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The fundamental concept of statistical convergence first was put forward by Steinhaus and at the same time but also by Fast \cite{Fast} independently both for complex and real sequences. In fact, the convergence in terms of statistical manner can be seen as a generalized form of the common convergence notion that is in the parallel of the theory of usual convergence. Measuring how large a subset of the set of natural number can be possible by means of asymptotic density. It is intuitively known that positive integers are in fact far beyond the fact that they are perfect squares. This is due to the fact that each perfect square is positive and besides at the same time there are many other positive integers. But it is also known that the set consisting of integers which are positive is not larger than that of those which are perfect squares: both of those sets are countable and infinite and therefore can be considered in terms of $1$-to-$1$ correspondence. However, when the natural numbers are scanned for increasing order, then the squares are seen increasingly scarcity. It is at this point that the concept of natural density comes into out help and this intuition becomes more precise. In this study, the above mentioned statistical convergence and asymptotic density concepts are examined in a new space and an attempt is made to fill a gap in the literature as follows. Stancu type extension of the widely known Chlodowsky type \linebreak$\left( \lambda,q\right) $-operators is going to be introduced. Moreover, the description of the novel rough statistical convergence having Pascal Fibonacci binomial matrix is going to be presented and several general characteristics of rough statistical convergence are taken into consideration. In the second place, the approximation theory is investigated as the rate of the rough statistical convergence of Chlodowsky type $\left(\lambda,q\right)$-operators.

Safety, security, and privacy are three critical concerns affiliated with the use of drones in everyday life. Considering their ever-shrinking sizes and capabilities, being aware of drone activities in the vicinity becomes an important surveillance item. Therefore, keeping track of drones and preferably their controllers should be included into the already-existing security measures. In this study, a frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) type drone controller signal detection and emitter direction finding framework is proposed to achieve aforementioned goals. Since drone communications signals generally coexist with other FHSS signals in 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band, first, a method based on cyclostationarity analysis is proposed to distinguish the drone radio controller signals from other signals utilizing 2.4 GHz ISM band. Then, a variant of short-term Fourier transform is introduced to extract the parameters of detected drone remote controller signals. The correct hopping signals are then aggregated based on the clustered parameters to obtain their combined baseband equivalent signal. Furthermore, the resampling process is applied to reduce the unrelated samples in the spectrum and represent the spectrum with the reconstructed signal, which has a much lower bandwidth than the spread bandwidth. Finally, two different multiple signal classification algorithms are utilized to estimate the direction of the drone controller relative to the receiving system. In order to validate the overall performance of the proposed method, the introduced framework is implemented on hardware platforms and tested under real-world conditions. A uniform linear antenna array is utilized to capture over-the-air signals in hilly terrain suburban environments by considering both line-of-sight and non-line–of-sight cases. Direction estimation performance is presented in a comparative manner and relevant discussions are provided.

This paper investigates the impact of mutual coupling (MC) on the achievable sum-rate of power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system in both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) transmissions. We assume a single-antenna user NOMA system with directional beamforming in the millimeter wave (mmW) channel. Due to the electromagnetic interaction between the antenna elements, called mutual coupling, at the base station (BS), the steering vector of the channel is affected. Consequently, this leads to distorted antenna pattern pointing towards different directions and reduction in channel gain, based on antenna array structure. In this paper, different antenna geometries and configurations, such as one-dimensional (1D) uniform linear array (ULA), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) uniform circular array (UCA), are implemented at the BS, where induced electromotive force (EMF) and method of moment (MOM) techniques are used to generate the MC coefficients. We first examine the antenna patterns affected by MC, followed by channel gains of user terminals (UT)s. Then sum-rate of the NOMA system is modified in the presence of MC. Furthermore, mutual coupling is compensated successfully for both UL and DL systems for the given antenna structures. Simulation results show that mutual coupling degrades the sum-rate performance of the NOMA system in all three array structures, especially in the UCA structure due to the smaller spacing of the array element in a circular shape, resulting in symmetric mutual coupling from both sides of the circle. On the other hand, it is also shown that compensating the mutual coupling effect by the MOM technique in the case of unknown MC or matrix inversion in the case of known MC significantly improves the system sum-rate in all scenarios.