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2. Comparing the Keyto App and Device with Weight Watchers’ WW App for Weight Loss: Protocol for a Randomized Trial

Author

Locke, Sean R, Falkenhain, Kaja, Lowe, Dylan A, Lee, Terry, Singer, Joel, Weiss, Ethan J, and Little, Jonathan P

Subjects
Medicine, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7
Abstract

BackgroundObesity and being overweight are major contributing factors for many diseases. Calorie restricted diets often fail to result in sustained long-term weight loss. Very low–carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diets have been suggested to have superior metabolic and weight loss effects. Keyto is a low-cost, highly scalable mobile health (mHealth) app paired with a noninvasive biofeedback tool aimed at facilitating weight loss through a personalized healthy and predominantly plant- and fish-based ketogenic diet. ObjectiveThis protocol describes a randomized trial comparing the efficacy of the Keyto mHealth app and device intervention to that of Weight Watchers’ WW app in individuals who are overweight or obese. The primary outcome is weight loss after 12 weeks. Secondary and exploratory outcomes, including metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors, will be assessed at 12, 24, and 48 weeks. MethodsA total of 144 participants will be recruited and randomized to either the Keyto program or Weight Watchers program. Study participants will be guided through the study via video conference or phone calls and will undergo a fasting blood analysis performed by a third-party diagnostic lab at weeks 0 and 12 to assess metabolic and cardiovascular risk markers. All participants will be asked to weigh themselves daily on a study-provided Bluetooth-enabled scale. Participants randomized to the Keyto arm will also be asked to measure their breath acetone levels, a measure of ketosis, with the Keyto device 3 times per day. ResultsRecruitment started in December 2019. Rolling recruitment is expected to be completed by July 2020. Data collection and analysis of the primary intervention phase is expected to be completed in October 2020. The 24- and 48-week follow-ups are expected to be completed in January 2021 and July 2021, respectively. ConclusionsThis trial will provide high-quality evidence regarding the efficacy of the Keyto weight loss program in individuals who are overweight and obese in a free-living condition. This study also fills a gap by examining the impact of a ketogenic diet emphasizing plant- and fish-based fats on blood lipid profile and cardiovascular disease risk. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04165707; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04165707. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/19053

Published
2020
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4. Acute intermittent hypoxia elicits sympathetic neuroplasticity independent of peripheral chemoreflex activation and spinal cord tissue hypoxia in a rodent model of high-thoracic spinal cord injury

Author

Ahmadian, Mehdi, Erskine, Erin, Wainman, Liisa, Wearing, Oliver H., Duffy, Jennifer S., Stewart, Liam C., Hoiland, Ryan L., Taki, Alissa, Perim, Raphael R., Mitchell, Gordon S., Little, Jonathan P., Mueller, Patrick J., Foster, Glen E., and West, Christopher R.

Published
2025
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11. Percentage of Peak Workload Is Suitable for Quantification of Exercise Intensity During High-Intensity Intervals: A Comment on Ekkekakis, Hartman, and Ladwig.

Author

Vollaard, Niels B.J., Metcalfe, Richard S., Kinghorn, Daniel, Jung, Mary E., and Little, Jonathan P.

Subjects
EXERCISE intensity, AEROBIC capacity, HIGH-intensity interval training, ANAEROBIC threshold, SPORTS psychology
Abstract

This article comments on a recent study about high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and its methodological problems. The authors agree with the study's identification of issues in research on the affective responses to HIIT but argue that the study's guidance on quantifying exercise intensity during HIIT is flawed. They propose using a percentage of peak workload during an incremental test as a more appropriate measure of exercise intensity. The authors also criticize the use of heart rate as a measure of intensity during interval exercise and suggest using metabolic landmarks instead. They provide examples from other studies to support their argument. Additionally, they refute criticisms regarding the appropriateness of HIIT intensities in studies comparing affective and enjoyment responses. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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16. Acute effect of an exogenous ketone monoester supplement on appetite and food intake in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Author

Oliveira, Barbara, Falkenhain, Kaja, Davy, Brenda M., Davy, Kevin P., and Little, Jonathan P.

Subjects
FOOD consumption, SECONDARY analysis, PLACEBOS, T-test (Statistics), RESEARCH funding, BLIND experiment, STATISTICAL sampling, KETONES, ORAL drug administration, APPETITE, TREATMENT effectiveness, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, HUNGER, MANN Whitney U Test, CROSSOVER trials, BLOOD sugar, TYPE 2 diabetes, COMPARATIVE studies, DATA analysis software, CONFIDENCE intervals, DIETARY supplements, ADULTS
Abstract

The effects of exogenous ketones on appetite and food intake remain elusive, especially for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to determine whether acute ingestion of an oral ketone monoester supplement (KME) affected appetite sensations, prospective food consumption and intake in T2D. Results showed that acute KME ingestion did not significantly alter appetite scores. However, there was a tendency for lower energy intake during an ad libitum meal 3 h following ketone ingestion compared to non-energetic placebo. Further research is warranted to understand the long-term effects of exogenous ketones for energy and macronutrient intake in T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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19. Spinal cord injury impairs cardiac function due to impaired bulbospinal sympathetic control

Author

Fossey, Mary P. M., Balthazaar, Shane J. T., Squair, Jordan W., Williams, Alexandra M., Poormasjedi-Meibod, Malihe-Sadat, Nightingale, Tom E., Erskine, Erin, Hayes, Brian, Ahmadian, Mehdi, Jackson, Garett S., Hunter, Diana V., Currie, Katharine D., Tsang, Teresa S. M., Walter, Matthias, Little, Jonathan P., Ramer, Matt S., Krassioukov, Andrei V., and West, Christopher R.

Published
2022
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22. LEARNING THE REQUIRED POKER MATH.

Author

Little, Jonathan

Subjects
POKER strategy, CAREER changes, DIAMOND turning, POKER players, EDUCATIONAL games
Published
2024

23. Exercise snacks are a time-efficient alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training for improving cardiorespiratory fitness but not maximal fat oxidation in inactive adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Author

Yin, Mingyue, Deng, Shengji, Chen, Zhili, Zhang, Boyi, Zheng, Huakun, Bai, Mingyang, Li, Hansen, Zhang, Xing, Deng, Jianfeng, Liu, Qian, Little, Jonathan P., and Li, Yongming

Subjects
CARDIOPULMONARY fitness, OXIDATION-reduction reaction, EXERCISE physiology, LIFESTYLES, ADIPOSE tissues, HIGH-intensity interval training, SEDENTARY lifestyles, STATISTICAL sampling, EXERCISE intensity, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, HEART beat, CYCLING, AEROBIC exercises, COMPARATIVE studies, OXYGEN consumption, STAIR climbing, TIME, RELAXATION for health, ADULTS
Abstract

The aims of this study were (1) to determine how stair-climbing-based exercise snacks (ES) compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and (2) to explore whether ES could improve maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) in inactive adults. Healthy, young, inactive adults (n: 42, age: 21.6 ± 2.3 years, BMI: 22.5 ± 3.6 kg·m−2, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak): 33.6 ± 6.3 mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomly assigned to ES, MICT, or Control. ES (n = 14) and MICT (n = 13) groups performed three sessions per week over 6 weeks, while the control group (n = 15) maintained their habitual lifestyle. ES involved 3 × 30 s "all-out" stair-climbing (6 flight, 126 steps, and 18.9 m total height) bouts separated by >1 h rest, and MICT involved 40 min × 60%–70% HRmax stationary cycling. A significant group × time interaction was found for relative VO2peak (p < 0.05) with ES significantly increasing by 7% compared to baseline (MD = 2.5 mL·kg−1·min−1 (95% CI = 1.2, 3.7), Cohen's d = 0.44), while MICT had no significant effects (MD = 1.0 mL·kg−1·min−1 (−1.1, 3.2), Cohen's d = 0.17), and Control experienced a significant decrease (MD = −1.7 mL·kg−1·min−1 (−2.9, −0.4), Cohen's d = 0.26). MFO was unchanged among the three groups (group × time interaction, p > 0.05 for all). Stair climbing-based ES are a time-efficient alternative to MICT for improving CRF among inactive adults, but the tested ES intervention appears to have limited potential to increase MFO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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27. Genome wide association study of response to interval and continuous exercise training: the Predict-HIIT study

Author

Williams, Camilla J., Li, Zhixiu, Harvey, Nicholas, Lea, Rodney A., Gurd, Brendon J., Bonafiglia, Jacob T., Papadimitriou, Ioannis, Jacques, Macsue, Croci, Ilaria, Stensvold, Dorthe, Wisloff, Ulrik, Taylor, Jenna L., Gajanand, Trishan, Cox, Emily R., Ramos, Joyce S., Fassett, Robert G., Little, Jonathan P., Francois, Monique E., Hearon, Jr, Christopher M., Sarma, Satyam, Janssen, Sylvan L. J. E., Van Craenenbroeck, Emeline M., Beckers, Paul, Cornelissen, Véronique A., Howden, Erin J., Keating, Shelley E., Yan, Xu, Bishop, David J., Bye, Anja, Haupt, Larisa M., Griffiths, Lyn R., Ashton, Kevin J., Brown, Matthew A., Torquati, Luciana, Eynon, Nir, and Coombes, Jeff S.

Published
2021
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34. Direct assessment of leukocyte signalling and cytokine secretion reveals exercise intensity‐dependent reductions in anti‐inflammatory cytokine action.

Author

Islam, Hashim, Tsai, Shun‐Hsi, Figueiredo, Caíque, Jackson, Garett S., Marcotte‐Chénard, Alexis, Bosak, Johannes, Moreno‐Cabañas, Alfonso, Lira, Fabio S., and Little, Jonathan P.

Subjects
LEUCOCYTES, EXERCISE intensity, CYTOKINE receptors, ANTI-inflammatory agents, INTERLEUKIN-10, IMMUNOREGULATION
Abstract

Circulating interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐10 concentrations are widely used to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effects of exercise but do not capture cytokine action at the cellular level. Whether and how acute exercise impacts anti‐inflammatory cytokine action in humans is unknown. To determine how exercise intensity and pattern impact IL‐6 and IL‐10 action in blood leukocytes, 16 active adults (eight males/eight females; age: 30 ± 3 years; body mass index: 22.8 ± 2.3 kg/m2; V̇O2peak${{\dot{V}}_{{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{peak}}}}$: 51 ± 6 mL/kg/min) completed a no‐exercise control condition (CTL) or isocaloric bouts of cycling performed below (moderate continuous exercise; MCE) or above (heavy continuous or heavy intermittent exercise; HCE or HIE, respectively) lactate threshold. Venous blood (before, after, 30 min after and 90 min after exercise) was analysed for immune cell subpopulations, plasma cytokine concentrations, anti‐inflammatory cytokine action and monocyte phenotype. Exercise induced rapid leukocytosis (P < 0.001) and increased plasma IL‐6 (P < 0.001), IL‐10 (P = 0.0145) and tumour necrosis factor‐⍺ (TNF‐⍺) (P = 0.0338) concentrations in an intensity‐dependent manner (HCE and/or HIE vs. CTL). These systemic changes coincided with a diminished ability of IL‐10/6 to phosphorylate STAT3 (P < 0.001) and inhibit TNF‐⍺ secretion (P = 0.0238) in blood leukocytes following HCE and HIE. Monocyte polarization experiments revealed lower CD80 [MCE (P = 0.0933) and HIE (P = 0.0187) vs. CTL] and a tendency for higher CD163 expression (HCE vs. CTL, P = 0.0985), suggesting that hyporesponsiveness to anti‐inflammatory cytokine action does not impede the ability of exercise to promote an anti‐inflammatory monocyte phenotype. These findings provide novel insights into the immunomodulatory effects of exercise in humans and highlight the importance of directly measuring cellular cytokine action when evaluating the anti‐inflammatory effects of exercise. Key points: Circulating cytokine concentrations are frequently used to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effects of exercise but may not capture changes in cytokine action occurring at the cellular level.We directly assessed anti‐inflammatory cytokine action – measured using a combination of intracellular signalling and cytokine secretion ex vivo – in distinct immune cell subpopulations after acute calorie‐matched exercise bouts differing in intensity and pattern.Anti‐inflammatory cytokine action was blunted following higher intensity exercise despite corresponding increases in circulating cytokine concentrations and immune cell counts.Changes in cytokine action were not explained by changes in cytokine receptor expression on circulating immune cells.Our findings provide new insights into the immunomodulatory effects of exercise in humans and highlight the importance of directly measuring cellular cytokine action when evaluating the anti‐inflammatory effects of exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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35. A secondary analysis of indices of hepatic and beta cell function following 12 weeks of carbohydrate and energy restriction vs. free-living control in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Author

Durrer, Cody, Islam, Hashim, Cen, Haoning Howard, Garzon, Maria Dolores Moya, Lyu, Xuchao, McKelvey, Sean, Singer, Joel, Batterham, Alan M., Long, Jonathan Z., Johnson, James D., and Little, Jonathan P.

