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International audience; Far beyond the problem of the quantity of money, false money appears as the general common issue in monetary debates that occurred in European countries in the 16th and 17th centuries. It first referred to sovereignty, in a time of state-building, as well as to a serious economic problem. Beyond sovereignty and economy, justice and the public faith were endangered by those who devoted themselves to falsify the currency. Yet, the thesis of this paper is that one cannot understand clearly the general topic of false money in the early modern period by reading texts of that time with today's general definition of false money. The variety of falsifications and their links appear especially when carefully reading the monetary discourses of Jean Bodin, Juan de Mariana and John Locke. These authors developed major arguments about the limits of political powers, elements which innerved their visions of currency management. A general claim to counteract counterfeiting (as implemented by individuals) may conceal a claim to suppress any possibility of debasing, and even enhancing, currency (as decided by princes). Making clearer monetary discourses on that topic and establishing a hierarchy between those dimensions help understand why the false money issue was firstly considered a matter of monetary justice by the prince himself. We propose, then, to identify the multiple dimensions of false money: counterfeiting, degradation of coins, debasement and enhancement; while some are the result of individuals, others are princes' decisions. Until the end of the 17th century, monetary instability impeded the development of production on the long run. Stabilizations, through a monetary revolution close to what had been proposed by Bodin, Mariana and Locke, occurred between the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century.

False money appeared as the general common issue in monetary debates that occured in European countries in the 16th and 17th centuries. It first refered to sovereignty, in a time of state-building, as well as to a serious economic problem. Beyond sovereignty and economy, justice and, then, the public faith, were endangered by those who devoted themselves to produce false coins. The thesis of this communication is that one cannot understand clearly the general topic of false money by reading texts of the time with today's general definition of false money. We propose, then, to identify the multiple dimensions of false money : counterfeiting (by individuals), degradations of coins (by individuals and officers of the Mint) and debasement and enhancement (by princes). These dimensions appeared in monetary discourses like Bodin's, Mariana's and Locke's ones, with sometimes a lack of clarity. Then, a general claim to counteract counterfeiting may conceal a claim to suppress any possibility of debasing currency. Making clearer monetary discourses on that topic and establishing a hierarchy between the three dimensions of false money helps to understand why the false money issue was firstly a matter of monetary justice by the prince himself. In order to do so, we pay special attention to Bodin, Mariana and Locke.

International audience; Regional creative resources include inventors. Policies conducive to inventors' productivity or attracting productive inventors promote regional development. We build on prior work on inventor mobility and productivity, analyzing German, French and British patents filed in the US by 7,500 "prolific" inventors (fifteen or more inventions). We measure inventor mobility across regions, companies and technologies. We analyze the relationships among mobility, productivity and value. We find geographic mobility increases inventor productivity in the UK and France but not in Germany and geographic mobility is not related to the value of inventions except in Germany where it has a negative effect.

International audience; In recent years, there has been an increase in research on conventions motivated by the game-theoretic contributions of the philosopher David Lewis. Prior to this surge in interest, discussions of convention in economics had been tied to the analysis of John Maynard Keynes's writings. These literatures are distinct and have very little overlap. Yet this confluence of interests raises interesting methodological questions. Does the use of a common term, convention, denote a set of shared concerns? Can we identify what differentiates the game theoretic models from the Keynesian ones? This paper maps out the three most developed accounts of convention within economics and discusses their relations with each other in an attempt to provide an answer.

Synthetic chapter presenting community and complementary currencies

This article deals with the contribution of organization theory to transaction cost economics from an examination of Williamson's theory of the firm. Borrowing and applying some conclusions of organization theory, Williamson rightly differs from other theories of the firm, particularly in his analysis of hierarchical authority, intra-firm conflicts, organizational atmosphere, and the farsighted contracting. Having shed light on the complementary and divergent thoughts of these two different disciplinary approaches to the firm, the article recalls Williamson's project of building a ‘science of organization’.

En juillet 2002, le vote par le Parlement européen de nouvelles normes comptables entrant en vigueur le 1er janvier 2005 pour les sociétés cotées, a orienté la comptabilité européenne vers un nouveau principe, celui de la " juste valeur ". Jusqu'à présent, la réglementation européenne s'inspirait essentiellement de la logique du coût historique : l'évaluation des actifs au bilan se fondait ainsi sur leurs " coûts d'acquisition amortis ". L'introduction du principe de juste valeur impose la détermination de la valeur des actifs par l'estimation des flux de profits anticipés actualisés dont ces actifs pourraient être à l'origine. Il s'agirait donc d'établir la valeur de chaque actif selon sa contribution potentielle au profit de l'entreprise.

