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In view of the limitations of the traditional processing technology of Pidan, this review summarizes the innovative processing technologies of Pidan, such as gradient temperature control, ultrasonic assisted, vacuum decompression, pulsating pressure, etc., and describes the changes of water, pH value, protein, free amino acids, texture, mineral elements and micro-morphology during the picking process of Pidan. Moreover, the development directions of Pidan products are prospected.

Objective: This study investigated the application of and research on 5G mobile nursing stations in clinical settings. Methods: A randomized sample of 300 nurses from one hospital was selected. The control group was established from December 2021 to September 2022 as the nurses used the computerized hospital information system (HIS) for nursing documentation and performed routine manual verification of the treatment and patient information. The observation group was established from October 2022 to August 2023 as the nurses used portable digital assistants (PDAs) from the 5G mobile nursing stations for nursing documentation and scanned quick response (QR) codes to verify treatment and patient information. This study compared the time taken by nurses in both scenarios to verify oral medicine dispensing and intravenous (IV) infusions against medical orders, as well as the time taken by nurses to input vital signs and complete nursing documentation. Results: In the observation group, the average time for verifying IV infusions against medical orders was 52.34 ± 2.61 s, that for verifying oral medicine dispensing against medical orders was 29.32 ± 1.71 s, that for inputting vital signs was 46.82 ± 3.64 s, and that for completing nursing documentation was 86.81 ± 5.62 s. These times were significantly different from those of the control group, which were 59.84 ± 5.76 s, 35.30 ± 2.31 s, 58.58 ± 3.59 s, and 128.51 ± 6.19 s, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The use of 5G mobile nursing station PDAs to scan QR codes to verify oral medicine dispensing, IV infusions, other treatments, and patient information resulted in faster verification speeds and 100% accuracy, ensuring accurate treatment information verification and patient safety. Moreover, the use of 5G mobile nursing station PDAs for nursing documentation shortened the time for nurses to input vital signs and complete nursing documentation, thereby improving their efficiency in completing documentation tasks and allowing them to devote more time to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving irrigation efficiency (IE) to alleviate water shortage has been deemed viable. However, the so-called irrigation efficiency paradox (IEP) can complicate this process, where agricultural water consumption remains high despite the enhanced irrigation efficiency, particularly in arid regions. This study developed a judgment method of IEP based on a water accounting framework and the IEP definition to detect the IEP occurring across spatial scales in the middle Heihe River Basin, the second-largest inland river basin in Northwest China. Furthermore, the scale effects of the IEP were analyzed. The results showed that evaluated by evapotranspiration (ET) and transpiration (T), the scale effect occurred because IEP does not necessarily occur at the field scale but at the irrigation district scale and basin scale. Evaluated by Inflows (I) and surface water diversion and groundwater extraction (Isg), the scale effect occurred because IEP may occur at the field and the irrigation district scales but not at the basin scale. Further, the IEP was also influenced by time scales and regional agricultural characteristics. The results can be referenced for water-saving measures, avoiding the potential IEP for actual water savings in arid regions worldwide. • The judgment method of the irrigation efficiency paradox which is applicable to fields, irrigation districts, and basin is proposed. • Whether there is an irrigation efficiency paradox at different spatial scales is evaluated. • Evaluated by evapotranspiration (ET), transpiration (T), inflow (I), surface water diversion and groundwater extraction (Isg), the scale effect of the irrigation efficiency paradox is analyzed, respectively. • Reasons for the scale effect of the irrigation efficiency paradox is analyzed. • The relationship between irrigation efficiency paradox and time scale is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]