Abstract

Background: Substantial weight loss in people living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) can reduce the need for glucose-lowering medications while concurrently lowering glycemia below the diagnostic threshold for the disease. Furthermore, weight-loss interventions have also been demonstrated to improve aspects of underlying T2D pathophysiology related to ectopic fat in the liver and pancreatic beta-cell function. As such, the purpose of this secondary analysis was to explore the extent to which a low-carbohydrate and energy-restricted (LCER) diet intervention improves markers of beta-cell stress/function, liver fat accumulation, and metabolic related liver function in people with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We conducted secondary analyses of blood samples from a larger pragmatic community-based parallel-group randomized controlled trial involving a 12-week pharmacist implemented LCER diet (Pharm-TCR: <50 g carbohydrates; ~850–1100 kcal/day; n = 20) versus treatment-as-usual (TAU; n = 16). Participants were people with T2D, using ≥ 1 glucose-lowering medication, and a body mass index of ≥ 30 kg/m2. Main outcomes were C-peptide to proinsulin ratio, circulating microRNA 375 (miR375), homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) beta-cell function (B), fatty liver index (FLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), HOMA insulin resistance (IR), and circulating fetuin-A and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Data were analysed using linear regression with baseline as a covariate. Results: There was no observed change in miR375 (p = 0.42), C-peptide to proinsulin ratio (p = 0.17) or HOMA B (p = 0.15). FLI and HSI were reduced by -25.1 (p < 0.0001) and − 4.9 (p < 0.0001), respectively. HOMA IR was reduced by -46.5% (p = 0.011). FGF21 was reduced by -161.2pg/mL (p = 0.035) with a similar tendency found for fetuin-A (mean difference: -16.7ng/mL; p = 0.11). These improvements in markers of hepatic function were accompanied by reductions in circulating metabolites linked to hepatic insulin resistance (e.g., diacylglycerols, ceramides) in the Pharm TCR group. Conclusions: The Pharm-TCR intervention did not improve fasting indices of beta-cell stress; however, markers of liver fat accumulation and and liver function were improved, suggesting that a LCER diet can improve some aspects of the underlying pathophysiology of T2D. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03181165). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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36. Towards optimizing exercise prescription for type 2 diabetes: modulating exercise parameters to strategically improve glucose control.

Author

Marcotte-Chénard, Alexis and Little, Jonathan P.

Subjects
EXERCISE, TYPE 2 diabetes, BLOOD sugar, LIFESTYLES & health, INDIVIDUALIZED medicine
Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex and multifaceted condition clinically characterized by high blood glucose. The management of T2D requires a holistic approach, typically involving a combination of pharmacological interventions as well as lifestyle changes, such as incorporating regular exercise, within an overall patient-centred approach. However, several condition-specific and contextual factors can modulate the glucoregulatory response to acute or chronic exercise. In an era of precision medicine, optimizing exercise prescription in an effort to maximize glucose lowering effects holds promise for reducing the risk of T2D complications and improving the overall quality of life of individuals living with this condition. Reflecting on the main pathophysiological features of T2D, we review the evidence to highlight how factors related to exercise prescription can be modulated to target improved glucose control in T2D, including the frequency, intensity, total volume, and timing (e.g., pre- vs. post-prandial) of exercise, as well as exercise modality (e.g., aerobic vs. resistance training). We also propose a step-by-step, general framework for clinicians and practitioners on how to personalize exercise prescription to optimize glycemic control in individuals living with T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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37. New Directions for Arts Education through the Health Humanities: Wellness, Care and Interdisciplinary Learning Using Creative Elaboration.

Author

Little, Rina Kundu and Little, Jonathan David

Subjects
MEDICAL humanities, EMPATHY, ART education, ARTS education, PSYCHOLOGICAL research, COMPASSION
Abstract

Psychological research has shown that empathy and compassion can be developed through mediation, simulation and embodiment techniques that foster benevolence and kindness, attributes and actions that play a major role in increasing subjective feelings of happiness and overall wellbeing. Our exercise of having students re-write the ending with a more positive outcome and re-draw the cover for the famous 19th century short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" serves as a model for future art education practices interested in promoting positive psychological experiences that can be used for enhanced self-care and empathy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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38. Effect of Acute and Chronic Ingestion of Exogenous Ketone Supplements on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Author

Marcotte-Chénard, Alexis, Tremblay, Renaud, Falkenhain, Kaja, Little, Jonathan P., and Riesco, Eléonor

Subjects
CARDIOVASCULAR disease prevention, FOOD consumption, HEART rate monitoring, SPORTS, CINAHL database, KETONES, META-analysis, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems, HEART beat, SYSTEMATIC reviews, MEDLINE, DIASTOLIC blood pressure, BLOOD pressure, COMPARATIVE studies, CONFIDENCE intervals, SYSTOLIC blood pressure, DIETARY supplements, ADULTS
Abstract

Exogenous ketone supplements have been suggested to have potential cardiovascular benefits, but their overall effect on blood pressure is unclear. Our objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of exogenous ketone supplements on blood pressure (BP) and concomitant changes in resting heart rate (HR). Five databases were searched on January 27th, 2023, for randomized and non-randomized studies. A random-effects model meta-analysis was performed including all studies jointly and separately for acute and chronic ingestion of ketone supplements. Out of 4012 studies identified in the search, 4 acute and 6 chronic studies with n = 187 participants were included. Pooled results (n = 10) showed no change in systolic (SMD [95% CI]= −0.14 [−0.40; 0.11]; I2= 30%; p = 0.17) or diastolic BP (−0.12 [−0.30; 0.05]; I2= 0%; p = 0.69), with a potential tendency observed toward increased resting heart rate (0.17 [-0.14; 0.47]; I2= 40%; p = 0.10). Similar results for systolic and diastolic BP were observed when assessing separately the effect of acute and chronic ingestion of ketone supplements (p ≥ 0.33). Supplement dosage was found to modulate the increase in resting heart rate (0.019 ± 0.006; p = 0.013; R2=100%), suggesting that higher supplement doses lead to a higher resting heart rate. Based on currently available data, acute or prolonged ingestion of ketone supplements does not seem to modulate BP. However, a tendency for HR to increase after acute ingestion was observed, particularly with higher doses. Higher quality studies with appropriate standardized measurements are needed to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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39. Effect of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate on markers of inflammation and immune function in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Author

Neudorf, Helena, Islam, Hashim, Falkenhain, Kaja, Oliveira, Barbara, Jackson, Garett S, Moreno-Cabañas, Alfonso, Madden, Kenneth, Singer, Joel, Walsh, Jeremy J, and Little, Jonathan P

Subjects
TYPE 2 diabetes, KETONES, 3-Hydroxybutyric acid, BIOMARKERS, ADULTS
Abstract

Pre-clinical and cell culture evidence supports the role of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as an immunomodulatory molecule that may inhibit inflammatory signalling involved in several chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), but studies in humans are lacking. Therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of BHB in humans across three clinical trials. To investigate if BHB suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, we treated LPS-stimulated leukocytes from overnight-fasted adults at risk for T2D with BHB (Study 1). Next (Study 2), we investigated if exogenously raising BHB acutely in vivo by ketone monoester supplementation (KME) in adults with T2D would suppress pro-inflammatory plasma cytokines. In Study 3, we investigated the effect of BHB on inflammation via ex vivo treatment of LPS-stimulated leukocytes with BHB and in vivo thrice-daily pre-meal KME for 14 days in adults with T2D. Ex vivo treatment with BHB suppressed LPS-stimulated IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 secretion and increased IL-1RA and IL-10 (Study 1). Plasma IL-10 increased by 90 min following ingestion of a single dose of KME in T2D, which corresponded to peak blood BHB (Study 2). Finally, 14 days of thrice-daily KME ingestion did not significantly alter plasma cytokines or leukocyte subsets including monocyte and T-cell polarization (Study 3). However, direct treatment of leukocytes with BHB modulated TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 secretion in a time- and glucose-dependent manner (Study 3). Therefore, BHB appears to be anti-inflammatory in T2D, but this effect is transient and is modulated by the presence of disease, glycaemia, and exposure time. In this series of three human studies, we found that both in vivo and ex vivo treatment of leukocytes with the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate induces an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu. However, this effect is modulated by prolonged (24-h) hyperglycaemia. Furthermore, in vivo this anti-inflammatory effect does not persist once BHB has returned to basal levels, even after repeated exposure to BHB across 14 days. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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40. PLAYING LIKE A ROBOT.

Author

Little, Jonathan

Subjects
POKER strategy, POKER, ROBOTS, GAMES, MIXTURES
Published
2024

42. Cancelled operations: a 7-day cohort study of planned adult inpatient surgery in 245 UK National Health Service hospitals

