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A multigene phylogenetic assessment of North American species of Mallocybe is presented based on analyses of rpb1, rpb2, ITS, and 28S rDNA nucleotide data. This framework enables a systematic revision of the genus for 16 eastern North American species and captures taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in a global context. A grade of two unusual and poorly known North American species stems from the most recent common ancestor of the genus that gives rise to three core subgroups named here as clades Unicolores, Nothosperma, and Mallocybe. The grade of taxa includes the poorly known Lepista praevillosa from Florida and a new species from the southern Appalachians, M. montana, both of which appear to be narrow-range endemics. Clade Nothosperma is characterized by Australian and New Zealand species, whereas clade Unicolores is composed of six species from eastern North America and East Asia. Clade Mallocybe is dominated by numerous north temperate taxa and constitutes the sister group to clade Nothosperma. These major clades are distinguished by a combination of phylogeny, morphology, geographic distribution, and ecology. In addition, four North American species are described as new: M. leucothrix, M. luteobasis, M. montana, and M. tomentella. Several names originating in North America, long ignored or misunderstood in the literature, are revitalized and established by type comparisons and modern reference material collected from or near type localities. In addition, 11 species were subjected to mass spectrometry muscarine assays, none of which contained detectable amounts of muscarine except for two: M. sabulosa and M. praevillosa. This confirms a diffuse phylogenetic distribution of muscarine within the genus. Taxonomic descriptions are presented for 16 species, several synonymies proposed, and four new combinations made. A key to species of eastern North American Mallocybe is presented, along with illustrations of important diagnostic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phylogenetic analysis of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), nuc rDNA 28S domains D1–D2 (28S), and the region between conserved domains 6 and 7 of RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) from multiple species of Alpova and Melanogaster revealed four major clades, proposed here as distinct genera: Melanogaster, Alpova s. str. containing the type species A. cinnamomeus, Neoalpova for the species around N. rubescens, and the new genus Paralpova, proposed here for P. artikutzensis, sp. nov. Alpova, Neoalpova, and Paralpova form a monophyletic lineage of hypogeous fungi with a pseudoparenchymatic structure in their peridium (at least in the inner layer) that could be interpreted as a single genus, but they are separated due to distinct morphological and ecological traits. Alpova s. str. is employed for species strictly associated with Alnus, lacking a conspicuous odor, and producing relatively small basidiomata and basidiospores <10 µm long. Neoalpova and Paralpova occur under other hosts, present a conspicuous odor, have larger basidiomata and basidiospores than Alpova, and have a prosenchymatic peridiopellis. Finally, Paralpova is characterized by the yellowish gleba, monosporic or bisporic basidia, and basidiospores >15 µm long with a mean length/width ratio (Qm) of <2.0. In addition, two new species of Neoalpova are proposed: N. arenicola, associated with Mediterranean forests in sandy soils and with spores slightly smaller and wider than those of N. rubescens, and N. montecchii, a cryptic species very similar to N. rubescens but for its putatively smaller peridiopellis elements and its genetic profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Structural reassignment of a hexaisoindoline Fe(III) complex into a phthalocyanine-derived Fe(III) one. • It has a high catalytic activity on the oxidation of FAMEs and on the decomposition of hydroperoxides. • It induces good hardness and low yellowing of a paint film. Abstract The structure of a hexaisoindoline iron(III) complex reported in 1962 was corrected as the one of a recently described helmet phthalocyanine-like iron(III) complex. Accordingly, its catalytic activities were compared to commercial Co(II) and Fe(II) driers towards the oxidation of bulk FAMEs through oxygen uptake measurements and by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, as well as its ability to decompose methyl linoleate hydroperoxides. It is shown that the phthalocyanine-like iron(III) complex presents higher catalytic performances at low concentrations and under mild conditions of temperature and pressure, both on the overall oxidation process and on the decomposition steps of the drying chemical process. The efficiency of the phthalocyanine-derived iron(III) complex was confirmed by the drying of an alkyd resin emulsion and a satin white paint formulation which exhibits a very good hardness and a low yellowing of the film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several members of the genus Peziza sensu stricto occur at the edge of melting snow. These nivicolous species have been widely reported in the Northern Hemisphere and are also known from Australia and New Zealand. We have used 16 specimens from North America and Australia to study morphology and to perform DNA sequencing. In sequence analyses, we have used ITS1 and ITS2 (internal transcribed spacers), 28S, RPB2 (RNA polymerase II gene), and two genes new to these studies, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and HSP90 (heat shock protein 90). Although not all regions are available for all samples, we have recognized the following species: Peziza heimii, P. nivalis , and P. nivis . Phylogenetic analyses were done using ITS alone; combined ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, 28S, and RPB2 ; ITS, and 28S, RPB2, GAPDH , and HSP90 . Even with this augmented set of genes and despite their widespread occurrence in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, we have not definitively distinguished species within this group. To assess these results, pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) analysis was employed. This showed evidence of recombination among the samples of P. nivalis and further supports the view of P. nivalis as a monophyletic cosmopolitan species. As part of this study, we also examined the variation in ITS copies in P. echinospora , for which a genome is available.

