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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic situation creates specific conditions for increased anxiety and increased attention to respiratory sensations. This can become a favorable ground for the occurrence of dysfunctional breathing. Dysfunctional breathing is a pattern of breathing that does not meet physiological needs and can lead to respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive disorders and neurological dysfunctions (Chaitow et al.,2014) Objectives: The aim of the study is to identify "personality predictors" for the occurrence of dysfunctional breathing in the Russian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The author's socio-demographic questionnaire, the Naimigen Questionnaire (VanDixhoorn, Duivenvoordent, 1984), HEXACO-PI-R (Ashton, Lee, 2017; Egorova, Psrshikova, Mitina, 2019), and The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1983; Leonova, 2013) were used. The study was conducted online from April 27 to May 27. 582 people from all regions of Russia attended it, including 496 women and 86 men aged 18 to 64 years. Results: Dysfunctional breathing has a direct correlation with personal anxiety (r=0.543, p=0.000) and emotionality (r=0.370, p=0.000), as well as a negative correlation with the personality traits of Honesty/Humility(r=-0.153, p=0.000), Extraversion (r=-0.247, p=0.000), Agreeableness (r=-0.226, p=0.000), and Conscientiousness (r=-0.128, p=0.002). Conclusions: Thus, in the COVID-19 pandemic context, dysfunctional breathingwas detected in people with increased trait anxiety and pronounced emotionality, as well as in people with hostility and low conscientiousness/organization, as well as in introverts and those who are inclined to demonstrate social status. The occurrence of dysfunctional breathing during a pandemic can be interpreted as a sign of coronavirus disease by those people, which can motivate them to seek medical help, and thus increase the burden on the healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lifestyle and psychological well-being of millions of people. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of psychopathological symptoms in the Russian population in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Methods: We used a socio-demographic questionnaire (20 questions) and a Short Scale for Psychopathological Symptom Checklist (SCL -32) (Derogatis 1977; Mitina, Gorbunova, 2011). 582 Russian residents (496 women and 86 men) aged 18-64 years participated in the online survey in May 2020. Results: Women were significantly more likely than men to have somatic dysfunctions (5.6±2.54vs4.8±1.9;p=0.001), interpersonal problems (6.97±2.9vs6.0±2.8; p=0.005), depression signs (6.9±3.2vs5.7±2.9;p=0.001) and anxiety disorders (6.8±2.8vs5.2 ±2.1;p=0.000), as well as sleep disorders (6.4±2.8vs5.9±2.1;p=0.049) and suicidal thoughts (4.2±1.8vs3.7±1.8;p=0.032). In addition, women are more hostile than men are (6.3±2.7 vs 5.1±2.3; p=0.000). Respondents under the age of 30 are more likely than older people to have interpersonal problems (p=0.286, p=0.000), as well as signs of depression (p=0.216, p=0.000), hostility (p=0.226, p=0.000) and psychoticism (p=0.203, p=0.000). Respondents' low income is statistically associated with interpersonal problems (p=0.139, p=0.001), anxiety (p=0.131, p=0.002), hostility (p=0.156, p=0.000), psychoticism (p=0.137, p=0.001), and suicidal intentions (p=0.152, p=0.000). Among respondents whose relatives had COVID-19, signs of anxiety disorders (7.2±3vs3.5±2.9;p=0.027) and obsessive disorders (8.1±3.2 vs 7.3±2.6; p=0.029) were significantly more common than in the whole sample. Conclusions: The study highlights socio-demographic factors of vulnerability to psychopathological symptoms in the COVID-19 pandemic context, which should be taken into account when organizing medical and psychological assistance to the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The dysfunctional breathing (DB) are pathological and stable breathing patterns, in which the pulmonary ventilation is inadequate to the functional needs of the body. As a result, breathing pattern disorder provokes respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, muscular, neurologic and psychological dysfunctions. DB may aggravate the underlying cause of the disease, mimics a serious illness or creates medically unexplained symptoms because of the psychological factor. Objectives: To exam of etiological reasons, classification, comorbidity of dysfunctional breathing in different study fields (psychiatry, pulmonology, psychology). Methods: There were conducted literature reviews searching the terms "dysfunctional breathing" in PubMed and Web of Science at study fields of psychiatry, pulmonology, and psychology. The research strategy was limited to articles written in English and included only adult human samples. Results: The etiologic reasons for BD may be pathological, biomechanical, biochemical, environmental, habitual, psychological, or their combination. DB includes the next types: hyperventilation syndrome, unregular breathing, thoracoabdominal asynchrony, upper-chest breathing, periodic deep sighing or breath holdings. Dysfunctional breathing can aggravate asthma, COPD and occur because of nasal breathing disorders. Dysfunctional breathing accompanies to generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, PTSD, somatoform and dissociative