Author

Moonesinghe, S. Ramani, Wong, Danny J.N., Harris, Steve K., Bedford, James, Boney, Oliver, Chazapis, Maria, Drake, Sharon, Farmer, Laura, Gilhooly, David, Goodwin, James, Lourtie, Jose, Wagstaff, Duncan, Grocott, Mike, Sneyd, Robert, Batchelor, Anna, Brett, Stephen, Plowright, Catherine, Shrestha, Suman, Shawyer, Richard, Ahmed, Shafi, Khondoker, Mizan, Nathanson, Mike, Cripps, Paul, Research & Audit Federation of Trainees (RAFT), Anaesthetic Audit and Research Matrix of Yorkshire (AARMY), Intensive Care & Anaesthesia Research Network of North East Trainees (INCARNNET), Merseyside Anaesthetic Group for Improving Quality (MAGIQ), Midlands East Research by Critical Care and Anaesthetic Trainees (MERCAT), North West Research and Audit Group (NWRAG), Oxford Critical Care Anaesthetic Research Enterprise (OxCCARE), Pan-London Peri-operative Audit & Research Network (PLAN), Scottish East Quality Improvement & Research Academy (SEQuoIA), SESSA Quality Improvement and Research Network (SQUARES), Severn Trainees Anaesthetic Research (STAR), South West Anaesthetic Research Matrix (SWARM), South Yorkshire Hospitals Audit and Research Collaboration (SHARC), Southcoast Peri-operative Audit and Research Collaboration (SPARC), Welsh Anaesthetic Audit Research & Engagement Network (WAAREN), West Midlands Trainee Research Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Network (WMTRAIN), Rawat, Shilpa, Sathe, Sonia, Campbell, Alison, Anandarajah, Janakan, Ball, Nicola, Bandara, Lalindra, Barnes, Dennis, Chapman, Catherine, Connor, Lynda, Cook, Amanda, Ebejer, Amanda, Evans, Samantha, Gallagher, Maire, Goff, Sarah, Halfacree, Irina, Harford, Rachel, Harris, Catherine, Jackson, Rebecca, James, Kathryn, Jones, Claire, Jones, Sharon, Malinovszky, Kathy, Mungai, Serah, Nageswaran, Hari, Perumal, Anand, Pudge, Harriet, Quinn, Leanne, Sheppard, Thomas, Smith, Trudy, Spargo, James, Storton, Sharon, Thomas, Caradog, Thomas, Charlotte, Tyrrell, Samuel, Vale, Owen, Williams, Catrin, Williams, Marie, Williams, Tom, Winfield-Young, Lewys, Worrell, Helen, Moloney, Dermot, Chuni, Chandini, Comara, Jasna, Conway, Brian, Eagle, Zara, Foster, Greg, Platt, Chris, Thorne, Alison, Hee, Wendy Lum, Armstrong, Lisa, Brennan, Albert, Burns, Justine, Busby, Chantal, Couch-Upite, Mechele, Dooks, Emma, Dunlop, Sally, Eijk, Anya, Govindaraju, Ramana, Gregory, Tamsin, Grover, Alka, Hairsine, Brigid, Hennell, Sarah, Hill, Philippa, Hollins, Thomas, Hood, Julian, Horner, Lisa, Hothersall, Helen, Ingham, Rachel, Jackson, Richard, Kitching, Amy, Kurasz, Claire, Munsie, Sarah, Nemeth, Ildiko, Paley, Carole, Premraj, Prabhakaran, Redhead, Sue, Scriven, John, Shaw, Alison, Shenton, Liz, Shiva, Hemantha, Snell, Josie, Sootheran, Lucy, Stewart, Josephine, Swinton, Frank, Totten, Claire, Varghese, Liz, Vest, Sarah, Wetherell, Ben, Hamlyn, Vincent, Tozer, James, Alce, Timothy, Bopanna, Poonam, Draper, Kevin, Emmett, Lucy, Falkner, Phillippa, Fisher, Ellie, Griffiths, Cat, Gunter, Una, Harris, Rebecca, Hashmi, Saima, Jewitt, Helen, Lodhi, Sonal, Organ, Angie, Owen, Elana, Taylor, Frances, Tritean, Maria, Wassall, Richard, Woolley, Jade, MacGregor, Mark, Atkinson, Claire, Croft, Maria, Frost, Victoria, George, Richard, Gray, Catherine, Kuttler, Anja, Lalani, Christina, Peers, Beth, Sharpe, Lisa, Skeoch, Christopher, Tarft, Hayley, Tyson, Emma, Wrigley, Martha, Qadri, Shabir, Abbas, Tahir, Barot, Niraj, Cole, Steve, Ganesh, Ritesh, Groves, Christopher, Iles, Lindsey, Petkova, Hristina, Rau, Clovis, Roberts, Jack, Shakir, Nadeem, Chaurasia, Sunil Kumar, Brown, Julia, Cunningham, Mishell, Daniels, Allison, Gannon, Emily, Haines, Annette, Johnson, Nicola, Ogle, Paul, Perumal, Srinivasan, Zeidan, Lisa, Torrance, Hew, Anwar, Sibtain, Gooneratne, Mevan, Raj, Ashok, Abbott, Tom, Ashton, Laura, Brown, Katherine, Butterfield, Emma, Fenn, Jon, Forsyth-Jones, Tim, Garth, Thomas, Gleeson, Liam, Haines, Ryan, Jacobs, Benjamin, Jyothiraj, Haren, Madhi, Shareef, Marriot, Charlotte, Martin, Rebecca, McMillan, Timothy, Menon, Arun, Mohr, Otto Ernst, Muelmenstaedt, Maria, Naeem, Hanzla, Nagendram, Myura, O'Connor, Cormac, Pang, Ching, Plummer, Kimberley, Rob, Zak, Sellers, Dan, Shaw, Michael, Smith, Christopher, Taylor, Tom, Thorat, Priya, Van Rensberg, Gerhardus, Walker, Sophie, Waqas, Farkhunda, Wicks, Peter, Wirth, Daniel, Armanious, Samuel, Allen, Kellie, Bruni, Salvatore, Burijinti Chenna, Keshava Reddy, Kaliappan, Agilan, Ocampo, Madelaine, Percuin, Adrian, Riches, Joanne, Saclot, Louie, Sevillano, Annaliza, Vertue, Mark, Knowlden, Peter, David, Beena, Gajendragadkar, Pushpaj, Gladstone, George, Hammerbeck, Henry, Iaverdino, Marina, Lilley, Carina, Linton-Willoughby, Ben, Murrell, Daniel, Patro, Shweta, Richie-Mclean, Susanna, Turnbull, Marc, Vatsala, Padmanabhan, McCourt, Killian, Black, Nick, Coary, Ciara, McCarter, Jonathan, Murphy, Alexandra, Pugh, Richard, Littler, Chris, Clements, Stephan, Bairkdar, Linda, Bennett, Gillian, Bird, Tom, Bolger, Annette, Dhar, King, Ene, Raluca, George, David, Haron, Dhania, Hobson, Lucie, Iqbal, Saba, Irvine, Lizzie, Lewis, Sion, McCallum, Roisin, O'Donovan, Benjamin, Patrick, Christopher, Perman, Christopher, Rahman, Nowfal, Roberts, Iolo, Sutcliffe, William, Towers, Tammy, Waite, Alicia, Wright, Stella, Pilsbury, Jane, Allan, Michael, Allen, Cody, Carden, Nikkita, Cotterill, Amanda, Cullis, Kerry, Eden, Daniel, Farmer, Nicola, Galloway, Andrea, Geoghegan, James, Gilani, Ahmed, Hard, Kelly, Hasan, Khalid, Horner, Christopher, Iqbal, Virginia, Lowe, Julie, Mallavalli, Ravindra, McCooty, Shanteela, McKillop, Sian, Mellers, Diane, Mukherjee, Ronan, Nicholas, Michelle, O'Hara, Chloe, Osborne, Fiona, Plunkett, Emma, Sharih, Gauhar, Westwood, John, Whapples, Annabelle, Whitehouse, Diane, Williams, Lucinda, Yasin, Bilal, Cupitt, Jason, Brown, Janette, Stoddard, Emma, Balasubramaniam, Madhu, Athanasopoulos, Paul, Bhatti, Mohammad, Blood, Laura, Buckley, Hugo, Chadwick, Julie, Cocks, Shirley, Fradkin, Deborah, Hetherington, Emily, Hill, Rebecca, Hull, Rob, Loftus, Alison, McKenna, Emma, Mcmanoman, Lucy, Milian, Lauren, Mistry, Raksha, Murthen, Lisa, Parkinson, Dave, Rhead, Kat, Sandbach, Peter, Walker, Ciara, Wheatley, Emma, Spencer, Robert, Alderson, Stephen, Bull, Christopher, Butterworth, Rachel, Cousins, Simon, Goellner, Sarah, Greasley, Mark, Lyle, Fiona, Munro, Michael, Northey, Martin, White, Stuart, Harrison, Alex, Whitney, Paul-Simon, Drake, Jeremy, Babla, Rohan, Bharti, Ash, Cole, Stephen, Crotty, Stephen, Farrow, Amy, Golhar, Anil, Indoe, Peter, Jackson, Rosada, Latif, Mariam, Leong, Melvin, Lewith, Henry, Maton-Howarth, Matthew, Millar, Victoria, Millette, Ben, Oliver, Hannah, Ralhan, Vandita, Rashid, Yasir, Rivero-Bosch, Maria, Rizvi, Sana, Saleh, Rosahn, Venkatesh, Harisg, Wilson, Kate, Nair, Ashok, Basvi, Precious, Bell, Gillian, Edwards, James, Lee, David, Luo, Guanmei, Mewies, Clare, Qureshi, Arif, Sohail, Behzad, Valap, Sachin, Hill, Stephen, Bhuwanee, Deepti, Chan, James, Dereix, John, George, Allen, Ghafoor, Tasmeen, Gold, Emma, Haigh, Daniel, Harding, David, Janardhana, Bhavia, Jayan, Jithu, King, James, Laloë, Pnt, Pearce, Lauren, Pruthi, Amit, Roscoe, Eleanor, Seharawat, Deepak, Stubbington, Mark, Vanjari, Vinayak, Venkataraman, Anantharaman, Yen, Serena, Patil, Vishal, Chan, Charles, Davenport, Garry, Featherstone, Peter, Fourie, Petrus, Hall, Christopher, Mahidik, Preeti, Masoni, Elisa, Ortu, Andrea, Patil, Anita, Pickett, Janet, Sharma, Sandeep, Goodwin, Naomi, Allen, Lucy, Anderson, Nathan, Bateson, Ethan, Bhatia, Sanchita, Churchill, Sara, Cohen, Leon, Colhoun, Patrick, Dunn, Charlotte, Durie, Carys, Elgarf, Sarah, Ferry, Jenny, Guilford, Jeremy, Halligan, Claire, Harrison, Jade, Hayes, Dominic, Holst, Ben, Hughes, Rhys, Hunt, Thomas, Jackson, John, Kohler, George, Kriger, Michael, Kulikouskaya, Svetlana, Kurani, Amit, Maden, Charlotte, Moore, Alex, Mounce, Adam, O'Donnell, Alice, Sparrow, Robert, Sutherland, Jayne, Hanison, James, Bansal, Sujesh, Greenwood, Nick, Alkholany, Mahmoud, Apple, Zoe, Asif, Anam, Bhardwaj, Neeraj, Braid, Karl, Coates, Rebecca, Czukowska, Liliana, Elliott, Lauren, Fang, Li, Greenlee, Hannah, Maria, Jashmin, Mostafa, Tarek, Patil, Amarjeet, Weigert, Andrea, Matson, Alexandra, Adamson, Christine, Barclay, Philip, Barker, Amy, Bautista, Carina, Biswas, Suman, Bull, Rhian, Carungcong, Jaime, Christoper, Fenner, Cifre, Elna, Clancy, Olivia, Friedman, Lauren, Frunza, Gabriella, Habib, Sadia, Keerthikumar, Hindusha, Kirwan, Ursula, Laycock, Helen, Leir, Sarah, Maduekwe, Victor, Martella, Carmela, Meritahti, Minna, Nundlall, Kribashnie, Oblak, Metod, Panesar, Kirat, Peters, Timothy, Pett, Eleanor, Routley, Catriona, Samani, Amee, Santhirapala, Vatsharlan, Sayan, Amrinda, Sisson, Alice, Svensson, Marie-Louise, Thankachen, Mini, Tilley, Bernadette, Topham, Charlotte, Visvendra, Sathya, Warrington, Anna, Wibberley, Helen, Spittle, Nick, Andrews, Mia, Beavis, Sarah, Bernotaitis, Daiva, Chinna, Shalini, Church, Helen, Edwards, Sian, Ford, Nicky, Hazeldine, Sarah, Hudson, James, Macey, Claire, Morgans, Matthew, Toms, Julie, Whileman, Amanda, Woodward, Jan, Wright, Stephanie, Nariani, Jaya, Clark, Sam, Duniec, Larysa, Slorach, Marc, Allan, Ashley, Burrill, Bryony, Fairless, Lynn, Francis, Nicholas, McAdam, Colin, Sheriff, Julie, McLoughlin, Thomas, Arshed, Shayan, Bird, Clare, Campbell, Debbie, Chinery, Elaine, Onya, Enoch, Perry, Ryan, Sabugueiro, Jose Miguel, Shatanda, Lydia, Sheik, Muzaffar, Jo simpson, Wong, Gabriela, Yun-Han, Chen, Wilson, Lawrence, Adshead, Duncan, Castillo, David, Faulkner, Maria, Gibson, Kim, Keogh, Tara, Michlig, Sam, Perritt, Elizabeth, Ridler, Simon, Tizzard, Kate, Troy, Anne, Rafi, Amir, Melsom, Helen, Atkinson, Vikki, Azad, Tariq, Bashliyski, Vladimir, Brown, Ellen, Clark, Sarah, Cowton, Sister