As other European countries of that time, Early modern France was characterized by its monetary plurality. The purpose of the text is to present this plurality and analyse the ways it was articulated. After a presentation of the intention of the paper, Section 2 presents the problem of monetary articulations, referring to existing literature: competition is too often the only articulation mode referred to by economists; however, an other one is increasingly analyzed, complementarity. We state that complementarity is too vague to be relevant enough and build a conceptual framework identifying four distinct articulation modes : competition, simultaneousness, supplementarity and autonomy. Section 3 presents a short overview of monetary plurality in the French early modern period and it applies the theoretical framework to it in order to stress the various possible combinations of articulation modes of money. It emphasizes the case of royal coins as being close to supplementarity, the case of gold coins as being close to competition, and the case of méreaux as being between supplementarity and autonomy. Section 4 addresses briefly the question as to whether the monetary complexity of that period means chaos. The role of social stratification and intermediates in reducing the complexity of monetary plurality is emphasized. Section 5 concludes.

Couts et conformite aux recommandations pour la pratique clinique : Une etude pilote sur le traitement initial des sarcomesObjectif : Estimer l’impact economique de la conformite aux recommandations pour la pratique clinique (RPC) dans le cadre du traitement initial des sarcomes.Methodes : Patients traites au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon et/ou au Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer de la region Rhone-Alpes, France (n=90). Les principales donnees recueillies sont : les caracteristiques des patients, les conformites aux RPC, les resultats de sante et les couts. Les donnees ont ete extraites des dossiers patients et des departements de l’information medicale. Les logarithmes des couts de traitement ont ete modelises a partir de regressions lineaires et de Tobit.Resultats : Les taux de conformite aux RPC sont respectivement de 86 %, 66 %, 88 %, 89 % et 95 % pour le diagnostic initial, la chirurgie primaire, la chirurgie de reprise, la chimiotherapie et la radiotherapie. Le cout total moyen atteint 24 439 €, dont 1 784 € pour le diagnostic, 11 225 € pour la chirurgie (primaire et de reprise), 10 360 € pour la chimiotherapie et 1 016 € pour la radiotherapie. Un diagnostic conforme aux RPC coute moins cher ; Une chirurgie primaire conforme aux RPC augmente le cout de la chimiotherapie ; Une chimiotherapie conforme aux RPC diminue le cout de la radiotherapie.Conclusion : La chimiotherapie etant un des principaux vecteurs de cout, ces resultats corroborent, pour une tumeur rare, l’idee selon laquelle la conformite aux RPC augmente les couts a court terme.

Working paper GATE 08-22; Background: The impact of compliance to clinical practice guidelines (CPG) on outcomes and/or costs of care has not been completely clarified.Objective: To estimate relationships between medical expenditures and compliance to CPG for initial sarcoma treatment.Research design: Selected cohorts of patients diagnosed with sarcoma in 2005 and 2006, and treated at the University hospital and/or the cancer centre of the Rhône-Alpes region, France (n=90). Main outcome measurements were: patient characteristics, compliance with CPG, health outcomes, and costs. Data were mainly extracted from patient records. The logarithm of treatment costs was modelled using linear and Tobit regressions.Results: Rates of compliance with CPG were 86%, 66%, 88%, 89%, and 95% for initial diagnosis, primary surgical excision, wide surgical excision, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, respectively. Total average costs reached €24,439, with €1,784, €11,225, €10,360, and €1,016 for diagnosis, surgery (primary and wide surgical excisions), chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, respectively. Compliance of diagnosis with CPG decreased the cost of diagnosis, whereas compliance of primary surgical excision increased the cost of chemotherapy. Compliance of chemotherapy with CPG decreased the cost of radiotherapy.Conclusion: Since chemotherapy is one of the major cost drivers, these results support that compliance with guidelines increases medical care expenditures in short term.

Première version d'un rapport d'étape du projet ANR MOBINVENT.; In this paper we survey the literature dealing with the category of prolific inventor. We set out some elements regarding nature, scale, significance and impact of the mobility of this population of prolific inventors. In particular the paper suggests an analysis that measures the effects on mobility on individual inventive productivity and the value of invention. We call “prolificness” the capacity to accumulate knowledge and experience through mobility (that is to say through their capital of contacts and interactions).

