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Research Findings: Greater self-regulation has been identified as a protective factor for low-income children's academic achievement. However, we know less about the long-term protective nature of specific aspects of self-regulation. Data were drawn from predominantly African American and Latino children in low-income communities in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio during early childhood (mean age = 4.84 years) and middle childhood (mean age = 9.30 years; n = 348). The current investigation found that preschoolers' overall self-regulation predicted their academic skills in middle childhood, net of child and family characteristics as well as academic competence during preschool. Furthermore, when executive function (EF) and effortful control (EC) in early childhood were examined as simultaneous predictors of quantitative and literacy scores during middle childhood, there were moderate linkages from EF to both academic domains. Practice or Policy: Our findings suggest that the long-term gains of interventions that focus on fostering global self-regulation in preschool may yield more benefits for math than for reading, especially if such programs target young children's executive function in particular.

Language brokering has been correlated with positive cognitive advantages, particularly in the younger years of translation. However, heavy translating has also been correlated with greater levels of psychological maladjustment. Fortunately, a cultural emphasis on family may reduce the adverse effects of translating. The current study examined emerging adults' psychological health in relation to their language brokering habits during adolescence, as moderated by the strength of interdependent and independent values in the family. It was predicted that a strong sense of familism, or a high value placed on the family, would moderate the adverse psychological effects of language brokering. It was found that at low levels of "familism," being a language broker was linked with a greater presence of anxiety symptoms. However, when familism was high, this value acted as a protective factor for the brokers. When examining depression symptoms, a strong connection to mainstream values was linked with less depression symptoms. Overall, these results suggest that a connectedness to both cultures may be beneficial to the adjustment of language brokers.

Background: There is a possibility that an incorrect diagnosis of hypothyroidism could be made in euthyroid dogs, and the prevalence of hypothyroidism in the dog population remains unknown. Objectives: To retrospectively assess the percentage of dogs diagnosed with, and treated for, hypothyroidism at first opinion practice which are likely to be hypothyroid and require levothyroxine supplementation. Animals: One hundred two client‐owned dogs were included in this study. Materials and Methods: The computerized databases of 7 first opinion practices were searched to identify dogs treated with levothyroxine supplementation. Three European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine—Companian Animals (ECVIM‐CA) diplomates independently assigned 1 of 4 clinical assessments to each case as follows: confirmed or likely hypothyroid, hypothyroidism suspected but not confirmed, hypothyroidism considered unlikely, and no reason to suspect hypothyroidism. They commented as to whether or not they thought levothyroxine supplementation was appropriate. Results: The clinical assessments of "confirmed or likely hypothyroid"; "Hypothyroidism suspected but not confirmed"; "Hypothyroidism considered unlikely"; and "No reason to suspect hypothyroidism" was assigned respectively by Clinician 1 to 38.2%, 5.9%, 3.9%, and 52% of cases, by Clinician 2 to 48%, 22.6%, 22.6%, 6.9% of cases, and by Clinician 3 to 55.9%, 11.8%, 13.7% and 18.6%. Clinician 1, Clinician 2, and Clinician 3 considered levothyroxine supplementation not indicated in 58.8%, 52.9%, and 45.1% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: These results support the concern that hypothyroidism might be overly and incorrectly diagnosed in first opinion practice, and that thyroid function testing should be performed only in those dogs with a high pretest probability of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immune‐mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) is a well‐recognised disease in dogs, but studies evaluating the response rates, relapse rates and long‐term outcomes are scarce. Objectives: To provide an updated description of the signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, distribution between subgroups, rates of response and relapse and long‐term outcome of 84 dogs diagnosed with IMPA at a single referral hospital. Methods: Dogs diagnosed with IMPA between January 2011 and December 2021 were identified. Dogs with neutrophilic inflammation in ≥2 joints were included. Cases with <1 month of follow‐up, or those missing pertinent data, were excluded. Results: A total of 84 cases were included. An initial response was achieved in 77/84 (92%) cases. Of the cases that initially responded, 37/77 (48%) suffered at least one relapse and 18/77 (23%) suffered multiple relapses. Indefinite