Amanda, Deane, Jill, Dent, Jean, Duckett, Karin, Duncan, Louise, Hooper, Nicholas, Johnson, Tom, Kay, Andrea, Kelly, Donna, Kent, Melanie, Knight, Jo, McCarroll, Christina, Newby, Annie, Potts, Kathryn, Roe, James, Rollins, David, Sarwar, Asia, Schofield, Lewis, Skelton, Deborah, Somanath, Sameer, Taysum, Peter, Temple, Julie, Udall, William, Varin, Jane, Venyo, Lucy, Warin, Martin, Wood, Shelly, Dhileepan, Srinivasan, Saibaba, Ravishankar Jakkala, Stewart, Emma, Warwick, Eleanor, Pemberton, Omar Alex, Garmash, Maryna, Griffiths, Rhys, Hale, Suzi, Lahloub, Fatma, Lynch, Ceri, Majeed, Abbas, Patchell, Ifan, Quinton, Jennifer, Sedghi, Babak, Wallis, Stephanie, Mansoor, Sange, Belagodu, Zakaulla, Dastur, Shirin, Fuller, Bridget, Hayes, Imogen, Keshkamat, Ashwini, Monantera, Georgia, Sandhar, Roxana, Sivakumaran, Shamini, Thomas, Megan, Torne, Manish, Turner, Sherma, Wakefield, Phillipa, Rogerson, David, Addleton, Catherine, Aju, Lisha, Appleby, Marie, Barnes, Elizabeth, Boateng, Trish, Carrick, Laura, Coulborn, Elaine, Darbyshire, Rebecca, Downes, Charlotte, Fitzgerald, Jodie, Hall, Linda, Harvey, Laura, Hassan, Amr, Holding, Kathleen, Hufton, Lianne, Humphries, Louise, Humphries, Ryan, Inman, Laurence, Issit, Nicole, Longhurst, Sarah, MacGregor, Melody, Mistry, Trusha, Mohamed, Mona, Otieno, Charlene, Read, David, Scott, Michelle, Singleton, Abbie, Smith, Jill, Sohal, Aariana, Tou, Samson, Unsworth, Vanessa, Wan, Richard, Worth, Christopher, Dobson, Richard, Buckley, Rose, Codling, Rachel, Hunter, Cain, Jackson, Jenny, Lowrie, Caroline, McMillan, Catherine, McNab, Raj, Richardson, Max, Sylvester, James, Watkin, Anna, Chambers, Jonathan, Bown, Rachel, Christie, Colin, Dukes, Stephanie, Horton, Sarah, Rees, Andrew, Williams, Patricia, Williams, Sarah, Pierson, Richard, Agarwal, Nipun, Allcock, Clare, Banga, Irmeet, Baron, Kirsty, Cole, Andrea, Dalay, Santinder, Gidda, Ranjit, Lo, Phillip, Merotra, Susan, Newton, Kathryn, Riddell, Zoe, Sonksen, Julian, Jamadarkhana, Sunil, Alcock, Chanice, Allen, Wei Lin, Baker, Pearl, Beadle, Hannah, Bramall, Jon, Chiravasuta, Radu, Chohan, Amina, Christofides, Angela, Cook, Angela, Cotta, Janet, Cruz, Carina, Gilmore, Jemma, Hills, Vicky, King, Kathryn, McClelland, Lucy, Nishimura, Sei, Nyathi, Rumyana, Panagoda, Prasan, Peacock, Louise, Shinn, Emma, Spencer, Sophie, Vianzon, Mayumi, Kapoor, Ritoo, Natarajan, Nagendra, Moore, Joanna, Amoakwa-Adu, Freda, Bahlool, Sinan, Cosier, Tracey, Driscoll, Sarah, Dulea, Claudia, Feneley, Andrew, Fletcher, Marcus, Hammad, Walid, Hazelton, Tracy, Hoyland, Kim, Katyayani, Bennur, Lloyd, Catherine, Moon, Angela, Musselwhite, Janine, Nair, Ganesh, O'Donnell, Joshua, Patankar, Pushkar, Redington, Katy, Sange, Aalia, Snazelle, Mark, Srbljak, Vanja, Stead, Richard, Tariq, Ismail, Thomas, Janine, Turney, Sharon, Chukkambotla, Srikanth, Mathew, Aji, Lie, Jason, Badsha, Zackriah, Bews, Sam, Bhandari, Kumud, Cartmell, Catherine, Cox, Greg, Desai, Hawa, Doran, Mark, Duberley, Stephen, Fitchett, Jill, Forrest, Diane, Freeman, David, Gani, Asif, Gedling, Catherine, Giles, Jessica, Goddard, Wendy, Gregson, Linda, Grimes, Yvonne, Hammond, Bev, Hartley, Janice, Hudson, Gemma, Ibrahim, Ramez, Iqbal, Nasreen, Jewers, Karen, Johnston, Brian, Kakkar, Abhishek, Koczka, Istvan, Lovell, Matt, Mahmoud, Mohamad, Melvin, Cathie, Milner, Matt, Moss, Nicky, Patel, Jeet, Perry, David, Pollard, Mike, Reed, Stephanie, Rennie, Gillian, Riley, Karen, Samuels, Sherrie, Simionescu, Ioana, Sissons, Lorna, Traynor, Stephen, Tucker, Daniel, Vetuz, Glenn, Whalley, Gillian, Marshall, Philippa, Arnold, Tim, Brookes, Jamie, Cowley, Anne, Delascasas, Ruth, Edmunds, Emma, Espitalier-Noel, Dominic, Jeevananthan, Rajeev, Law, Jenni, Mintrim, Kelly, Reid, Jack, Terry, Jackie, Verma, Manish, Zahra, Jean-Paul, Thorning, Geoff, Bailes, John, Dawson, Lindsay, Donovan, Clare, Gan, Jo Han, Jeyarajah, Kaya, Selman, Andrew, Woods, Justin, Csabi, Peter, Choo, Yin Yong, Das, Saheli, Denford, Clare, Desai, Mihir, Dimber, Rahul, Ellisy, Khaled, Griffiths, Ben, Lee, Sindy, Linnett, Vanessa, Daniels, Alex, Perkin, Sadie, Ritzema, Sister Jenny, Storey, Sister Bryony, Wood, Christine, Orme, Robert, Koh, Sock, Banks, Charis, Barker, Oliver, Beames, Susan, Brown, Aislinn, Corbett, Lucy, Dalton, James, Davis, Fiona, Edmunds, Matthew, Gatfield, Will, Gerrans, Edmund, Hickish, Tom, Hignell, Emily, Hiltout, Paula, Johnston, Helen, Miller, Sam, Mullender, Jo, O'Connell, Susan, Rosedale, Kath, Samuel, Katie, Vannahme, Milena, Baigel, Gary, Grayland, Sarah, Hawley, Victoria, McAffrey, Laura, Peggler, Suzannah, Stevens, Joe, Bidd, Heena, El-Boghdadly, Kariem, Zucco, Liana, Adelaja, Yemi, Bhattacharyya, Sanjoy, Bickmore, Elsie, Body, Suzanne, May-Ling Cheung, Jenny, Chowdhury, Priaykam, Cuddihy, Joshua, Ekwere, Ndi, John-Baptiste, Ange Lise, Kelly, Paul, Leslie, Daniel, Mon, Wint, Muzengi, Natasha, Ong, Cheng, Pattni, Nisha, Potter, Thomas, Stanton, Elena, Zaky, Maryam, Partridge, Richard, Bromhead, Helen, Evans, Peter, Griffin, Denise, Kinsella, J. Joseph, Knight, Alexander, Lewis, Rosemary Anna, Lightfoot, Heidi, Martin, Jane, Mupudzi, McDonald, Nahajski, Katherine, Oladele, Segun, Ottaway, Julia, Petley, Stephen, Sheldrake, Ian, Stewart, Alexander Michael, Stokes, Aaron, Trodd, Dawn, Varsani, Nimu, Walshe, Eleanor, Brown, Caroline Wrey, Huntley, Martin, Baldry, Natalie, Bennett, Caroline, Earl, Sophie, Guy, Joyce, Peat, Maggie, Stephenson, Lorraine, Tan, Hao Ern, Wills, Louise, Yare, Michelle, Yeung, Joyce, Antrolikar, Supriya, Atterbury, Katie, Baba, Fayaz, Bancroft, Hollie, Begum, Safia, Bellamy, Mary, Couper, Keith, Evans, Lucy, Flight, Rachel, Frankling, Catriona, Ganesh, Srikant, Gresty, Joanne, Joslyn, Ruth, Kadiri, Salma, Karimi, Aalisha Mariam, Kerr, Amy, Melody, Teresa, Moore, Faye, Morrish, Jennifer, O'Sullivan, Mary, Patel, Vanisha, Reeves, Eleanor, Robley, Richard, Sampson, Julia, Sangombe, Mirriam, Shabangu, Vusumuzi, Sheppard, Lucy, Stafford, Sam, Sutton, Peter, Taylor, Joanne, Turner, James, Velho, Rochelle, Webb, Joanne, Webber, Linda, Werpachowska, Ewa, Wilkinson-Guy, Lisa, Papageorgiou, Constandinos, Bisonoothan, Sohan, Casely, Emma, Casey, Carina, Kam, Elisa, Landers, Geraldine, Pearse, Laura, Raja, Meera, Solomon, Daniel, Stoyanov, Plamen, Talati, Chiraag, Arunachalam, Hari, Ashton, Victoria, Full, Jens, Green, Samira, Gratrix, Andrew, Abernethy, Caroline, Clarke, Abigail, Desai, Pallavbhai, Martinson, Victoria, Parekh, Ravi, Phillips, Mirain, Raina, Anju, Raut, Sarah, Smales, Chris, Smith, Neil, Ugochukwu, Ruth, Willis, Matt, Ignatova, Zhana, Gill, Stuart, Agarwal, Sunita, Barclay, Harry, Campbell, Brian, Collingborn, Maggie, Dagnan, Richard, Davies, David Steven, Dhaliwal, Randeep, Dharmarathna, Ishan, Doriaswami, Yuvraj, Evans, Hywel, Foly, Ahmed, Francis, John, Green, Tim, Hassanin, Ahmed, Havalda, Peter, Huda, Ahmad, Jones, Beryl, Khoju, Ramesh, Lackmann, Maria, Mensah, Kofi, Nwaefulu, Christopher, Schmidt, Ilona, Selvraj, Gopinath, Skarbit, Norbert, Suganthi, Obla, Zeber, Jacek, Nagaratnam, Vidhya, Mukherjee, Smitangshu, Kirby, Sue, Arnold, Glenn, Bendel, Daniel, Boynton, Claire, Carvell, James, Carver, Anthony, Clayton, Matt, Desai, Keyury, Fadhlillah, Fiqry, Georgiou, Christiana, Jayakumar, Vineetha, Jeanes, Lara, Jhugursing, Mhairi, Jose, Jasmine, Karsten, Emma, Kormendy, Flora, Lewis, Stephanie, Lloyd, Dafydd, Mautadin, Francisca, McCahill, Claire, McInerney, Susan, Morland, Laura, Morsman, Elaine, Nayee, Sunny, O'Callaghan, David, Pickford, Emily, Pratap, Bhavesh, Rao, Chandana, Shah, Alka, Smith, Stephen, Smyth, Claire, Souleimanova, Icel, Templeton, Maie, Upadhyaya, Kavita, Uren, Sophie, Voralia, Shree, Wilson, Rebecca, Kushakavsky, Vlad, Ang, Justin, Beeby, Debroah, Bell, Stephanie, Boys, Helen, Brixey, Sue, Chabo, Cathleen, Cubitt, Lynsey, Dawson, Maggie, Finch, Jenny, Lewis, Robert, Purewal, Bally, Pyae, Kaung, Ramsey, Judi, Scoones, Ben, Debreceni, Gabor, Tarin, Obaid, Zondo, Nicola, Bothma, Pieter, Carmichael, Jack, Ferreira, Teresa, Goffin, Kelly, Gurung, Sarada, Kundu, Ashish, MacLennan, Sarah, Murray, Theresa, Verma, Karan, Wilson, Graeme, Winthein, Aleinmar, Jakkampudi, Satyanarayan, Ahmed, Muneeba, Baines, Duncan, Beirnes, Charmaine, Braybrook, Chrissy, Fernandez, Olga, Gracey, Jayshree, Guha, Snehasish, Jain, Arihant, Krishnaiyan, Raghavendran, Moody, Thomas, Novaga, Jo, Tait, Frances, Tate, Jemma, Taylor, Jennifer Claire, Waldron, Molly, White, Sonia, Gupta, Anish, Botfield, Claire, Ahmed, Mohamed, Ashton, Lizzie, Bailey, Andrew Robert, Banugo, Pele, Birch, Sian, Boyle, Henry, Brown, Alice, Chen, Mark, Connolly, Lucy, Dalal, Viral, Edwards, Alexandra, Elnour, Shaima, Faccini, Timothy, Floyd, Theodore, Georgiou, Thomas, Gill, James, Hedley, Russell, Hopkins, Philip, Kumar, Roshmi, Michell, Alice, O'Shaughnessy, Rhiann Marie, O'Sullivan, Laura, Pai, Seema, Parsons, Benjamin, Peltola, Laura, Penhaligan, Beth, Place, Merate, Ramsden, Jonathan, Ratnayake, Gamunu, Shammas, Kathy, Watts, Ali, Williams, Thomas, Woodham, Valantine, Puranik, Sarang, Crooks, Jennifer, Dean, Ania, Honstvet, Chris, Hunter, Katherine, Steynberg, Sarah, Swain, Andrew, Laha, Shondipon, Bonner, Alex, Doyle, Donna, Fallon, Robert, Verlander, Mark, Williams, Alexandra, Yardley, Richard, Whiteley, Simon, Ahmed, Zaid, Child, Ossian Aukland, Black, Sheila, Calderwood, Jamie, Chapman, Andy, Collin, Robert, Dwornik, Kinga, Gallagher, Kate, Gardener, Michelle, Harrop, Gareth, Hart, Peter, Howcroft, Clare, Ilyas, Carl, Kempanna, Umakanth, Krishnamurthy, Gnanshree, Kumara, Paramesh, Loh, LI