International audience; Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 is a protease involved in cancer progression and tissue remodeling. Using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, we identified nuclear localization of MMP-3 in several cultured cell types and in human liver tissue sections. Western blot analysis of nuclear extracts revealed two immunoreactive forms of MMP-3 at 35 and 45 kd, with the 35-kd form exhibiting caseinolytic activity. By transient transfection, we expressed active MMP-3 fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP/aMMP-3) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. We showed that EGFP/aMMP-3 translocates into the nucleus. A functional nuclear localization signal was demonstrated by the loss of nuclear translocation after site-directed mutagenesis of a putative nuclear localization signal and by the ability of the MMP-3 nuclear localization signal to drive a heterologous protein into the nucleus. Finally, expression by Chinese hamster ovary cells of EGFP/aMMP-3 induced a twofold increase of apoptosis rate, compared with EGFP/pro-MMP-3, which does not translocate to the nucleus. Increased apoptosis was abolished by site-directed mutagenesis of the catalytic site of MMP-3 or by using the MMP inhibitor GM6001. This study elucidates for the first time the mechanisms of nuclear localization of a MMP and shows that nuclear MMP-3 can induce apoptosis via its catalytic activity.

Although today's main organisation principle of monetary spaces is the nation-state's one, everyone can see it is not totally the case because of the existence and the development of local and social currencies and other sorts of parallel currencies. European history gives very useful lessons on this matter. One can distinguish, indeed, three historical periods : firstly, an “old regime” with a great diversity of money, including forms of local currencies ; secondly, the building of nation states and, consequently, what Benjamin Cohen (1998) calls a “westphalian model of geography of money”, centred on the principle of one nation, one money, excluding local currencies different from national currencies ; thirdly, the contesting of such a regime of monetary sovereignty. European history gives, then, evidences that the contemporary dynamics of local currencies is not a new one, but that it is undoubtedly the most important of the third period. European history leads however to make significant differences between forms of monetary localisms. Those differences are analyzed within the following framework. First, we have to make a distinction between the nature of issuers : public authorities, groups of citizens, businesses and banks. Monetary localisms before the Westphalian era were mainly organized by public authorities (lords) and religious orders, whereas today's monetary localisms mainly come from citizens and businesses (except from emergency issues and secessions logics). Second, we have to make a distinction between the rationales for monetary localisms : sovereignty, seignoriage and financing needs, protecting spaces, revitalizing spaces, transforming the nature of exchanges and money. Monetary localisms before the Westphalian era were mainly organized in order to capture money and dynamize spaces, whereas one can find the four rationales in today's monetary localisms. The paper, after presenting the analytical framework, concentrates on three sorts of local currencies : local currencies as a result of necessities, local currencies issued by banks and local currencies aiming to change money. It concludes on the differences between local currencies in European history and contemporary local currencies.

The firm was evicted from economic analysis for a long time. It appeared as a particular and substantial"scope" thanks to the economist R.H. Coase at the end of the 1930'S but sunk into oblivion for threedecades. This paper deals with the 1970's renewal of interest in the theory of the firm, particularly fromthe development of new institutional economics. But we argue that these contractual approaches need tobe refined by considering – as Rajan and Zingales argue – the impacts of "financial revolution" and of thevaluation of human capital on firm performance. Some alternative theories – based on critical resourcesor competences – become more and more evident to analyze the nature and the boundaries of the firm.This one conceals – beyond the metaphor of the “nexus of contracts” – the features of a real"organizational entity". In this article, we want to shed light on the crossed-fertilization effects betweenthese theories in order to raise the issue of the boundaries of the firm and to dissociate the legal andeconomic nature of the firm. It is hence suitable to deal with the theoretical analysis of the network-firm.The characterization of this complex organizational form, which is coordinated by a "hub-firm" that has apower over other legally independent firms without recourse to equity ownership, allows us to reveal boththe nature of interfirm cooperation and its implications on the theory of the firm. Finally, we propose aconception of the firm based on power.

A former version of this paper was published as “Free Money for Social Progress : Theory and practice of Gesell's accelerated money”, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 57(8), October, 1998, pp. 469-483.; Silvio Gesell (1862-1930) proposed a system of stamped money in order to accelerate monetary circulation and to free money from interest. This was part of a global socialist system intended to free economy from rent and interest. In the 1930s, Irving Fisher, who proposed the system to President Roosevelt, and John Maynard Keynes rendered homage to Gesell's monetary proposals in the context of the economic depression. Among the experiments that took place, several were based on his ideas, notably in the Austrian town of Wörgl and in the United States. These experiments were always local and never lasted more than a few months. This article shows that trust is the main issue of this kind of monetary organization; and therefore, that such experiments can only take place successfully on a small scale.