treatment was recommended in 17/84 (20%) cases. Of the 70 dogs for which at least 12 months of follow‐up data were available, 12/70 (17%) were euthanised due to IMPA or for unknown reasons. Conclusion: IMPA carries a fair prognosis, but relapses occur in many cases and euthanasia due to relapsing or refractory disease is not uncommon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Principal and lobar bronchial collapse is increasingly recognized as an isolated entity. Objective: Retrospectively describe the procedure and outcomes of dogs undergoing bronchial stenting at a single referral hospital. Animals: Nine client‐owned dogs with variable degrees of collapse of the left principal bronchus (LPB), lobar bronchus 1 (LB1), and lobar bronchus 2 (LB2), and with clinically relevant signs of respiratory dysfunction. Methods: Data were collected from patient records. All dogs underwent stenting of the LPB and LB2. Anatomic and functional impairment grades were assigned to each case before and 4 weeks after stenting. Data regarding response to stenting and complications were evaluated. Results: Bronchial stenting was considered successful in all cases, with all dogs experiencing improved quality of life (QOL), and decreased functional impairment grade at 4 weeks post‐stenting. Follow‐up of >6 months was available for 6 dogs and of these, 5 were alive at 12 months, 3 were alive at 18 months, and 1 was alive at 24 months. Stent‐related complications occurred in 4 dogs, and were resolvable in 3. Two dogs developed pneumothorax, 1 developed recurrent pneumonia, and 1 developed new‐onset coughing. All dogs had mild and manageable coughing post‐stenting. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Stenting of the LBP and LB2 might be an effective option for dogs with advanced collapse of these bronchi and associated signs. Although all included dogs had resolution or improvement of clinical signs considered life‐threatening or as affecting QOL, ongoing coughing is expected. Patient selection appears important with regard to achieving successful outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored differences in sustained top‐down attentional control (i.e., proactive control) and spontaneous types of control (i.e., reactive control) in bilingual and monolingual speakers. We modified a Color‐Word Stroop task to varying levels of conflict and included switching trials in addition to more "traditional" inhibition Stroop conditions. The task was administered during scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate the temporal course of cognitive control during trials. The behavioral Stroop effect was observed across the whole sample; however, there were no differences in accuracy or response time between the bilingual and monolingual groups. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were calculated for the N200, N450, and conflict Sustained Potential (SP). On the pure‐blocked incongruent trials, the bilingual group displayed reduced signal during interference suppression (N450) and increased later signal, as indexed by the conflict SP. On the mixed‐block incongruent trials, both the bilinguals and monolinguals displayed increased later signal at the conflict SP. This suggests that proactive control may be a default mode for bilinguals on tasks requiring inhibition. In the switching trials, that place high demands on the executive control component of shifting, the language groups did not differ. Overall, these results suggest processing differences between bilinguals and monolinguals extend beyond early response inhibition processes. Greater integration of proactive and reactive control may be needed to sort conflicting language environments for bilinguals, which may be transferring to domain‐general mechanisms. This ERP study advances the literature on bilingual and monolingual processing of conflicting stimuli by demonstrating that language group differences extend beyond initial response inhibition processes. Bilinguals defaulted to greater proactive control activity on the inhibition trials of a Stroop task, which facilitated reductions in interference suppression. A greater integration of proactive and reactive control may be needed to sort conflicting language environments for bilinguals, which may be transferring to domain‐general mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three cases of gallbladder agenesis (GA) have been previously reported in the English-speaking veterinary literature. Affected dogs can be either asymptomatic or symptomatic with vomiting, retching, and anorexia previously reported. The previously reported cases and the dog in this report had marked elevations in alanine aminotransferase concentrations, and liver histopathology consistently showed bridging fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia. The condition is most often diagnosed in humans during exploratory surgery, which was also the case in the previous three dogs reported with GA. Computed tomography (CT) or MRI is now recommended for diagnosis of the condition in humans, and this is the first report of CT findings in an affected dog diagnosed without surgery. Bile stasis and cholangiohepatits have been proposed as secondary pathologies in both humans