Lian, Morgan, James, Pipe, Jonathan, Sathiapillai, Anand, Stones, John, Wilby, Elizabeth, Shephard, Buzz, Agarwal, Manju, Bolonenkova, Tatyana, Dunlop, Lisa, Duraisamy, Karthick, Kelly, Jenna, Nurmi, Eveliina, Patel, Mitul, Perry, Jonathan, Prior, Charles, Reece-Anthony, Rosie, Rose, Bernd Oliver, Rowland, Katie, Van Ross, Jennifer, McNamara, Helen, Permall, Natasha, Robertson, Gillian, Siew, Sarah, Smith, Amy, Spearritt, Sue, Verma, Dipali, Williams, Rhys, Zaidi, Suhail, Clayton, Samantha, Goddin, James, Joy, Stuart, Malhotra, Vikram, Mindel, Samuel, Neilson, Zoe, Wijesuria, Shanelle Tharuka, Wilkins, Ryan, Mukherjee, Kirtida, Bradley, Andrew, Coetzee, Samantha, Crook, Alexandra, Emeakaroha, Eunice, Frenkiel, Marek, Hatton, Tom, Kamraj, Kootharajan, Long, Natalie, Manikundalam, Badrinath, Peiris, Muditha, Roche, Matthew, Sandhu, Banher, White, Nichola, Woods, Annette, Yarnold, Adam, Price, Nicolas, Ashe, Marion, Disney, Tom, Dixon, Caroline, Dodds, Emily, El-Sheika, Sarah, Hameed, Yasir, Jones, Rob, Kanal, Karan, Ranaweera, Sanjeewa, Ripoll, Simon, Russell, Nicki, Smith, Sally Anne, Tung, Swee Ang, Emerson, Bruce, Apps, Victoria, Austin, Mandy, Catchpole, Laura, Catley, Christine, Child, Jenny, Cranmer, Karen, Dawson, Lizzie, Farr, Beth, Gerrish, Helen, Gibson, Sian, Gunn, Jacqueline, Holland, Kim, James, Lorri, Jayasekera, Dushyanthi, Lester, Yvonne, Lyle, Amanda, McNeela, Fiona, Oborska, Aneta, Pennington, James, Perkins, Lauren, Robinson-Perrie, Hollie, Shillito, Lauren, Singizi, Bryan, Smolen, Susan, Topliffe, Joanne, Vowles, Ben, Whybro, Natalie, Wijunamai, Amon, Willsher, Lucy, Wootton, Joanne, Varma, Sandeep, Atkinson, Philip, Buckley, Sarah, Darian, Thelma, Dhamaratne, Sachini, Gould, Richard, Graham, Laura, Hirst, Charlotte, Peeling, Andrew, Prentice, Saxon, Rajasekar, Naresh, Rose, Alastair, Smith, Craig, Wilkinson, Kate, Stewart, Richard, Chevis, Chrissie, Ekpa, John, Greig, Nurse Sara, Hinch, Nurse Rebecca, Holder, Carole, Makris, Nikolaos, Moran, Nurse Louise, Padilla Harris, Nurse Cheryl, Scarletta, Nurse Diane, Smith, Jeanette, Sara-Beth Sutherland, Nurse, Turner, Joanne, Valentine, Peter, van Manen, Amelia, Walia, Nurse Sonia, White, Nurse Charlotte, Wilson, Georgina, Wren, Nurse Lynn, Wright, Nurse Francesca, Faulds, Matthew, Agius, Claire-Marie, Ahmed, Raheel, Ahmed, Sameer, Alva, Arjun, Bird, Rachael, Buckley, David, Calder, Verity, Clark, Caroline, Craven, Emily, Cullen, Katherine, Davis, John, Diamond-Fox, Sadie, Doherty, Helen, Dutta, Bhaskar, Fortune, Jonathan, Gatehouse, Alexandra, Gibson, Jane, Hay, David, Hillier, Steve, Hindmarch, Paul, James, Michael, Keshvara, Kiran, Kotur, Karuna, Lawley, Peter, Lochanie, Nimali, Macbeth, Lisa, Madhu, Yamuna, Marcangelo, Sam, McShane, Lesley, Morgan, Amy, Mowat, Stephen, Nelson, Joshua, O'Leary, Denis, Partridge, Jennifer, Pearson, Janaki, Poulton, Tom, Prasad, Sneha, Protheroe, Kay, Qureshi, Adnaan, Rangaswamy, Girish, Richardson, Victoria, Scott, Carmen, Smallshaw, Karen, Soliman, Abdelrahman, Soulsby, Graham, Wahed, Anna, Walker, Iain, Welch, Sarah, Wilson, Jessica, Winkley, Elaine, Womack, Jonathan, Mitchell, Joellene, O'Brien, Peter, Callaghan, Debbie, Clarke, Ruth, Foggo, Graeme, Gilmour, Danielle, Hickey, Stephen, Hii, Stephanie, Livingstone, Susan, McAtear, Megan, Meehan, Sharon, Milne, Gemma, Small, James, Williams, Dewi, Jardine, Catherine, White, Graham, Wright, David, Hunter, Katie, Fleming, Gillian, Marc Hastie, P.A.-A., Hunter, Catherine, Lockhart, Jennifer, Reid, Kirsten, Robb, Hilary, Harten, Johann, Crooks, Barbara A., Ratnasabapathy, Urmila, Staber, Manfred, Pettigrew, Tom, Varveris, Daphne, Brett, Michael, Appleton, Richard, Briskoe, Michael, Brown, Graeme, Brown, Stewart, Christie, Fiona, Coady, Guy, Cowan, Richard, Drysdale, Alice, D'Sylva, Stewart, Edgar, Paul, Finnie, Graeme, Gardner, John, Gupta, Shub, Hall, Colin, Hamilton, Jane, Hunter, Laura, Ikram, Umairali, Imrie, Gregor, Kerr, Euan, Kinsella, Michael, Kommer, Maya, Lafferty, Brian, Lochrin, Christopher, Lovejoy, Tom, Loy, Maria, MacLean, Aillison, MacPherson, David, Marshall, Cara, Mawhinney, Ruth, McAteer, Claire, McCaul, Prof James, McCusker, Michael, McDowall, Katherine, McGovern, Christopher, Mckie, Stewart, Morrison, Melanie, Mulla, Suleman, Neale, Elizabeth, Niciu, Cristina, Ong, Su Ying, O'Sullivan, Finbar, Parcell, Sophie, Ramsay, Sarah, Robson, Rebecca, Roy, Nithin, Samuel, Jasmine, Scotland, Gemma, Sharma, Natasha, Slade, Kate, Soosay, Alvin, Soulsby, Charlotte, Steuart, Lois, Stevenson, Sara, Sweeney, Laura, Tan, Kerwei, Taylor, Calum, Th'ng, Francesca, Thompson, Caroline, Wardlow, James, Watson, Martin, Williams, Robin, Woodier, James, Young, Simon, Robinson, David, Howes, Jacqueline, Berwick, Scott, Boyle, Andrew, Brown, Neil, Celnik, Anna, Coleman, Alistair, Elwkhiee, Mohamed, Fernandes, Mario, Hanlon, Katie, MacLean, Sarah, Morgan, Rhian, Edgar, Jonathan, Chapman, Roddy, Razouk, Khaled, Atrah, Ali, Bhat, Sunny, Bramma, Yvonne, Campbell, Euan, Campbell, Rachel, Cormack, Anna, Dalchow, Stephan, Dodd, Ammy, Ferguson, Laura, Ferraioli, Donna, Hynd, Moyra, Janeczko, Adam, Jeffrey, Sally, Kinsey, Tony, Kummur, Yuvaraj, McIntosh, Karen, McKenna, John, Mclaughlin, Maria, Millington, Ryhs, Murphy, Emma, Parker, Kris, Reevell, Tom, Robertson, Fiona, Shankey-Smith, Will, Slorach, Colum, Szelei, Tamas, Warnock, Geoff, Watson, Stuart, Alston, Peter, Geddes, Murray, McLellan, Stuart, Allen, Eireann, Birnie, Karen, Brown, Kirsteen, Critchley, Julia, Cullen, Margaret, Eros, Alex, Forbes, Callum, French, Helen, Hall, David, Hetherington, Jonathan, Kellner, Maximiliane, Kelly, Keith, Khaled, Hiba, Mantle, Damien, McLenachan, John, Midgley, Susan, Nimmo, Susan, Ordys, Bart, Phelan, Hannah, Roddam, Philip, Shaw, Louise, Smith, Carolyn, Steel, Elizabeth, Stuart, Robert, Sturrock, John, Waite, Alasdair, Waterson, Fraser, Watson, Hannah, Wood, Elizabeth, Schraag, Stefan, Boyd, Elizabeth, Jain, Surabhi, Matthews, Elaine, Rappai, Geejo, Barr, Catriona, Stewart, Michael, Christie, Sharon, Smith, Tim, Arrow, Kate, Austin, Pauline, Chapman, Susie, Little, Jonathan, Malein, William, Sadler, Amy, Younger, Rhona, Reavley, Caroline, Allan, Katy, Ashok, Vignesh, Boroojeny, Ayda Borjian, Cutts, John-Paul, Faulds, Fiona, Fernie, Mark, Gadre, Amit, Gately, Tom, Haddon, Richard, Induruwage, Lalani, King, Siobhan, Liddle, Sian, Mallett, Paul, Mehotra, Saurabh, Ali, Inthekab Mohammed, Morris, Rachel, Nunn, David, Ferraro, Rocio Ochoa, Padhi, Pulak, Prusack, Ewa, Quak, Edmund, Singleton, Georgina, So, Kin, Stolady, Daniel, Welch, Drew, Whitear, Michael, Wilkinson, Kathy, Wu, James, Yusaf, Alex, Kakodkar, Prashant, Ghoneim, Hoda Abou, Balliston, Sara, Dudgeon, Lucy, Idris, Muna Elsheikh, Karattuparambil, Juneenath, Nanda, Lohita, Raithatha, Bhavesh, Saad, Mahmood, Spimpolo, Jenny, Titinchi, Linda, Wilson, Julie, Winstone, Ulrika, Martindale, Sarah, Cameron, Ewen, Fenner, Lynn, Hartford-Beynon, Jake, Mooney, Iain, Mundy, Charlotte, Rhidian, Rhys, Scutt, Sophie, Todd, Anna, Graham, Fiona, Ashton, Amy, Cooper, Theresa, Davidson, Katherine, Eapen, Suresh, Crowther, Hannah, Hindmoor, Claire, McSkeane, Anna, Mostafa, Mahamed, Mudimadagu, Gururaj, Rice, Polly, Wilson, Antoinette, Henry, Garry, Hollister, Nigel, Hunt, Jane, Isaac, Amanda, Morris, David, Paredes-Guerra, Antonio, Pass, Katherine, Paul, Martin, Rait, Kiran, Rousseau, Guy, Shacklock, Emma, Skinner, Amanda, Stancombe, Lucia, Thomson, Laura, Nutt, Christopher, Wright, Geoffrey, Holland, Johnny, O'Neill, Orla, Sengottaiyans, Arun, Mitra, Atideb, Garg, Sanjeev, Adams, Jonathan, Aiyedun, Temitope, Ali, Hani, Biuk, Sahar, Bond, Bryany, Cheeseman, Michelle, Clayton, Mark, Cottam, Lisa-Jayne, Dent, Kathy, Evans, Elizabeth, Evans, Sandra, Goodhand, Hannah, Green, Karen, Hatton, Jonathan, Hill, Joanne, Hutchinson, Dorothy, Jacob, Shibu, Joseph, Renjith, MacNally, Laura, Mann, Jason, McTaggart, Virginia, Newton, Maria, Pearson, Sandra, Rayet, Jaspreet, Saunders, Rebecca, Saxena, Sandeep, Venkatesh, Hemamangala, Whotton, Nikita, Ezihe-Ejiofor, Ada, Barot, Hemangini, Bridger, Hayley, Elhallous, Shady, Ghafoor, Rizana, Manhas, Vitul, Patil, Tanmay, Sadavarte, Nitin, Tharmalingam, Bhamini, Pritchard, David, Bage, Jean, Higgin, Sarah, Krishnaier, Asokan, Neilly, Esther, Rayappu, Sean, Siaw, Chye, Songaile, Ilma, Standen, Peter, Suresh, Narayanan, Weston, William, Williams, Lynne, Yuchen, Jiang, Alagar, Ravi, Taylor, Adrian, Matata, Claire, McCrossan, Roopa, Robertson, Andrew, Shekar, Priya, Stoker, Wendy, Turnbull, Elizabeth, Watkinson, Clare, Worthy, Stephen, Yates, Bryan, Ignatov, Dancho, Davies, Matthew, Abdu, Ayman, Banni, Donata, Bowyer, Helen, Brooks, David, Buhmann, Ulf, Christenssen, Victoria, Collins, James, D'Sa, Aaron, Forde, Steven, Groves, Alice, Hosahalli, Jyothi, Hunt, Lauren, Koshy, George, Lee, Robyn, Martin, Susan, McKnight, Angus, Murphy, Piers, Nash, Henry, Nkanang, Bassey, Oracki, Pamela, Pauley, Tara, Pope, Alan, Samanta, Romit, Sgardelis, Panagiotis, Stocks, Tom, Vaitheeswaran, Sivaprakash, Verma, Priya, Vrazhalska, Madlena Ivanova, Weisz, Mike, Moppett, Iain, Arunachalam, Subha, Begum, Zorba, Bhangu, Sonia, Bown, Gemma, Chana, Avninder, Chhaniyara, Puja, Constable, Natalie, Delme, Luff, Fenner, Helen, Griffith, Oliver, Hackett, Stephen, Hewson, David, Inkpin, Kristofor, Jones, Richard, Kirkdale, Richard, Lyons, Ian, Mandal, Arnab, Mehrotra, Prerna, Murphy, Martin, Pearce-Smith, Alison, Priestley, Martin, Pyke, Shirley, Rasoli, Sonia, Sharma, Suneal, Squires, Gemma, Tsim, Peter, Veitch, Jonathan, Bond-Smith, Giles, Kay, Olivia, Siviter, Richard, Allen, John, Baxter, Linden, Beer, Sally, Bernardo, Mariana, Coles, Holly, Cudlip, Jo, Devries, Talitha, Duggleby, Phil, Espinosa, Alexis, Fitzgibbon, Karina, Galente, Joao, Georgiou, Domonique, Ghosh, Soumi, Hingley, Nicholas, Kingan, Ryan, Levett, Chris, Martinez, Jose, Mattin, Alex, Moore, Anna, Morrish, Samuel, Nash, Amy, Patel, Tejuswi, Roe, Cieron, Thwaites, Victoria, Wali, Anuj, Watterson, Dafydd, Charlotte