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) positioning is a challenging task indoors due to environmental constraints and the unpredictable behavior of signal propagation, even at a fixed location. The aim of this work is to develop deep learning-based approaches for indoor localization and tracking by utilizing Received Signal Strength (RSS). The study proposes Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), One and Two Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks (1D CNN and 2D CNN), and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) deep networks architectures for WLAN indoor positioning based on the data obtained by actual RSS measurements from an existing WLAN infrastructure in a mobile user scenario. The results, using different types of deep architectures including MLP, CNNs, and LSTMs with existing WLAN algorithms, are presented. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is used as the assessment criterion. The proposed LSTM Model 2 achieved a dynamic positioning RMSE error of 1.73m, which outperforms probabilistic WLAN algorithms such as Memoryless Positioning (RMSE: 10.35m) and Nonparametric Information (NI) filter with variable acceleration (RMSE: 5.2m) under the same experiment environment.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of different types of alginate impression materials. Material and Method: Cavex CA37, A3KROM, ALGINPLUS FAST ve ORALGHINE alginate impression materials were used. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, alginates were mixed with serum physiological to obtain alginate specimens. Specimens were performed in sterile with ethylene oxide gas and then placed on to the L929 fibroblast cell culture. According to the 1999 ISO 10993-5 protochols, cytotoxicity were determined by means of agar overley test. Results: According to the lisis of the cells, ORALGH Conclusion: Cytotoxicity degree of the alginates were different because of the composition of the alginates. It was determined that ORALGHINE and Cavex CA37 were severely cytotoxic, ALGINPLUS and A3KROM were moderately cytotoxic. ÖZET Amaç: Bu in vitro çalışmanın amacı, farklı tipteki aljinat ölçü maddelerini sitotoksisite yönünden değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Farklı tipteki dört aljinat, Cavex CA37, A3KROM, ALGINPLUS FAST ve ORALGHINE, üretici firmaların talimatlar doğrultusunda belirtilen oranlarda, serum fizyolojik ile karıştırılarak aljinat numuneleri hazırlandı. Hazırlanan numuneler etilen oksit gazıyla steril edildi ve L929 fibroblast hücre serisi kullanılarak elde edilen kültüre yerleştirildi. Agar overley testi kullanılarak sitotoksisitenin belirlenmesinde ISO 1999 yıl 10993-5 numaral protokolü takip edildi. Bulgular: Hücrelerin lizis miktarına göre yapılan puanlama değerleri ORALGHINE ve Cavex CA37 için; 4-4-4-5-5, ALGINPLUS ve A3KROM için; 2-3-3-3-2 olarak tespit edildi. Sitotoksisite değerleri de ORALGHINE ve Cavex CA37 için 4.4, ALGINPLUS ve A3KROM için ise 2.6 olarak bulundu. Sonuçlar: İçerik farklılığına bağlı olarak aljinatlarn sitotoksisite değerleri farklılık göstermiştir. ORALGHINE ve Cavex CA37’nin belirgin derecede sitotoksik olduğu, ALGINPLUS ve A3KROM’ un ise makul derecede sitotoksik olduğu belirlendi. Anahtar kelimeler: Sitotoksisite, aljinat.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate with 3 dimensional measurement system whether the stabil condition of mandibular alveolar ridge may recorded by the impression materials. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on the 14 edentulous patients. Patients were divided in two groups. Zinc-oxide eugenol (ZOE) impression material was used as a final impression material in group I and Polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) impression material was used in group II and the definitive cast was obtained. A final impression was made again from all patient with a impression plaster (IP) by means of the custom tray has a new design for each patient. This custom tray was prepared on the definitive cast. The peripheral border line was drawn roughly and the 14 references point were done on the alveolar ridge on the definitive casts. The photographs of the definitive casts were took by Nikon E2/E2s and the three dimensional images were carried out. Height of alveolar ridge, quantity of denture bearing area and length of peripheral border line was measured on the three dimensional images. Results: This study showed that all measurement values of the IP were higher than the others. The measurement values of the ZOE were lower than the IP, but not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, the measurement values of PVS showed that the decrease of height of the alveolar ridge was statistically significant (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The effect of impression materials on the alveolar mucous membrane is vary depending on their properties and the custom tray design. For that reason, it is too important that the choice of impression material and impression technique when the mandibuler complete denture impression is made from edentulous patient has unsupported residual alveolar ridge. It is suggest that an mandibular complete denture impression is made with IP and ZOE. Key Words: Complete denture impression technique, 3-Dimensional measurement system ÖZET Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı çeşitli ölçü maddeleriyle alınan mandibular alveolar kret ölçülerinin stabilitesinin üç boyutlu bir ölçüm yöntemiyle değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada 14 dişsiz hastadan alınan ölçüler kullanıldı. Hastalar iki gruba