pose big challenges to existing visualization techniques in terms of scalability. NeuroLines offers a scalable visualization framework that can interactively render thousands of neurites, and that supports the detailed analysis of neuronal structures and their connectivity. We describe and analyze the design of NeuroLines based on two real-world use-cases of our collaborators in developmental neuroscience, and investigate its scalability to large-scale neuronal connectivity data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2014
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28. Design and Evaluation of Interactive Proofreading Tools for Connectomics.
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Haehn, Daniel, Beyer, Johanna, Pfister, Hanspeter, Knowles-Barley, Seymour, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Lichtman, Jeff W., and Roberts, Mike
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PROOFREADING ,BRAIN mapping ,IMAGE databases ,ELECTRON microscopy ,IMAGE segmentation ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Proofreading refers to the manual correction of automatic segmentations of image data. In connectomics, electron microscopy data is acquired at nanometer-scale resolution and results in very large image volumes of brain tissue that require fully automatic segmentation algorithms to identify cell boundaries. However, these algorithms require hundreds of corrections per cubic micron of tissue. Even though this task is time consuming, it is fairly easy for humans to perform corrections through splitting, merging, and adjusting segments during proofreading. In this paper we present the design and implementation of Mojo, a fully-featured single-user desktop application for proofreading, and Dojo, a multi-user web-based application for collaborative proofreading. We evaluate the accuracy and speed of Mojo, Dojo, and Raveler, a proofreading tool from Janelia Farm, through a quantitative user study. We designed a between-subjects experiment and asked non-experts to proofread neurons in a publicly available connectomics dataset. Our results show a significant improvement of corrections using web-based Dojo, when given the same amount of time. In addition, all participants using Dojo reported better usability. We discuss our findings and provide an analysis of requirements for designing visual proofreading software. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
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29. The open connectome project data cluster.
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Burns, Randal, Lillaney, Kunal, Berger, Daniel R., Grosenick, Logan, Deisseroth, Karl, Reid, R. Clay, Roncal, William Gray, Manavalan, Priya, Bock, Davi D., Kasthuri, Narayanan, Kazhdan, Michael, Smith, Stephen J., Kleissas, Dean, Perlman, Eric, Chung, Kwanghun, Weiler, Nicholas C., Lichtman, Jeff, Szalay, Alexander S., Vogelstein, Joshua T., and Vogelstein, R. Jacob
- Published
- 2013
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30. ConnectomeExplorer: Query-Guided Visual Analysis of Large Volumetric Neuroscience Data.
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Beyer, Johanna, Al-Awami, Ali, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Lichtman, Jeff W., Pfister, Hanspeter, and Hadwiger, Markus
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APPLICATION software ,VISUAL analytics ,NEUROSCIENCES ,QUERYING (Computer science) ,ELECTRON microscopy ,DATA visualization ,SEARCH algorithms ,COMPUTER software ,COMPUTER network resources - Abstract
This paper presents ConnectomeExplorer, an application for the interactive exploration and query-guided visual analysis of large volumetric electron microscopy (EM) data sets in connectomics research. Our system incorporates a knowledge-based query algebra that supports the interactive specification of dynamically evaluated queries, which enable neuroscientists to pose and answer domain-specific questions in an intuitive manner. Queries are built step by step in a visual query builder, building more complex queries from combinations of simpler queries. Our application is based on a scalable volume visualization framework that scales to multiple volumes of several teravoxels each, enabling the concurrent visualization and querying of the original EM volume, additional segmentation volumes, neuronal connectivity, and additional meta data comprising a variety of neuronal data attributes. We evaluate our application on a data set of roughly one terabyte of EM data and 750 GB of segmentation data, containing over 4,000 segmented structures and 1,000 synapses. We demonstrate typical use-case scenarios of our collaborators in neuroscience, where our system has enabled them to answer specific scientific questions using interactive querying and analysis on the full-size data for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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31. Exploring the Connectome: Petascale Volume Visualization of Microscopy Data Streams.