Yates, Anna Wilson, Gimenez, Marc, Boltres, Anita, McClean, Rebecca, Papadopoullos, Sam, Teh, Elena, Webb, Stephen, Brammar, Andrew, Humphreys, Joanne, Alibhai, Moiz, Alston, Daisy, Cohen, Jolyon, Coleman, Laura, Davies, Simon, Dervin, Dionne, Dooley, Rebecca, Drummond, Andrew, Findlay, Douglas, Fleming, Naomi, Hammoud, Yazzim, Hussain, Sanniah, Irwin, Katy, Javed, Asad, Kent, Linda, Lock, Lorraine, McSorland, Denise, Meadows, Alison, Mulligan, Paula, Nichols, Wendy, O'Callaghan, Maria, Ogor, Jonathan, Poole, Joanna, Ryder, Geoffrey, Shakoor, Akmal, Teo, Wei, Minto, Gary, Adshead, Stephen, Anderson, Helen, Carpenter, Adam, Clelland, Stuart, Datar, Priya, Elloway, Esme, Holl, Matt, Hulbert, Aidan, Humphreys, James, Hyams, Ben, McAleer, Sam, Newmarch, Mary, Notman, Holly, Patrick, Abigail, Perham, Anna, Pitman, Catherine, Reed, Fiona, Sampson, Paul, Smith, Hannah, Spinney, Sam, Toms, Nina, Warrener, Tim, Girgis, Michael, Barcraft-Barnes, Helena, Camsooksai, Julie, Colvin, Carolyn, Davies, Jack, Hamilton, Alex, Linton, Fiona, Nussbaum, Greg, Patch, Sarah, Simpson, Diane, Tbaily, Lee, Bain, James, A'Court, Alicja, Barr, Emma, Blethyn, Kate, Craig, Thomas, Cutler, Hugh, Davies, Jenny, Fry, Rebecca, Hawes, Elizabeth, Jenkins, Nicholas, Knight, Martin, Restall, David, Stubbs, Matthew, Sutherland, Angus, Swarbrick, Claire, Wilson, Robin, Winwright, Paul, Hamilton, Kevin, Adams, Anne, Allen, Orlanda, Boampomaa, Marilyn, Boniface, Anna-Marie, Coe, Robert, Daniel, Amelia, Finn, Joanne, Gill, Issac, Griffiths, Huw, Hackney, Joanna, Han, Ruth, Hare, Edward, Rintoul, Edward, Shpuza, Ervin, Smith, Ruth, Staines, Nikki, Suppiah, Puvan, White, Tracey, Pearson, Darcy, Cracknell, Ben, Farrell, Nadine, Hermanowski, Jane, Hodgson, Ruth, Hoskins, Toby, Jones, Rhiannon, Keable, Sam, Rosbergen, Melissa, Giles, Julian, Dawes, Thomas, Green, Ben Eden, Pottinger, Gail, Weller, Debbie, John, John, Burgess, Lisa, Denton, Jean, Done, Alaine, Edwards, Jayne, Garrett, Theresa, Gilla, Rajesh, Griffith-Norris, Samantha, Jones, Teresa, Linklater-Jones, Barbara, Nicholas, Claire, Owen, Sara, Perkins, Charlotte, Rowlands, Tessa, Steen, Julie, Turner, Sarah, Wales, Johanna, Woolley, Carol-Ann, Hormis, Anil, Collier, Dawn, Dixon, Kathryn, Gardner, Michael, Murray, Vicky, Soar, Harry, Walker, Rachel, Yaruk, Shifa, Yarwood, Daniel, Dill-Russell, Patrick, ruthy Arumugam, Bird, Georgina, Bleasby, Nichola, Chater-Lea, Peter, Craig, Emma, Davies, George, Foxton, Julie, Gilfillan, Helen, Jerram, Keelan, Kudsk-Iversen, Søren, Lee, Rebecca, Livesy, John, Mohabir, Amanda, Morris, Katherine, Raffles, Mike, Smith, Annika, Wang, Huiqi, Craig, James, Barratt, Nina, Bates, Andy, Bokor, Norbert, Cranshaw, Julius, Dominguez, Sergio, Fraine, Annette, Green, Richard, Molloy, Katie, Penny, Christina, Pitts, Sally, Purandare, Laura, Rabbi, Taslima, Serrano, Monica, Stoycheva, Tina, Vamplew, Luke, Williams, Steve, Berry, Julian, Adams, Benita, Bean, Sarah, Burt, Karen, Devooght-Johnson, Nicki, Hammonds, Fiona, Nicholls, Tom, Rowe, Michelle, Summers, Jessica, Ward, Olivia, Wroath, Belinda, Young, Gabbie, Matthews, Cathryn, Crosbie, Gearoid, Dunn, Alex, Eddy, Sara, Garcia, Lynda, Garwood, James, Green, Adam, Gupwell, Karin, Jones, Nicola, Marriott, Suzie, Masood, Mohammad, Mazzola, Francesca, McEvoy, Evanna, Ng, Yang, Park, Linda, Pauling, Stephanie, Potter, Alison, Renton, Caroline, Samways, Adam, Sibley, Pauline, Stead, Jenny, Thorpe, Kevin, Turner, Elizabeth, Walter, Michelle, Windsor, Kevin, Jha, Rajeev, Hooker, Nicolas, Kidel, Carlos, Abayalingam, Mayavan, Boulding, Richard, Coakley, Philip, Elahi, Noor, Helder, Filipe, Hilton, James, Joshi, Kunal, Kaur, Rupinder, Male, Victoria, Naji, Saqib, Pinto, Manuel, Rajendran, Yohinee, Save, Manjeet, Smith, Megan, Spence, Emily, Tang, Sophie, Urwin, Thomas, Wittenberg, Marc, Yan, Ruoling, Williams, Colin, Ardeshna, Arjun, Bamford, Peter, Hagyard, Sarah, Johnson, Patrick, McMonagle, Martina, Morris, Hayleigh, Murphy, Thomas, Papadopoulos, Stavros, Simpson, Emma, Smith-Williams, Jonathan, Vyapury, Vin, Juneja, Rohit, Black, Ethel, Eeles, Alex, Elliot, Justine, Jhanji, Shaman, Knoetze, Reynard, McCanny, Jamie, Oswald, Lauren, Roderick, Ellie, Gunning, Paul, Siddaiah, Narendra, Balachandar, Krishna, Bhimarasetty, Chandra, Bird, Laura, Blunt, Conny, Da Silva, Egidio, Darbyshire, Mark, Echaveznaguicni, Irene, Girgis, Youssef, Goodman, Martin, Gowda, Dinkar, Gowni, Rajashekar, Hayes, Melony, Jackson, Natalie, James, Anitha, Jayapal, Rekha, Jones, Claudette, Leung, Enid, Minhas, Simran, Mubarak, Mona, Muniyappa, Sudeshkumar, Nassa, Zehrin, Neal, Tom, Nyangoni, Kudakwashe, Panchakshariah, Suresh, Philpott, Bethany, Pinner, Craig, Pygall, Daniel, Rangaiah, Manamohan, Rao, Anil, Rea, William, Shellard, Richard, Shinner, Guy, Sutherland, Tony, Tharakan, Liza, Thomas, Sue, Travasso, Betty, Venkatesh, Pyda, Wortley, Dionne, Dickinson, Matthew, Benoliel, Sophie, Doyle, Nanci, Marriott, Cheryl, Martin, Sarah, Montague, Laura, Penhaligon, Kate, Saha, Rita, Santhirapala, Ramai, Suntharanathan, Lushani, Wakeford, Nichola, Webb, Carly, Winterbottom, Toby, Jordan, Lesley, Aldridge, Matt, Bolton-Hill, Clare, Cook, Prof Tim, Kangesan, Inthu, Kettley, Laura, Mew, Edward, Penketh, James, Quinn, Eleonore, Scholes, Sam, Uppugonduri, Sreekanth Rayalu, Allen, Lara, Lyndsay Bibb, Jill Brown, Busby, Charlotte, Katherine Cheshire, Davis, Matron Beryl, Denyer, Rebecca, Julie Edwards, Gardiner, Laura, Haque, Shamim, Icke, Julia, Jones, Katherine, Donna McIntosh, Mandy Oakley, Prasad, Linda, Victoria Roberts, Smallwood, Andrew, Tammy Smith, Stelfox, Lucy, Angela Stevens, Angela Willberry, Pratt, Oliver, Chincholkar, Mahindra, Darwin, Leanne, Dearden, Joy, Flowerdew, Adele, Harrison, Louise, Hartley, Robert, Ingham, Andrea, Jones, Ben, Lee, Stephanie, Longdon, Elizabeth, Marsden, Tracy, Meats, Kirsty, Michael, Angiy, Norwood-Green, Drew, O'Loughlin, Victoria, Owen, Holly, Patel, Manju, Perez, Jane, Whiston, Jessica, Wood, Andrea, Williams, Simon, Billingham, Chloe, Clarke, Caroline, Holmwood, Xantha, Knighton, Melba, Sands, Becky, Stevens, Paul, Strong-Sheldrake, Sophia, Taylor, Matthew, Rambhatla, Mrutyunjaya Rao, Brodier, Elizabeth, Choudhry, Ozerah, Choudhry, Usman, Fitzmaurice, Bethany, Hulme, Jonathan, Kannan, Santhana, Mak, Kay Anne, Namih, Miriam, Rajdev, Bharati, Rambhatla, Swetha, Reilley, Stuart, Rice, Rebecca, Sethia, Nalini, Smith, Katy, Wakhle, Rahul, Walmsley, Chris, Wrench, Ian, Agyemang, Michael, Bell, Elizabeth, Bird, Sarah, Briscoe, James, Cruickshanks, Andy, Drinkwater, Jake, Eggleston, Sam, Elms, Henry, Hammon, Laura, Harris, Meredith, Harrison, Christopher, Hirst, Claire, Housley, Kay, Kapoor, Krish, Kibutu, Faith, Kilner, Beverly, King, Emily, Kirk, Emily, Marshall, Esme, Mazzone, Paolo, Middle, Janet, Milner, Leanne, Mitchell, Adam, Morris, Becky, Mudd, Alexandra, Needham, Matthew, Nicholas, James, Penson, Rob, Perfitt, Joel, Pinkerton, Mark, Recto, Mayeth, Rehnstrom, Maria, Riley, Catherine, Ryan, Lorna, Smith, Jennie, Strong, Samantha, Thornley, Helen, Tookey, Bethany, West, Daniel, Whitaker, John, Willcock, Sarah, Willoughby, Shay, Wright, Jane, Jones, Paul, Abbott, Riquella, Bacon, Lisa, Godden, Christopher, Howe, David, Loughlin, Angela, Moore, Helen, Passey, Samuel, Rodgers, Rebekah, Foley, Paul, Hagan, Samantha, Marcus, Simon, Gardner, Irene, Haslam, Zena, Morrison, Moira, Obeysekera, Chai, Porter, Kim, Terrett, Helen, Henning, Jeremy, Baillie, Kirsty, Buchanan, Ella, Cain, Martyn, Colling, Kerry, Duarte, Raquel, Gibb, Chris, Hynd, Ryan, Irvine, Victoria, Lyons, Rob, Middleton, Karoline, Razaque, Usman, Sheikh, Faisal, Tabiner, Tariq, Frey, Christian, Brown, Carly, Clifford, Gayle, McKee, Madeleine, Stidolph, Beverley, White, Emert, Campbell, Bridget, Mason, Sophie, Parsons, Penny, Santana-Vaz, Natasha, Stagg, Camilla, Shah, Nirav, Barnes, Veronica, Bedoes, Penny, Clarke, Jonathan, Crichton, Robert, Das, Madhurima, Davies, Paul, Farrah, Helen, Hegarty, Aoife, Howlett, Luisa, Kleine-Brueggeney, Maren, Ma, Samson, Marsh, Veronica, McAndrew, Katherine, Mellinghoff, Johannes, Oscier, Christopher, Ryan, Christine, Smee, Elizabeth, Thurairasa, Dushanthi, Goel, Vandana, Adeney, Christopher, Behl, Sanjay, Chadwick, Karen, Coleman, Thomas, Davies, Claire, Dealing, Sharon, Elwood, Jamie, Fadden, Emma, Gillies, Stella, Kennedy, Tom, Miller, Thomas, Morton, Simon, Reilly, Rebecca, Smyth, Sue, Syratt, Thomas, Welfare, Emma, Thomas, Elizabeth, Awolesi, Jennifer, Bennett, Hannah, Bradshaw, Elizabeth, Crabtree, David, Duraman, Lauren, Hughes, Kerry, Kirk, Sarah, Leonard, Dee, Stoeter, Rachel, Parrington, Simon, Andorka, Matyas, Ang, Kingsin, Bailey, Linda, Brooks, Stephanie, Chiu, Oon, Collins, Sally, Jack, James, Knight, Harry, Lynn-Smith, Anastasia, Mackenzie, Matt, Maher, Sarah, Nimako, Louise, Sangaralingham, Siva, Sanusi, Seliat, Weller, Samantha, Willard, Elizabeth, Kulkarni, Anand, Carroll, Peter, Clark, Martyn, Coulding, Martina, Denman, Elizabeth, El Habishi, Mohyman, Haywood, Patrick, McConniffe, Jane, McCormick, Jacqueline, Melachuri, Krishnakar, Philip, Evelyn, Ridgway, Stephanie, Savill, Heather, Sharif, Kamal, Vere, Joanne, Harris, Stephen, Coombs, Alex, Darch, Flora, Doble, Patricia, Foot, Jayne, Gillett, Chris, Judd, Thomas, Moss, Alison, Pawley, Corinne, Tait, Moira, Whitcher, Alison, Wood, Natalie, Montgomery, Jane, De