ayrıldı. Son ölçü maddesi olarak birinci grupta çinko-oksid öjenol (ZOE), ikinci grupta polivinilsiloksan (PVS) kullanılarak alınan ölçülerden ana modeller elde edildi. Ana modeller üzerinden modifiye şahsi kaşık hazırlanarak hastalardan ölçü alçısı ile yeniden ölçüler alındı. Elde edilen modeller üzerinde sınır çizgileri tahmini olarak çizildi ve alveol kret üzerinde 14 referans noktası belirlendi. Ana modellerin fotoğrafları alındı (Nikon E2/E2s) ve 3 boyutlu görüntüleri elde edildi. Alveolar kret yüksekliği, protezin oturduğu alanın büyüklüğü ve çevresel sınır çizgilerinin uzunluğu 3 boyutlu görüntüler üzerinde ölçüldü. Bulgular: Bu çalışmada ölçü alçısıyla elde edilen modellerdeki ölçüm değerlerinin diğerlerinden yüksek olduğu görüldü. Ölçü alçısıyla bundan düşük değerlerde ölçüm değerleri gösteren çinko-oksid öjenol ölçü modelleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunamadı (p>0.05). Buna karşılık polivinilsiloksan ile elde edilen modellerin ölçüm değerlerinde alveolar kret yüksekliği istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalma gösterdi (p< 0.05). Sonuç: Ölçü maddesinin alveolar muköz membran üzerindeki etkileri membranın özelliklerine ve şahsi kaşık dizaynına bağlı kalmaktadır. Bu yüzden desteksiz rezidüel kretlere sahip mandibular tam protez hastalarında ölçü maddesinin ve ölçü tekniğinin seçimi oldukça önemlidir. Mandibular tam protez ölçülerinin ölçü alçısı ve çinko-oksid öjenol ölçü maddesi ile alınması önerilmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Tam protez ölçü tekniği, 3 boyutlu ölçüm sistemi

Purpose: In this study different implant systems were evaluated mechanically. Material and Method: 101implants including MIS, ITI, Biolok and Biotec implants in 32 patients which were good general health status. The implants were followed up over a period of 2 years and mechanical failure of the implants was evaluated. Results: One implant fracture, 2 screw fracture and 18 screw and abutment loosening were observed. The two-year short follow up success rates were %87,23 for MIS implants, %86,20 for ITI implants, %55,55 for Biolok implants and %75 for Biotec implants. Conclusion: Abutment and screw loosening was observed to the most common prosthetic complication. We observed greater success rates for ITI implants and also MIS implants, however, long-term follow up is needed to verify the long-term success MIS, Biolok and Biotec implant systems. ÖZET Amaç: Bu çalışmada farklı implant sistemlerinin, kısa dönem, mekanik açıdan başarıları değerlendirilmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Sistemik olarak sağlıklı 32 hastada, MIS, ITI, Biolok ve Biotec implant sistemlerinden oluşan 101 adet implant uygulanmıştır. İmplantlar 2 yılı aşkın bir süre takip edilmiştir ve mekanik başarısızlıklar değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: 1 implant kırığı, 2 vida kırığı ve 18 vida ve abutment gevşemesi tespit edilmiştir. İki yılı aşkın bir süreçte, implantların kısa dönem başarısı MIS için %87.23, ITI için %86.20, Biolok için %55.55 ve Biotec için %75 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Vida ve abutment gevşemesinin en sık görülen protetik komlikasyon olduğu görülmüştür. ITI ve MIS implant sistemleri önemli ölçüde başarılı bulunurken, MIS, Biolok ve Biotec implant sistemleri için uzun dönem çalışmaları gerekmektedir.

There are several notions of convergence of fuzzy number sequences in the literature. The aim of this paper is to introduce and study a new concept of the rough fuzzy ideal convergent triple sequences defined by Orlicz function. Also, some topological properties of the resulting sequence spaces of rough fuzzy numbers were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is aimed to determine the strategies used by the fourth-grade elementary students during the operational estimations in this research which is designed by using basic qualitative analysis. The study group consists of 26 fourth-grade students selected through convenience sampling method and attending at a state school which was located in the centre of Kütahya province during the 2016/2017 academic year. In order to determine the strategies used by the students while estimating the results of the basic mathematical operations, a 20-question scale consisting of 5 questions from each of the addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations was developed. The research data were collected via semi-structured in-terview method. In the process of the data collection, students were asked to solve each question through using a method of thinking aloud and the interviews were recorded by a camera. The obtained records were sorted out as a part of elementary school program developed by the Ministry of National Education (MEB, 2005) by three specialists in elementary mathematics teaching according to strategies such as suggested rounding, grouping, using the front-end orders, using matched numbers, distribution, adjusting-rearranging and using algorithmic calculation. As a result of the research, it has been seen that the fourth-grade students mostly prefer the strategy of algorithmic calculation when making estimations in four basic operations. It has been also seen that fewer students used rounding, matched numbers, adjusting-rearranging in addition; rounding, adjusting-rearranging strategies in subtraction, multiplication and division mentioned by MEB (2005). It has been seen that students who obtained solutions using the strategies determined by MEB (2005), were realistic and estimated the result of the operation in a very short time, whereas students who preferred algorithmic calculation strategy, often had unrealistic results and long estimation spans.