- Author
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Beyer, Johanna, Hadwiger, Markus, Al-Awami, Ali, Jeong, Won-Ki, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Lichtman, Jeff W., and Pfister, Hanspeter
- Subjects
ELECTRON microscopy ,NEUROSCIENTISTS ,DATA visualization ,DATA modeling ,COMPUTER graphics ,NEUROSCIENCES - Abstract
Recent advances in high-resolution microscopy let neuroscientists acquire neural-tissue volume data of extremely large sizes. However, the tremendous resolution and the high complexity of neural structures present big challenges to storage, processing, and visualization at interactive rates. A proposed system provides interactive exploration of petascale (petavoxel) volumes resulting from high-throughput electron microscopy data streams. The system can concurrently handle multiple volumes and can support the simultaneous visualization of high-resolution voxel segmentation data. Its visualization-driven design restricts most computations to a small subset of the data. It employs a multiresolution virtual-memory architecture for better scalability than previous approaches and for handling incomplete data. Researchers have employed it for a 1-teravoxel mouse cortex volume, of which several hundred axons and dendrites as well as synapses have been segmented and labeled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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32. Structural dynamics of synapses in living animals
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Kasthuri, Narayanan and Lichtman, Jeff W
- Subjects
- *
MOLECULAR biology , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *BIOMOLECULES , *SYNAPSES , *NEURAL transmission - Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of in vivo imaging approaches in the study of the way that synaptic circuits become established and the degree to which they stabilize in mature brains. We review progress since the first efforts, two decades ago, at in vivo synaptic imaging and highlight the more recent advances in molecular biology, optics and neurobiological imaging that have fueled a mini-renaissance in this line of inquiry. Many of the technical problems that limited early efforts still remain, but the rapid pace of molecular and optical innovation might soon transform this specialized field into one that is more ‘mainstream’. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2004
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33. Distinct frequency preferences of different types of rat hippocampal neurones in response to oscillatory input currents.
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Pike, Fenella G., Goddard, Ruth S., Suckling, Jillian M., Ganter, Paul, Kasthuri, Narayanan, and Paulsen, Ole
- Published
- 2000
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34. Primate neuronal connections are sparse in cortex as compared to mouse.
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Wildenberg, Gregg A., Rosen, Matt R., Lundell, Jack, Paukner, Dawn, Freedman, David J., and Kasthuri, Narayanan
- Abstract
Detailing how primate and mouse neurons differ is critical for creating generalized models of how neurons process information. We reconstruct 15,748 synapses in adult Rhesus macaques and mice and ask how connectivity differs on identified cell types in layer 2/3 of primary visual cortex. Primate excitatory and inhibitory neurons receive 2–5 times fewer excitatory and inhibitory synapses than similar mouse neurons. Primate excitatory neurons have lower excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) ratios than mouse but similar E/I ratios in inhibitory neurons. In both species, properties of inhibitory axons such as synapse size and frequency are unchanged, and inhibitory innervation of excitatory neurons is local and specific. Using artificial recurrent neural networks (RNNs) optimized for different cognitive tasks, we find that penalizing networks for creating and maintaining synapses, as opposed to neuronal firing, reduces the number of connections per node as the number of nodes increases, similar to primate neurons compared with mice. [Display omitted] • Relative to mouse counterparts, primate connections are sparse • Primate excitatory neurons receive fewer excitatory and inhibitory inputs • Primate inhibitory neurons have fewer somatic inputs but equivalent shaft inputs • Across species, inhibitory axons have similar innervation properties Using large-volume serial electron microscopy, Wildenberg et al. show that primate cortical neural networks are sparser than mouse, and using recursive neural nets, they show that energetic costs of synaptic maintenance could underlie these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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35. Cover Image.
- Author
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Ofer, Netanel, Berger, Daniel R., Kasthuri, Narayanan, Lichtman, Jeff W., and Yuste, Rafael
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
36. Correlative light and electron microscopy using cathodoluminescence from nanoparticles with distinguishable colours
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Glenn, David R., Zhang, Huidan, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Schalek, Richard L., Lo, P. K., Trifonov, Alexei, Park, Hongkun, Lichtman, Jeff, and Walsworth, Ronald L.
- Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy promises to combine molecular specificity with nanoscale imaging resolution. However, there are substantial technical challenges including reliable co-registration of optical and electron images, and rapid optical signal degradation under electron beam irradiation. Here, we introduce a new approach to solve these problems: imaging of stable optical cathodoluminescence emitted in a scanning electron microscope by nanoparticles with controllable surface chemistry. We demonstrate well-correlated cathodoluminescence and secondary electron images using three species of semiconductor nanoparticles that contain defects providing stable, spectrally-distinguishable cathodoluminescence. We also demonstrate reliable surface functionalization of the particles. The results pave the way for the use of such nanoparticles for targeted labeling of surfaces to provide nanoscale mapping of molecular composition, indicated by cathodoluminescence colour, simultaneously acquired with structural electron images in a single instrument., Physics
- Published
- 2012
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- View/download PDF
37. Neurocartography.
- Author
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Kasthuri, Narayanan and Lichtman, Jeff W.
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- *
BRAIN mapping , *NEURAL circuitry , *NEURONS , *INFORMATION retrieval , *NEUROSCIENCES - Abstract
The article offers information on the challenges associated with neurocartography or the mapping of neural circuitry. It mentions the difficulties faced in brain mapping due to large number and minute size of neurons, and reports the issues associated with storage of information on brain maps. It also discusses the recent technological advances in brain mapping, and explores the benefits of such maps for clinical and basic neuroscience.
- Published
- 2010
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- View/download PDF
38. The rise of the 'projectome'.
- Author
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Kasthuri, Narayanan and Lichtman, Jeff W.
- Subjects
- *
IMAGING systems , *THREE-dimensional imaging , *TOMOGRAPHY , *MICROSCOPY , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
The article describes two new imaging techniques introduced by groups of researchers in the U.S. The first technique, by P. J. Verveer and colleagues, has similarities with the optical projection tomography (OPT), but improves on the earlier description of single-plane illumination (SPIM). The second technique, by H. U. Dodt and colleagues, uses a simpler light sheet approach called ultramicroscopy to image large fixed samples.
- Published
- 2007
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39. Corrigendum: The rise of the 'projectome'.
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Kasthuri, Narayanan and Lichtman, Jeff W
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- *
ELECTRON microscopy - Abstract
A correction to the article "The rise of the 'projectome'," by Narayanan Kasthuri and Jeff W. Lichtman that was published in the previous issue is presented.
- Published
- 2007
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- View/download PDF
40. Stacked Endoplasmic Reticulum Sheets Are Connected by Helicoidal Membrane Motifs.
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Terasaki, Mark, Shemesh, Tom, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Klemm, Robin?W., Schalek, Richard, Hayworth, Kenneth?J., Hand, Arthur?R., Yankova, Maya, Huber, Greg, Lichtman, Jeff?W., Rapoport, Tom?A., and Kozlov, Michael?M.
- Subjects
- *
ENDOPLASMIC reticulum , *CELL membranes , *PROTEIN synthesis , *ELECTRON microscopy , *SCIENTIFIC observation , *EXPERIMENTAL biology - Abstract
Summary: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) often forms stacked membrane sheets, an arrangement that is likely required to accommodate a maximum of membrane-bound polysomes for secretory protein synthesis. How sheets are stacked is unknown. Here, we used improved staining and automated ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy methods to analyze stacked ER sheets in neuronal cells and secretory salivary gland cells of mice. Our results show that stacked ER sheets form a continuous membrane system in which the sheets are connected by twisted membrane surfaces with helical edges of left- or right-handedness. The three-dimensional structure of tightly stacked ER sheets resembles a parking garage, in which the different levels are connected by helicoidal ramps. A theoretical model explains the experimental observations and indicates that the structure corresponds to a minimum of elastic energy of sheet edges and surfaces. The structure allows the dense packing of ER sheets in the restricted space of a cell. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
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41. Pervasive Synaptic Branch Removal in the Mammalian Neuromuscular System at Birth
- Author
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Tapia, Juan C., Wylie, John D., Kasthuri, Narayanan, Hayworth, Kenneth J., Schalek, Richard, Berger, Daniel R., Guatimosim, Cristina, Seung, H. Sebastian, and Lichtman, Jeff W.