disorders. From a psychological point of view, respiratory pattern disorders occur in response to stress, attachment disorders, as well as a distorted interpretation of internal sensations. Conclusions: The study, diagnosis, and treatment of dysfunctional breathing require a holistic consideration of human functioning, taking into account physiological and psychological factors. Therefore, it is necessary to create an interdisciplinary approach to research various causes of dysfunctional breathing and provide personalized care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Researchers have traditionally noted the motivational ambivalence of patients with (EH). However, there is a lack of data on correlation of hierarchy of motives with perfectionism in EH patients. Objectives: To conduct a comparative analysis of direction and power of motives and the perfectionism structure in EH patients compared to healthy individuals. Methods: TAT by H. Heckhausen, Multi-Motive Grid (Sokolowski, et al., 2000), Perfectionism Questionnairy (Flett, et al., 1994). The study involved 56 naive middle-age patients with EH, stage 1-2, average age is 51,1±6,6 and 54 normotensive persons, average age is 47,9±6,2. Results: 1. EH patients differ from healthy individuals in total perfectionism (186.76±39.47 vs 170.42±24.74; p=0,05) and other-oriented perfectionism (56.42±13.57 vs 68.14±18.43; p = 0,05). 2. EH patients show prevalence of "fear of failure" over "hope for success" (-3.43±4.82 vs 7.39±5.65; p=0.01), and lower overall level of achievement motivation (16.68±4.16 vs 18,91±4,9; p= 0,05); increased level of "fear of power" (6.90±2.98 vs 5.48±2.67; p= 0,001) and "fear of rejection" (6.90±2.23 vs 4.94±, p= 0,05). 3. In EH patients, several significant correlations (p=0,05) were found: between "fear of power" and such variables as "fear of rejection" (0.629), and "fear of failure" (0.532), "social prescribed perfectionism" (-0.516) and "total perfectionism" (0-.449), as well as "hope for success" (-0.464). 4. For healthy individuals there was only one significant correlation: between "socially prescribed perfectionism" and "fear of failure" (r=0.356, p=0,05). Conclusions: The results helps broaden our vision of the psychological correlations in EH. The research was supported by RFBR; project ? 17-06-00954. Disclosure: The research was supported by RFBR; project ? 17-06-00954. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The severity of psychological disturbances and mental disorders in adults who grew up in alcoholic families make it extremely urgent to develop effective psychotherapeutic programs for them. Besides, the topic of maintaining women's health is one of the priorities of modern Medicine and psychology. Objectives: This study aims to assess the psychological effects of the program «Adult children of alcoholics» (Twelve-step program) for Russian women who grew up in alcoholic families. Methods: The study involved 80 women who grew up in alcoholic families aged 18 to 44. Participants performed the following assessment: "Purpose-in-Life Test" (Leontiev, 2000), "The Coping Strategy Indicator" (Amirkhan, 1990), The Reflexivity Test (Karpov, 2003), The Test of the Personal Self-conception (Stolin, Panteleev, 1998), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, et al., 1983), Beck Depression Inventory. Results: Women attend the twelve-step program for more than 2.5 years differ from women attended less than 6 sessions of the program as well as women grew up in prosperous families by higher rates of «Problem Solving» coping strategy (23,91±3,28 vs 19,34±5,67 vs 19,26±6,48; P=0,001); coping strategy «Seeking Social Support» (24,64±3,44 vs 19,41±5,76 vs 20,70±8,09; P=0,006); meaningfulness of life (Purpose-in-Life Test) (27,83±5,17 vs 21,24±7,53 vs 24,04±7,22; P=0,009). They are less likely to use such coping strategy as «Avoidance» (16,55±3,53 vs 21,86±5,29 vs 19,04±6,24; P=0.001). They have low anxiety (48,42±5,65 vs 54,07±7,12 vs 52,81±9,01; p=0,006) and low depression (10,92±5,52 vs 25,90±16,70 vs 16,33±12,35; P=0,003). Conclusions: The results convincingly prove the effectiveness of f twelve-step program in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Parents have a significant impact on the formation of their children's health-saving behavior. A detailed study of this effect allows us to determine strategies of interaction and directions of psych correction of maladaptive behaviors in health issues. Deformation of family relationships can lead to violations of adaptation and dependent behavior in children. Objectives: To access the parental influence on the formation of health-saving behavior in primary school-age children. Methods: The study has involved 69 people (33 frequently and rarely ill children (mean age - 9±1.8) and 36 parents (mean age - 43±11). We used "Unfinished sentences about health" (Yakovleva, 2014) for both children and parents and the questionnaire "The Analysis of family relationships" (Eidemiller, Justickis, 1990). Results: Parents of frequently and rarely ill children in families with hyper- and hypoprotection transmitted their health attitudes to primary school-age children in such components as: Diseases (75% vs 75%, p>0.05), Health promotion factors (causes) (75% vs 83.3%, p>0.05). Families with hyperprotection significantly differ from hypoprotection families by the following components: Assessment of healthy people (81.2% vs 58.3%, p=0.01), Health