and dogs with GA, and histopathology and CT findings in this case support those theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic aplastic pancytopenia is an uncommon disease in dogs which results in pancytopenia and for which an immune‐mediated etiology is suspected. A small number of affected dogs reported in the veterinary literature have responded to immunosuppressive medication but the prognosis generally is considered poor with a reported mortality rate of 80%. Reported response rates to immunosuppression alone in affected people are low with overall and complete responses of 65 and 10%, respectively. With the addition of eltrombopag, an orally available thrombopoietin receptor agonist, reported overall and complete response rates in people increase to 94 and 58%, respectively. Herein, we report the use of eltrombopag in a dog with idiopathic aplastic pancytopenia. Eltrombopag was started after no response was seen to treatment with prednisolone and cyclosporine. Complete remission was achieved after the addition of eltrombopag and was sustained after stopping the medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literature review supplemented by interview data from a small sample of Haitian and Dominican immigrants living in Miami, Florida elucidates the complexities of Afrolatino-Dominican identity. The data include Dominican recollections of childhood warnings about threats posed by Haitians allegedly willing to cast spells and act as agents of punishment for misbehaving Dominican children. These data are consistent with antihaitianismo and the tendency for Dominicans to deny their African heritage in favor of their European Hispanic roots. The paper also explains how Dominicans' ethnic flexibility in navigating "racialized" social space in the US is relevant to future census measurement of race and ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Rectal temperature (RT) is routinely used to assess body temperature in cats but has limitations and can be poorly tolerated. Axillary temperature (AT) and tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) are reported alternatives. This study aimed to determine the differences between RT and AT, and between RT and TMT in cats. Additional aims were to examine the effect of environmental and patient factors on these differences and to assess patient tolerance to each technique. Methods AT, TMT and RT were measured in immediate succession. Measurement order was randomised, as was the choice of left or right axilla and tympanic membrane. A digital thermometer and a veterinary infrared ear thermometer were used. The subjective tolerance of each procedure was recorded. Results One hundred and fifty cats were included. Significantly more conscious cats were tolerant of AT (90.6%) than TMT (81.2%) and RT (53.0%). The rectal–axillary temperature difference ranged from −1.2°C to 1.4°C (median 0.1°C) and was within ±0.5°C in 78.0% of cats. On multivariable analysis the difference was larger in overweight cats, neutered cats, cats in which the right axilla was used and as the RT increased. The rectal–tympanic membrane temperature difference ranged from −1.6°C to 3°C (median −0.3°C) and was within ±0.5°C in 51.3% of cats, significantly fewer than for AT (P <0.001). The rectal–tympanic membrane temperature difference increased as the RT increased. Conclusions and relevance TMT and AT should not be used interchangeably with RT in cats. When RT measurement is not possible, AT is recommended over TMT as it is better tolerated and significantly fewer cats had clinically unacceptable differences (>0.5°C). AT may more closely reflect RT in normal or underweight cats than it does in overweight cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metastatic disease is frequently present at the time of diagnosis of canine thyroid carcinoma; however, utilisation of computed tomography (CT) alone for staging pre‐treatment has been rarely reported in the veterinary literature. Methods: The aims of this retrospective study were to stage affected dogs using CT findings of the cervical and thoracic regions, combined with histopathology/cytology results, in order to assess whether metastatic disease/WHO staging was of prognostic significance. Results: Fifty‐eight dogs were included in the study. Classification of cases into WHO stages I, II, III and IV were 10%, 50%, 9% and 31%, respectively. No statistically significant effect of WHO stage classification on overall survival/follow‐up time was found (P =.576). Surgery resulted in a statistically significant increase in overall survival/follow‐up time (P <.01). There was no statistically significant effect on overall survival/follow‐up time in dogs that received medical therapy, either as sole therapy or as an adjunctive post‐surgery (P =.198). Conclusion: In summary, this study documents the metastatic rate of canine thyroid carcinoma using CT for staging pre‐treatment. Staging utilising CT revealed a higher distant metastatic rate in dogs with thyroid carcinoma when compared to historical studies using different imaging techniques. As long‐term outcomes are possible for cases with advanced disease, surgical intervention could still be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]