- Subjects
- *
NEUROMUSCULAR system , *AXONS , *MICROSCOPY , *NEURAL transmission , *MYONEURAL junction , *FETAL nerve tissue , *NEUROTRANSMITTERS - Abstract
Summary: Using light and serial electron microscopy, we show profound refinements in motor axonal branching and synaptic connectivity before and after birth. Embryonic axons become maximally connected just before birth when they innervate ∼10-fold more muscle fibers than in maturity. In some developing muscles, axons innervate almost every muscle fiber. At birth, each neuromuscular junction is coinnervated by approximately ten highly intermingled axons (versus one in adults). Extensive die off of terminal branches occurs during the first several postnatal days, leading to much sparser arbors that still span the same territory. Despite the extensive pruning, total axoplasm per neuron increases as axons elongate, thicken, and add more synaptic release sites on their remaining targets. Motor axons therefore initially establish weak connections with nearly all available postsynaptic targets but, beginning at birth, massively redistribute synaptic resources, concentrating many more synaptic sites on many fewer muscle fibers. Analogous changes in connectivity may occur in the CNS. Video Abstract: Display Omitted [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. High-Performance Computing in Neuroscience for Data-Driven Discovery, Integration, and Dissemination.
- Author
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Bouchard, Kristofer E., Aimone, James B., Chun, Miyoung, Dean, Thomas, Denker, Michael, Diesmann, Markus, Donofrio, David D., Frank, Loren M., Kasthuri, Narayanan, Koch, Chirstof, Ruebel, Oliver, Simon, Horst D., Sommer, Friedrich T., and Prabhat, null
- Subjects
- *
NEUROSCIENCES , *NEUROTECHNOLOGY (Bioengineering) , *HIGH performance computing , *BRAIN-computer interfaces , *SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
Opportunities offered by new neuro-technologies are threatened by lack of coherent plans to analyze, manage, and understand the data. High-performance computing will allow exploratory analysis of massive datasets stored in standardized formats, hosted in open repositories, and integrated with simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Regional cytoarchitecture of the adult and developing mouse enteric nervous system.
- Author
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Hamnett, Ryan, Dershowitz, Lori B., Sampathkumar, Vandana, Wang, Ziyue, Gomez-Frittelli, Julieta, De Andrade, Vincent, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Druckmann, Shaul, and Kaltschmidt, Julia A.
- Subjects
- *
ENTERIC nervous system , *SUBMUCOUS plexus , *GASTROINTESTINAL system , *CYTOARCHITECTONICS , *CENTRAL nervous system , *SMALL intestine - Abstract
The organization and cellular composition of tissues are key determinants of their biological function. In the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the enteric nervous system (ENS) intercalates between muscular and epithelial layers of the gut wall and can control GI function independent of central nervous system (CNS) input. 1 As in the CNS, distinct regions of the GI tract are highly specialized and support diverse functions, yet the regional and spatial organization of the ENS remains poorly characterized. 2 Cellular arrangements, 3,4 circuit connectivity patterns, 5,6 and diverse cell types 7–9 are known to underpin ENS functional complexity and GI function, but enteric neurons are most typically described only as a uniform meshwork of interconnected ganglia. Here, we present a bird's eye view of the mouse ENS, describing its previously underappreciated cytoarchitecture and regional variation. We visually and computationally demonstrate that enteric neurons are organized in circumferential neuronal stripes. This organization emerges gradually during the perinatal period, with neuronal stripe formation in the small intestine (SI) preceding that in the colon. The width of neuronal stripes varies throughout the length of the GI tract, and distinct neuronal subtypes differentially populate specific regions of the GI tract, with stark contrasts between SI and colon as well as within subregions of each. This characterization provides a blueprint for future understanding of region-specific GI function and identifying ENS structural correlates of diverse GI disorders. • Myenteric neurons, but not submucosal neurons, form circumferential stripes • Conditional intensity function plots quantify and reveal tissue organization • Neuronal stripes arise from proximal to distal during embryonic development • Neuronal marker expression differs by region but not among individual stripes The enteric nervous system spans the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and controls diverse GI functions, yet its structure is often characterized as a uniform meshwork. Hamnett et al. demonstrate that enteric neurons are organized into circumferential stripes that regionally differ in organization, development, and cellular composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Distinct Profiles of Myelin Distribution Along Single Axons of Pyramidal Neurons in the Neocortex.