promotion actions (62.5% vs 83.3%, p=0.01). Awareness of the value of health is transmitted in families with hyperprotection in 100% of cases and is not transmitted in families with hypoprotection at all. Conclusions: The obtained results prove the importance of family education style and parents' health attitudes to the process of the health-saving behavior formation in children. We have identified health attitude components that are the most significant for children at this age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Important reasons for the development of child anxiety are the factor of parental anxiety and the experience of the children's illness. There are differences between the level of anxiety in frequently and rarely ill children, as well as these indicators in their parents. Objectives: To assess the relationship between parental anxiety and anxiety among frequently and rarely ill children. Methods: Sample: 145 people: 46 frequently ill children (mean age - 16.3±0.3), 41 rarely ill children (mean age - 16.1±0.1), 28 parents of frequently ill children (mean age - 44.9±0.8), 30 parents of rarely ill children (mean age -44.5±1.5). Methods: State-TraitAnxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1983), Short Health Anxiety Inventory (Salkovskis, 2002). Results: Frequently ill children significantly differ from rarely ill children by personal anxiety parameter (p= 1.386, p=0.01) and have no significant differences with this indicator in their parents (p=12.825, p>0.05). For rarely ill children and their parents, this indicator has significant differences (p=2.382, p=0.01). Frequently ill children, like their parents, have a high level of personal anxiety, which may not always be correlated with the severity of the disease of children, but has an impact on their personal development. Health anxiety among frequently and rarely ill children has no significant differences (p= 9.265, p>0.05). Illness experience doesn't affect health anxiety in these groups. Conclusions: Parental anxiety is defined as one of the significant components of adverse effects on children's development. The psychological impact on the frequently ill anxious child will be more effective if the parental attitude to him is optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a situation of increased concern due to health threats and increased uncertainty. The risk of infection with the respiratory system coronavirus attracts increased attention to respiratory sensations. These two aspects can be beneficial grounds for the dysfunctional breathingchanges emergence in the breathing pattern that does not correspond to physiological needs. Objectives: To study the prevalence of dysfunctional breathing associated with anxiety during the COVID - 19 pandemic in Russia. Methods: The author's socio-demographic questionnaire, the Naimigen Questionnaire, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used. The survey was conducted online in May 2020. There were 582 participants (496 women&86 men) between the ages of 18 and 64. Results: The severity of dysfunctional breathing significantly correlated with the height of personal anxiety (r=0.488, p=0.000). Women are more likely than men to have dysfunctional breathing (18.1±9.6vs11.6 ±7.9;p=0.000) and have more expressed personal anxiety(26±10.5vs19.8 ±9.7; p=0.000). The age of respondents has an inverse correlation with personal anxiety (r=-0.147, p= 0.000), but not with dysfunctional breathing. Respondents who consider coronavirus to be a very dangerous trend to have dysfunctional breathing more than those who believe that the danger of coronavirus is exaggerated(18.1±10vs15.9 ±8.9;p=0.052). Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the risk of dysfunctional breathing increases in a wide range of the population, especially among women. Since one of the dysfunctional breathing symptoms is a feeling of "difficulty inhaling", anxious people may interpret this as shortness of breath in COVID-19, which may motivate them to seek medical help, thereby artificially increasing the burden on the health system during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic and the need to fight it disrupt the balance between work and rest for health workers that can lead to a decrease in stress tolerance and emotional burnout appearance. The lifestyle and well-being of personal and family life can be both a "depletion" and a "resource" factor for health professionals when working under stressful conditions. Objectives: To study the presence/absence and severity of burnout symptoms in medical professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic context; to investigate the interaction between burnout severity and overall stress levels, family well-being, and the presence of children. Methods: The author's socio-demographic questionnaire, Stress Perception Questionnaire (Linville, 1987), modified Pandemic Perception Questionnaire (Broadbent et al.,2006), Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach et al. 1996), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al., 1983) were used. The study was conducted online from April 27 to October 26. It involved 249 medical workers, including 58 men and 191 women. Results: Health workers who have children show greater confidence in their professional competence(41.28±6.3vs39±7; p=0.007) and (at the trend level) have a lower level of exhaustion (34.53 9.2vs36.71±10.8;p=0.09) than their colleagues