Selincourt, Gabrielle, Fitzell, Pauline, Flower, Katie, Horan, Kathleen, Hulance, Bianca, Mercer, Pauline, Shaw, Sarah, Webber, Robin, Kakkar, Manish, Joachim, Suganthi, Aggarwal, Seetal, Ali, Amr, Ang, Boon, Bhardwa, Vishnu, Deamer, Wendy, Filby, Lorna, Fletcher, Jo, Fombon, Felix, Gawley, Shannon, Gosavi, Chandrakant, Hindle, Julia, Lawrence, Tara, Maher, Robert, Moore, Samantha, Netherton, Kimberley, Orasanu, Teodora, Poimenidi, Evangelia, Potter, Louise, Ranasinghe, Niyesa, Ribeiro, Lester, Ruth, Thoy, Butler, Susie, Sutton, Tim, Thomas, Issy, Veluvolu, Divya, Walker, Thomas, Wariyapola, Charindri, Zaheer, Lail, Luoma, Valpuri, Ferguson, Catriona, Stewart, Adrienne, Bapat, Smita, Bose, Gahan, Bugo, John, Campbell, Marta, Cervi, Elizabeth, Ciechanowicz, Sarah, Coathup, Rachel, El-Wahab, Niveen, Frith, Claire, Gill, Preea, Gray, Martin, Luoma, Astri, Mehta, Sachin, Murali, Mayur, Mussad, Asya, Parker, Laura, Patch, Josh, Perella, Paolo, Robson, Emily, Setty, Thunga, Vieira, Filipe, Wall, Josh, Witby, Jon, Zghaibe, Wael, Zhang, Sheldon, Merron, Stephen, Abano, Nenette, Barnett, Loretta, Barry, Adrian, Birks, Pamela, Brade, Judith, Butler, Adrian, Carpio, Racquel, Colclough, Viv, Eaton, Katrina, Edwards, Carol, Emery, Lisa, Finney, Kay, Gallagher, Susan, Ghatge, Satyajeet, Grocott, Jeanette, Hall, Amanda, Hardwick, Alison, Harrison, Anne, Hendy, Susan, Hiden, Joanne, James, Alex, Jeganath, Vijay, Kumar, Rahul, Lord, Stephen, Lovatt, Rachel, Lyjko, Susan, Maguire, Holly, Marsden, Mia, Mehta, Venu, Mishra, Rajeev, Mittal, Rohit, Moores, Andrew, Nalwaya, Pramod, Omeara, Matthew, Orosz, Sandor, Patel, Nehal, Pattison, Nicola, Ponce, Ida, Puttapa, Ashok, Rajamanickam, Tamilselvan, Rao, Nagaraj, Remegoso, Alda, Rhodes, Rochelle, Rooney, Angela, Sadler, Emma, Singh, Permendra, Soon, Wai, Tomlins, Simon, Umbarje, Kanchan, Vallabhaneni, Murali, Varquez, Resti, Wain, Jill, White, Sorana, Willetts, Elizabeth, Williams, Benedict, Wood, Andrew, Washington, Stephen, Anipindi, Sujata, Aston, Jennifer, Bradley-Potts, Joanne, Butler, Ian, Cunningham, Jennifer, Duncan, Alastair, Garrard, Hywel, Haslam, Daniel, Kirk, Danielle, McCormick, Richard, McEvoy, Michael, Mistry, Sara, Ormandy, Danielle, Sharp, Tracy, Song, Andrew, Williamson, Georgina, Young, Francis, Tasker, Laura, Bailey, Elizabeth, Baker, Roisin, Bamford, Amy, Bergin, Colin, Blackburn, Julia, Bodo, Kinga, Carrera, Ronald, Cooper, Lauren, Despy, Liesl, Ellis, Karen, Foster, Morgan, Garner, Sharon, Harkett, Lyndon, Harkett, Samantha, Ip, Peter, Lay, Frances, Liu, Hon Sum, Mee, Laura, Nazir, Samir, Osbourne-Wylde, Jacob, Patel, Krupali, Pope, Martin, Reeves, Emma, Sahni, Melanie, Small, Charlotte, Spooner, Brendon, Spruce, Elaine, Whitehouse, Arlo, Wharton, Nicholas, Alexander, Rachel, Ashford, Amy, Aspinall, Rebecca, Bateman, Richard, Bell, Matthew, Bennett-Britton, Jennifer, Bewley, Jeremy, Blanshard, Hannah, Bourdeaux, Christopher, Brook, Peter, Cain, Helen, Cameron, Claire, Cassells, Naomi, Chauhan, Nilesh, Clarke, Adrian, Cockroft, Melanie, Cohen, Alan, Collins, Joanna, Cominos, Timothy, Craven, Rachael, Davies, Ian, Dolling, Sarah, Dowse, Claire, Driver, Kate, Duffen, Adam, Dunn, Sarah-Jane, Earnshaw, Charlotte, Forrest, Frances, Freshwater-Turner, Dan, Gardner, Issie, Gibbins, Matthew, Gibbison, Ben, Gleeson, Suzanne, Gould, Timothy, Govier, Matthew, Gupta, Benjamin, Hadfield, John, Harvey, Nicola, Henderson, Sophia, Herbert, Lara, Hillier, James, Hood, Elizabeth, Howes, Ben, Howes, Helen, Hughes, Sian, Jackson, Kathryn, Jacobs, Toby, Jenkins, Emma, Jenkins, Ian, Johnstone, Alistair, Jones, Lydia, Jones, Rebecca, Joshi, Natasha, Kamalanathan, Kajan, Kellie, Neil, Kidd, Lawrence, Kinsella, Mike (Stephen), Knight, Thomas, Leslie, Rebecca, Linter, Stephen, Lovell, Tim, Martin, Matthew, McHugh, Ursula, McIndoe, Andrew, McKendry, Rachel, Middleditch, Alexander, Miles, Edward, Milne, Lesley, Molyneux, Mat, Muchatuta, Neil, Murphy, Ruth, O'Higgins, Fran, Oglesby, Kieran, Pachucki, Marcin, Paoloni, Claudia, Patel, Nishita, Patton, Catherine (Katie), Paulich, Skylar, Pearson, Annabel, Pickering, Anthony, Platt, Martin, Pope, Charlie, Pryn, Steve, Ranjan, Amit, Rasburn, Neil, Ray, Andrew, Rivers, Jonathan, Rooney, Kieron, Ryder, Ian, Sanders, Sarah, Sasi-Kumar, Kavita, Scott, Liam, Scrutton, Mark, Searles, Chloe, Self, James, Shah, Sanjoy, Sheils, Mark, Shipway, Toby, Short, Heather, Simmonds, Lauren, Smith, Daniela, Soodan, Anjali, Steeds, Charlotte, Sweet, Katie, Syme, Phoebe, Thomas, Matthew J., Tomkins, Sally, Underwood, Susan, Wagstaff, Adrian, Watson, Paul, Webster, Denise, Welham, Katie, Whaley, Anne, Williams, Helen, Wilson, Hannah, Winton, Anoushka, Woodward, Thomas, Worthington, Jeanie, Younie, Stuart, Bradbury, Carol, Auldin, Mohammad, Bosworth, Kate, Choksey, Falguni, Dudkowsky, Bernice, Elton, John, Evans, Gail, Grove, Charlotte, Ingram, Clare, Kelly, Andrew, Lax, Peter, Lynes, Elena, Madden, George, Mistry, Vinesh, Molitor, Timothy, Morgan, Catherine, Morris, Natalie, Pallister, Emily, Patel, Pooja, Ragothaman, Vijay, Ramm, Katie, Robinson, Ben, Sharma, Meghna, Shuttleworth, Daniel, Vaidyanath, Chandrashekhar, Warren, Jen, Wong, Rachel, Lau, Gary, Conway, Hannah, Majeed, Adeel, Parmar, Jaina, Rana, Meenal, Yusuff, Hakeem, Rimmer, Corinne, Abdelrhamen, Wael, Allison, Kathryn, Burns, Karen, Cahill, Nichola, Clark, Jon, Donaldson, Hannah, Heseltine, Nick, Mackenzie, Nicola, McArthur, Carol, Moreland, Neil, Shohelly, Sharmin, Thatcher, Hilary, Tran, Steven, Walker, Catriona, Al-Rawi, Samar, Wakatsuki, Mai, Aarvold, Alice, Addy, Melissa, Ashfield, Georgina, Beauchamp, Nigel, Belcher, Alex, Bennett, Tom, Burgess, Victoria, Burton, Andy, Campbell, Matthew, Cruikshank, Ross, Cumpstey, Andy, Davies, Rhys, Ford, Chris, Ford, Renee, Hawkins, Lesley, Hendra, Tim, Huttley, Thomas, Jolly, Erica, Kalcheva, Nevena, Kennedy, Charlie, Lees, Jessica, Lowe, Richard, Martindale, Tim, McCormick, Sarah, McPhee, Hannah, Millinchamp, Fran, Muddanyake, Rahul, Osorio, Eduardo, Patel, Kiran, Pestell, Samuel, Phillips, Steve, Plumb, Jamie, Pratt, Thomas, Quartermain, Bert, Reeves, Rebecca, Robin, Sophie, Scully, Thecla, Sehgal, Anamika, Seifalan, Said, Shuttleworth, Suzanne, Siddique, Omar, Sleap, Esme, Smith, Victoria, Snooks, Richard, Solanki, Virginia, Timmons, Christina, Trimble, Alice, Tunney, Doug, Walker, Kat, Wee, Naomi, Wigley, James, Wilkins, Huw, Wong, Hanna, Wood, Laura, Yogya, Dinithi, Young, Ruth, Shanbhag, Sumant, Ameer, Farrukh, Finnity, Jonathan, Haddock, James, Hunt, Alex, Kuravi, Aditya, Lenehen, Fionnuala, McOwat, Lindsay, Naqvi, Asad, Richardson, Lisa, Siddons, Victoria, Charters, Seema, Jumani, Deepa, Bradley, Peter, Bubb, Laura, Chan, Rebekah, Connell, Lynne, Crone, Rachel, Davis, Hannah, Defeyter, Pascal, Evans, Alison, Howard, Ramdas, Prady, Helena, Rogers, Natalie, Roughley, Lindsay, Whittle, Helen, Zeinali, Daniel, Cherian, Vinanti, Latif, Muhammad Usman, Bajwa, Maqsood, Guy, Jonny, Guz, Krzysztos, Iftikhar, Nauman, Iwanicka, Beata, Khan, Mujeeb, Love, Anna-Marie, Montgomery, Celia, Mulvany, Stephen, O'Kane, Emma, O'Kane, Sinead, Siddiqui, Mansoor, Small, Cathal, Subhani, Shaik, Dana, Emily, Kennedy, Richard, Amey, Isobel, Ashton, Hilary, Baird, Yolanda, Bushell, Caroline, Chadbourn, Indra, Cohen, Merle, Finlay, Emma, Gilbert, Jeanette, Helm, David, Lewis, Carla, Macallan, Jenny, Margalef, Jordi, Martins, Nic, Metiu, Gabi, Moore, Sally, Rose, Hannah, Standley, Tom, Page, Valerie, Bakonyi, Tomas, Ben-Nathan, Simon, Claridge, Melanie, Evans, Jackie, Gardiner, Harriet, Kantsedikas, Ilya, Lachana, Ann, Makker, Ratna, Markwell, Karen, Merrill, Colin, Mukerjee, Prasun, O'Donohoe, Lynn, Oglesby, Fiona, Osbourne, Laura, Parker, Beena, Passaro, Emelia, Russell, Katherine, Shah, Sneh, Sundayi, Saul, Walker, Elaine, Zhao, Xiao, Hosdurga, Guru, Cotterill, Donna, Crowther, Nicola, Dymond, Harvey, Ratcliffe-Law, Thomas, Saunders, Glenn, Saunders, Thomas, Gopal, Vijayakumar, Ahmed, Sajjad, Ali, Abdalla, Crawford, Sarah, De'Ath, Clare, Humphreys, Sally, Swanevelder, Carin, Yap, Yeng, Silk, Jane, Adeniba, Rashidat, Armstrong, Richard, Egole, Osi, Fan, Karen, Gilbert, Kayleigh, Gould, Laura, Hickman, John, Long, Fei, Pahary, Sheik, Reichman, Michelle, Simpson, Kathryn, Singaravelu, Suresh, Ahmed, Dabeeruddeen, Brailsford, Fiona, Bridge, Laura, Collis, Lauren, Jacob, Reni, Jones, Cathy, Kirrage, Amanda, Lowe, Jessica, Mullen, Joanne, Prenter, Andrew, Sarao, Sarbpreet, Sharpley, David, Wankhade, Kavita, Persad, Cindy, Burtenshaw, Andrew, Blyth, Kate, Corcoran, Felicity, Davis, Caroline, Dolan, Rachel, Hussain, Nageena, Pearson, Emma, Pierson, Anna, Poyntz, Victoria, Thrush, Jessica, Wollaston, Alex, Wollaston, Julie, Clements, Paul, Biswas, Arindam, Clayton, Sarah, Clayton, Thomas, Cochrane, Naomi, Duell, Kirsty, Evans, James, Gaskell, Mark, Heaton, Dianne, Heaton, Linzi, Hill, Claire, Killen, Ruth, Latham, Sandra, McIntosh, Gemma, Moore, Chris, Parkinson, Val, Pemberton, Nicola, Robinson, Matthew, Sawyer, Alastair, Sykes, Isabelle, Taylor, Tracey, Tierney, Caroline, van de Snepscheut-Jones, Katja, Wade, Emily, Wahid, Mohammed, Wang, Henry, Williams, Claire, Wu, Dominic, Yadagiri, Manjula, Zabauski, Dmitry, Troth, Laura, Andrews, Eleanor, Bains, Ranjit, Beard, Laura, Birch, Janine, Britton, Rachael, Salmon, Mike, Vassell, Elizabeth, Kubisz-Pudelko, Agnieszka, Allen, Jamie, Allison, Joanna, Baird, Andrew, Gregory, Rob, Luckhurst, Hannah, Mairs, Rebecca, Marshall, Ben, Pippard, Lucy, Pitt-Kerby, Tressy, Savva, Andrew, Walkden, Graham, Weegenaar, Celly, Chandler, Ben, Kanakaraj, Muthuraj, Chamberlain, Andy, Dyer, Simon, Elliott, Kerry, Forshaw, Greg, Furness, Rosie, Gibson, Andy, Howe, Laura, Kent, Sarah, Rodgers, Alicia, Straughan, Ben, Temlett, Emma, Whitwell, John, Wong, D.J.N., Harris, S.K., and Moonesinghe, S.R.