- Author
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Srubek Tomassy, Giulio, Berger, Daniel R., Hsu-Hsin Chen, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Hayworth, Kenneth J., Vercelli, Alessandro, Seung, H. Sebastian, Lichtman, Jeff W., and Arlotta, Paola
- Subjects
- *
MYELIN , *MYELINATION , *NEOCORTEX , *MYELIN sheath , *NEURAL physiology - Abstract
Myelin is a defining feature of the vertebrate nervous system. Variability in the thickness of the myelin envelope is a structural feature affecting the conduction of neuronal signals. Conversely, the distribution of myelinated tracts along the length of axons has been assumed to be uniform. Here, we traced high-throughput electron microscopy reconstructions of single axons of pyramidal neurons in the mouse neocortex and built high-resolution maps of myelination. We find that individual neurons have distinct longitudinal distribution of myelin. Neurons in the superficial layers displayed the most diversified profiles, including a new pattern where myelinated segments are interspersed with long, unmyelinated tracts. Our data indicate that the profile of longitudinal distribution of myelin is an integral feature of neuronal identity and may have evolved as a strategy to modulate long-distance communication in the neocortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Imaging calcium dynamics in the nervous system by means of ballistic delivery of indicators
- Author
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Kettunen, Petronella, Demas1, Jay, Lohmann, Christian, Kasthuri, Narayanan, Gong, Yandao, Wong, Rachel O.L., and Gan, Wen-Biao
- Subjects
- *
NEURONS , *NERVOUS system - Abstract
The use of fluorescence-based calcium indicators has, over the years, unraveled important calcium-dependent mechanisms underlying neuronal function and development. However, difficulties associated with the loading of calcium indicators have limited their widespread use, particularly for the study of neuronal processing in the adult nervous system. Here, we show that in the central and peripheral nervous systems, populations of neurons and their processes, including dendritic spines and filopodia, can be labeled rapidly and efficiently by delivering calcium indicator-coated particles using a ‘gene gun’. Importantly, neuronal labeling occurred both in vitro and in vivo, and across a wide range of ages and preparations. The labeled cells demonstrate spontaneous and evoked calcium transients, indicating that particle-mediated delivery is not deleterious to neuronal function. Furthermore, unlike loading with patch pipettes, cytoplasmic content is preserved following ballistic loading. This enables the study of calcium-dependent second messenger pathways without loss of signaling components. The ballistic delivery of calcium indicators thus opens up many new avenues for further exploration of the structure and function of the nervous system from single spines to neuronal networks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. OsO2 as the Contrast-Generating Chemical Species of Osmium-Stained Biological Tissues in Electron Microscopy.
- Author
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Li R, Wildenberg G, Boergens K, Yang Y, Weber K, Rieger J, Arcidiacono A, Klie R, Kasthuri N, and King SB
- Abstract
Electron imaging of biological samples stained with heavy metals has enabled visualization of subcellular structures critical in chemical-, structural-, and neuro-biology. In particular, osmium tetroxide OsO4 has been widely adopted for selective lipid imaging. Despite the ubiquity of its use, the osmium speciation in lipid membranes and the process for contrast generation in electron microscopy (EM) have continued to be open questions, limiting efforts to improve staining protocols and therefore high-resolution nanoscale imaging of biological samples. Following our recent success using photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) to image mouse brain tissues with synaptic resolution, we have used PEEM to determine the nanoscale electronic structure of Os-stained biological samples. Os(IV), in the form of OsO2, generates nanoaggregates in lipid membranes, leading to a strong spatial variation in the electronic structure and electron density of states. OsO2 has a metallic electronic structure that drastically increases the electron density of states near the Fermi level. Depositing metallic OsO2 in lipid membranes allows for strongly enhanced EM signals and conductivity of biological materials. The identification of the chemical species and understanding of the membrane contrast mechanism of Os-stained biological specimens provides a new opportunity for the development of staining protocols for high-resolution, high-contrast EM imaging., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Photoemission electron microscopy for connectomics.