without children. Although health workers in both groups have approximately the same scores for perceived stress, however, those with children put less effort to counteract stress(9.31±2.5vs10.19±2.9; p=0.012). They describe the pandemic as less dangerous compared to colleagues who do not have children(15.4±5.7vs16.75.1; p=0.042). Conclusions: Perhaps the very possibility of switching attention from a vitally dangerous topic to more positive aspects of life allows medical staff who have children to feel less exhausted and maintain faith in their own strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a major challenge for both the overall health system and the individual ability for health professionals to stress coping. Objectives: To find the link between the perception of danger from coronavirus and the severity of burnout syndrome in medical workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. Methods: We used a socio-demographic questionnaire (20 questions), a Stress Perception Questionnaire (Linville, 1987; Ababkov et al., 2016), a Modified Pandemic Perception Questionnaire (Broadbent et al.,2006;Yaltonsky et al., 2017), and Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach et al., 1996; Lozinskaya et a. 2007). 249 medical workers (58 men and 191 women) took part in the online survey between April 27 and October 26 in Russia. Results: The severity of stress is positively correlated with the perception of pandemic as threatening (r=0.532, p=0.000) and unknown disease (r=0.297, p=0.000). Stress severity also correlates with all burnout parameters: exhaustion (r=0.737, p=0.000), depersonalization (r=0.342, p=0.000), and belief in personal achievement (r=-0.417, p=0.000). The perception of pandemics as threatening events is significantly associated with exhaustionm (r=0.458, p=0.000), depersonalization (r=0.133, p= 0.036), and belief in personal achievement (r=-0.152, p=0.016). The feeling of uncertainty from the pandemic is statistically significantly associated with exhaustion (r=0.242, p=0.000), while the feeling of control over the pandemic is positively associated with belief in personal achievements (r=0.129, p=0.042) and negatively associated with exhaustion (r=-0.161, p=0.011) and depersonalization (r=-0.125, p=0.049). Conclusions: Uncertainty and a sense of threat from the coronavirus and the pandemic are significant factors of stress and emotional burnout for health workers. To determine the interaction between parameters such as signs of burnout, perception of the COVID-19 pandemic and the severity of stress, further construction of a structural model is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psychological ill-being can be manifested in children's personal characteristics, formed under the influence of a large number of factors, including the incidence of respiratory diseases. It is associated with firsthand illness experience and differ at frequently and rarely ill groups. Children's peculiar properties diagnostic is necessary for working with the subject pattern of health deformations and prevent possible future mental problems and risks of substance use. Objectives: To define the influence of illness experience on children's personal characteristics. Methods: The study has involved 33 children: 15 frequently ill children (mean age - 9±1.8), 18 rarely ill children (mean age - 9±1.4). We used: "Unfinished sentences about health" (Yakovleva, 2014), "Multi-factor personality questionnaire" (Children CPQ). Results: Frequently ill children significantly differ from rarely ill children by the following characteristics: "self-confidence" (1.277, p=0.036), excitability (4.222, p=0.019), risk tendency (2.546, p=0,03), responsibility (5.323, p=0.008), self control (5.323, p=0.048), nervous tension (3.429, p=0.037). Frequently ill children are more excitable, reckless, nervous. They are less confident, less responsible and less in control of their behavior than their rarely ill coevals are. Frequently and rarely ill children give positive selfassessment of their health (73.3% and 55.5%), however, in the group of frequently ill children this assessment is significantly more frequent (p=0.01), despite their illness experience. Conclusions: The obtained results prove the need to take into account the personal characteristics of children when working with the formation and correction of the subject pattern of health in order to prevent maladaptive health behavior and possible mental disorders in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the continuum between the dysfunction and the hyperfunction of breath regulation and presents the psychological mediation that supports or disrupts this regulation. The pilot study compared breathing regulation in patients with hyperventilation syndrome (HVS), free divers, and healthy volunteers. To examine the ability of voluntary respiration regulation, breath holding involving "easy-going" and "struggling" phases was used. Psychological mediation was assessed through (a) respiratory experience interviews, (b) anxiety levels, and (c) psycho-semantic techniques. Free divers have a bigger "positive breathing vocabulary" and can endure the conflict between the physiological need to inhale and the voluntary motivation to hold their breath for longer. The connection between emotions and negative breathing experience in patients with HVS leads to less breathing control., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.