Published
2018
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45. Minimal effect of walking before dinner on glycemic responses in type 2 diabetes: outcomes from the multi-site E-PAraDiGM study

Author

Rees, Jordan L., Chang, Courtney R., François, Monique E., Marcotte-Chénard, Alexis, Fontvieille, Adeline, Klaprat, Nika D., Dyck, Rebecca A., Funk, Deanna R., Snydmiller, Gary, Bastell, Kent, Godkin, Florence E., Dubé, Marie-Christine, Riesco, Eléonor, McGavock, Jon M., Yardley, Jane E., Sigal, Ronald J., Gibala, Martin J., Weisnagel, S. John, Prado, Carla M., Jung, Mary, Manders, Ralph, Lee, Terry, Singer, Joel, Boulé, Normand G., and Little, Jonathan P.

Published
2019
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48. Is low-volume high-intensity interval training a time-efficient strategy to improve cardiometabolic health and body composition? A meta-analysis.

Author

Yin, Mingyue, Li, Hansen, Bai, Mingyang, Liu, Hengxian, Chen, Zhili, Deng, Jianfeng, Deng, Shengji, Meng, Chuan, Vollaard, Niels B. J., Little, Jonathan P., and Li, Yongming

Subjects
BODY composition, ONLINE information services, MEDICAL databases, OBESITY, BLOOD pressure, META-analysis, CARDIOPULMONARY fitness, SYSTEMATIC reviews, TIME, CARDIOVASCULAR diseases, ARTERIAL pressure, WAIST circumference, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, HIGH-intensity interval training, TIME management, MEDLINE, EXERCISE therapy
Abstract

The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (LV-HIIT; i.e., ≤5 min high-intensity exercise within a ≤15 min session) on cardiometabolic health and body composition. A systematic search was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to assess the effect of LV-HIIT on cardiometabolic health and body composition. Twenty-one studies (moderate to high quality) with a total of 849 participants were included in this meta-analysis. LV-HIIT increased cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, SMD = 1.19 [0.87, 1.50]) while lowering systolic blood pressure (SMD = −1.44 [−1.68, −1.20]), diastolic blood pressure (SMD = −1.51 [−1.75, −1.27]), mean arterial pressure (SMD = −1.55 [−1.80, −1.30]), MetS z-score (SMD = −0.76 [−1.02, −0.49]), fat mass (kg) (SMD = −0.22 [−0.44, 0.00]), fat mass (%) (SMD = −0.22 [−0.41, −0.02]), and waist circumference (SMD = −0.53 [−0.75, −0.31]) compared to untrained control (CONTROL). Despite a total time-commitment of LV-HIIT of only 14%–47% and 45%–94% compared to moderate-intensity continuous training and HV-HIIT, respectively, there were no statistically significant differences observed for any outcomes in comparisons between LV-HIIT and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or high-volume HIIT. Significant inverse dose–responses were observed between the change in CRF with LV-HIIT and sprint repetitions (β = −0.52 [−0.76, −0.28]), high-intensity duration (β = −0.21 [−0.39, −0.02]), and total duration (β = −0.19 [−0.36, −0.02]), while higher intensity significantly improved CRF gains. LV-HIIT can improve cardiometabolic health and body composition and represent a time-efficient alternative to MICT and HV-HIIT. Performing LV-HIIT at a higher intensity drives higher CRF gains. More repetitions, longer time at high intensity, and total session duration did not augment gains in CRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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49. Exercise in the workplace: examining the receptivity of practical and time-efficient stair-climbing "exercise snacks".

Author

Stork, Matthew J., Marcotte-Chénard, Alexis, Jung, Mary E., and Little, Jonathan P.

Subjects
WORK environment, SEDENTARY lifestyles, SNACK foods, TIME, ACCELEROMETERS, STAIR climbing, SELF-efficacy, COMPARATIVE studies, COOLDOWN, PHYSICAL activity, EXERCISE, HEALTH behavior, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, BODY movement, EXERCISE intensity, HIGH-intensity interval training, EXERCISE therapy
Abstract

In the workplace, people are often sedentary for prolonged time and do not regularly engage in physical activity—two factors independently linked to premature morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the receptivity of incorporating practical stair-climbing "exercise snacks" (Snacks; three isolated bouts of ascending 53–60 stairs performed sporadically throughout the day) into workplace settings compared to more traditional high-intensity interval training (HIIT; performed as three bouts of 53-60 stairs within a structured HIIT workout) and to explore if these exercise strategies could influence sedentary and physical activity behaviour. Fourteen participants (12 women; Mage = 38.9 ± 10.2 years) completed two supervised exercise trials (Snacks and HIIT) followed by 1 week participating in either form of exercise in their workplace. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective valence, enjoyment, and self-efficacy were measured at the supervised exercise sessions. During the follow-up period, sedentary behaviour and physical activity were measured with an accelerometer. Affective valence was more positive (p = 0.03; η2p = 0.21) and there was a lower rise in RPE (p = 0.01; η2p = 0.29) during Snacks than HIIT. Post-exercise enjoyment of, and self-efficacy towards, Snacks and HIIT were high and similar (ps > 0.05). After the supervised trials, 10/14 of the participants preferred Snacks and 4/14 preferred HIIT (p = 0.18). On days when participants chose to perform either exercise modality, the average number of sit-to-stands in a 24 h period was increased (48.3 ± 8.7 to 52.8 ± 7.8; p = 0.03; Hedge's g = 0.73) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity tended to increase (21.9 ± 18.2 to 38.1 ± 22.1 min; p = 0.06; Hedge's g = 0.60) compared to days when they chose not to exercise. Stair-climbing exercise snacks may be an attractive approach to implement in the workplace setting and has potential to positively impact sedentary behaviour and physical activity metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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50. The Effect of Novel Exogenous Ketone Supplements on Blood Beta-Hydroxybutyrate and Glucose.

Author

Falkenhain, Kaja, Daraei, Ali, and Little, Jonathan P.

Subjects
3-Hydroxybutyric acid, PILOT projects, CONFIDENCE intervals, BLOOD sugar, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, RESEARCH funding, STATISTICAL sampling, CROSSOVER trials, KETONES, ACIDOSIS
Abstract

Exogenous ketone monoesters can raise blood β-OHB and lower glucose without other nutritional modifications or invasive procedures. However, unpleasant taste and potential gastrointestinal discomfort may make adherence to supplementation challenging. Two novel ketone supplements promise an improved consumer experience but differ in their chemical properties; it is currently unknown how these affect blood β-OHB and blood glucose compared to the ketone monoester. In a double-blind randomized cross-over pilot study, N=12 healthy individuals (29 ± 5 years, BMI = 25 ± 4 kg/m2, 42% female) participated in three experimental trials with a different ketone supplement providing 10 grams of active ingredient in each; (i) the monoester (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, (ii) D-β-hydroxybutyric acid with R-1,3-butanediol, and (iii) R-1,3-butanediol. Blood β-OHB and glucose were measured via finger prick capillary blood samples at baseline and across 240 minutes post-supplementation. Supplement acceptability, hunger, and gastrointestinal distress were assessed via questionnaires. β-OHB was elevated compared to baseline in all conditions. Total and incremental area under the curve (p < 0.05) and peak β-OHB (p < 0.001) differed between conditions with highest values seen in the ketone monoester condition. Blood glucose was reduced after consumption of each supplement, with no differences in total and incremental area under the curve across supplements. Supplement acceptability was greatest for D-β-hydroxybutyric acid with R-1,3-butanediol, with no effect on hunger or evidence of gastrointestinal distress across all supplements. All ketone supplements tested raised β-OHB with highest values seen after ketone monoester ingestion. Blood glucose was lowered similarly across the assessed time frame with all three supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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