- Author
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Boergens KM, Wildenberg G, Li R, Lambert L, Moradi A, Stam G, Tromp R, van der Molen SJ, King SB, and Kasthuri N
- Abstract
Detailing the physical basis of neural circuits with large-volume serial electron microscopy (EM), 'connectomics', has emerged as an invaluable tool in the neuroscience armamentarium. However, imaging synaptic resolution connectomes is currently limited to either transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Here, we describe a third way, using photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) which illuminates ultra-thin brain slices collected on solid substrates with UV light and images the photoelectron emission pattern with a wide-field electron microscope. PEEM works with existing sample preparations for EM and routinely provides sufficient resolution and contrast to reveal myelinated axons, somata, dendrites, and sub-cellular organelles. Under optimized conditions, PEEM provides synaptic resolution; and simulation and experiments show that PEEM can be transformatively fast, at Gigahertz pixel rates. We conclude that PEEM imaging leverages attractive aspects of SEM and TEM, namely reliable sample collection on robust substrates combined with fast wide-field imaging, and could enable faster data acquisition for next-generation circuit mapping.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Dense, Continuous Membrane Labeling and Expansion Microscopy Visualization of Ultrastructure in Tissues.
- Author
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Shin TW, Wang H, Zhang C, An B, Lu Y, Zhang E, Lu X, Karagiannis ED, Kang JS, Emenari A, Symvoulidis P, Asano S, Lin L, Costa EK, Marblestone AH, Kasthuri N, Tsai LH, and Boyden ES
- Abstract
Lipid membranes are key to the nanoscale compartmentalization of biological systems, but fluorescent visualization of them in intact tissues, with nanoscale precision, is challenging to do with high labeling density. Here, we report ultrastructural membrane expansion microscopy (umExM), which combines a novel membrane label and optimized expansion microscopy protocol, to support dense labeling of membranes in tissues for nanoscale visualization. We validated the high signal-to-background ratio, and uniformity and continuity, of umExM membrane labeling in brain slices, which supported the imaging of membranes and proteins at a resolution of ~60 nm on a confocal microscope. We demonstrated the utility of umExM for the segmentation and tracing of neuronal processes, such as axons, in mouse brain tissue. Combining umExM with optical fluctuation imaging, or iterating the expansion process, yielded ~35 nm resolution imaging, pointing towards the potential for electron microscopy resolution visualization of brain membranes on ordinary light microscopes., Competing Interests: Competing Interests T.W.S. and E.S.B. are co-inventors on a patent application for umExM. E.S.B. is co-founder of a company seeking to deploy applications of ExM-related technologies. The other authors declare no competing interests.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. The Development of Synapses in Mouse and Macaque Primary Sensory Cortices.
- Author
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Wildenberg G, Li H, and Kasthuri N
- Abstract
We report that the rate of synapse development in primary sensory cortices of mice and macaques is unrelated to lifespan, as was previously thought. We analyzed 28,084 synapses over multiple developmental time points in both species and find, instead, that net excitatory synapse development of mouse and macaque neurons primarily increased at similar rates in the first few postnatal months, and then decreased over a span of 1-1.5 years of age. The development of inhibitory synapses differed qualitatively across species. In macaques, net inhibitory synapses first increase and then decrease on excitatory soma at similar ages as excitatory synapses. In mice, however, such synapses are added throughout life. These findings contradict the long-held belief that the cycle of synapse formation and pruning occurs earlier in shorter-lived animals. Instead, our results suggest more nuanced rules, with the development of different types of synapses following different timing rules or different trajectories across species.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The Mind of a Mouse.
- Author
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Abbott LF, Bock DD, Callaway EM, Denk W, Dulac C, Fairhall AL, Fiete I, Harris KM, Helmstaedter M, Jain V, Kasthuri N, LeCun Y, Lichtman JW, Littlewood PB, Luo L, Maunsell JHR, Reid RC, Rosen BR, Rubin GM, Sejnowski TJ, Seung HS, Svoboda K, Tank DW, Tsao D, and Van Essen DC
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Brain physiology, Connectome methods, Nerve Net physiology, Neurons physiology, Synapses physiology
- Abstract
Large scientific projects in genomics and astronomy are influential not because they answer any single question but because they enable investigation of continuously arising new questions from the same data-rich sources. Advances in automated mapping of the brain's synaptic connections (connectomics) suggest that the complicated circuits underlying brain function are ripe for analysis. We discuss benefits of mapping a mouse brain at the level of synapses., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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