We studied the taxonomy of Pluteus podospileus and similar species using morphological and molecular (nrITS, TEF1-α ) data, including a detailed study of the type collections of P. inflatus var. alneus , Pluteus minutissimus f. major, and P. granulatus var. tenellus . Within the P. podospileus complex, we phylogenetically confirmed six species in Europe, five in Asia, and eight in North America. Based on our results, we recognize P. seticeps as a separate species occurring in North America, while P. podospileus is limited to Eurasia. We describe six new species and a new variety: P. absconditus , P. fuscodiscus , P. gausapatus , P. inexpectatus , P. millsii, and P. notabilis and its variety, P. notabilis var. insignis . We elevate Pluteus seticeps var. cystidiosus to species rank as Pluteus cystidiosus . Based on the holotype of P. inflatus var. alneus , collections of P. inflatus identified by Velenovský, and several modern collections, we resurrect the name P. inflatus . Based on molecular analyses of syntypes of Pluteus minutissimus f. major and a holotype of Pluteus granulatus var. tenellus , we synonymize them under P. inflatus . We also increase our knowledge about the morphology and distribution of P. cutefractus ., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Argentina , Neocamarosporium halophilum in leaf spots of Atriplex undulata . Australia , Aschersonia merianiae on scale insect ( Coccoidea ), Curvularia huamulaniae isolated from air, Hevansia mainiae on dead spider, Ophiocordyceps poecilometigena on Poecilometis sp. Bolivia , Lecanora menthoides on sandstone, in open semi-desert montane areas, Sticta monlueckiorum corticolous in a forest, Trichonectria epimegalosporae on apothecia of corticolous Megalospora sulphurata var. sulphurata , Trichonectria puncteliae on the thallus of Punctelia borreri . Brazil , Catenomargarita pseudocercosporicola (incl. Catenomargarita gen. nov.) hyperparasitic on Pseudocercospora fijiensis on leaves of Musa acuminata , Tulasnella restingae on protocorms and roots of Epidendrum fulgens . Bulgaria , Anthracoidea umbrosae on Carex spp. Croatia , Hymenoscyphus radicis from surface-sterilised, asymptomatic roots of Microthlaspi erraticum , Orbilia multiserpentina on wood of decorticated branches of Quercus pubescens . France , Calosporella punctatispora on dead corticated twigs of Aceropalus . French West Indies (Martinique) , Eutypella lechatii on dead corticated palm stem. Germany , Arrhenia alcalinophila on loamy soil. Iceland , Cistella blauvikensis on dead grass ( Poaceae ). India , Fulvifomes maritimus on living Peltophorum pterocarpum , Fulvifomes natarajanii on dead wood of Prosopis juliflora , Fulvifomes subazonatus on trunk of Azadirachta indica , Macrolepiota bharadwajii on moist soil near the forest, Narcissea delicata on decaying elephant dung, Paramyrothecium indicum on living leaves of Hibiscus hispidissimus , Trichoglossum syamviswanathii on moist soil near the base of a bamboo plantation. Iran , Vacuiphoma astragalicola from stem canker of Astragalus sarcocolla . Malaysia , Neoeriomycopsis fissistigmae (incl. Neoeriomycopsidaceae fam. nov.) on leaf spots on flower Fissistigma sp. Namibia , Exophiala lichenicola lichenicolous on Acarospora cf. luederitzensis . Netherlands , Entoloma occultatum on soil, Extremus caricis on dead leaves of Carex sp., Inocybe pseudomytiliodora on loamy soil. Norway , Inocybe guldeniae on calcareous soil, Inocybe rupestroides on gravelly soil. Pakistan , Hymenagaricus brunneodiscus on soil. Philippines , Ophiocordyceps philippinensis parasitic on Asilus sp. Poland , Hawksworthiomyces ciconiae isolated from Ciconia ciconia nest, Plectosphaerella vigrensis from leaf spots on Impatiens noli-tangere , Xenoramularia epitaxicola from sooty mould community on Taxus baccata . Portugal , Inocybe dagamae on clay soil. Saudi Arabia , Diaporthe jazanensis on branches of Coffea arabica . South Africa , Alternaria moraeae on dead leaves of Moraea sp., Bonitomyces buffels-kloofinus (incl. Bonitomyces gen. nov.) on dead twigs of unknown tree, Constrictochalara koukolii on living leaves of Itea rhamnoides colonised by a Meliola sp., Cylindromonium lichenophilum on Parmelina tiliacea , Gamszarella buffelskloofina (incl. Gamszarella gen. nov.) on dead insect, Isthmosporiella africana (incl. Isthmosporiella gen. nov.) on dead twigs of unknown tree, Nothoeucasphaeria buffelskloofina (incl. Nothoeucasphaeria gen. nov.), on dead twigs of unknown tree, Nothomicrothyrium beaucarneae (incl. Nothomicrothyrium gen. nov.) on dead leaves of Beaucarnea stricta , Paramycosphaerella proteae on living leaves of Protea caffra , Querciphoma foliicola on leaf litter, Rachicladosporium conostomii on dead twigs of Conostomium natalense var. glabrum , Rhamphoriopsis synnematosa on dead twig of unknown tree, Waltergamsia mpumalanga on dead leaves of unknown tree. Spain , Amanita fulvogrisea on limestone soil, in mixed forest, Amanita herculis in open Quercus forest, Vuilleminia beltraniae on Cistus symphytifolius . Sweden , Pachyella pulchella on decaying wood on sand-silt riverbank. Thailand , Deniquelata cassiae on dead stem of Cassia fistula , Stomiopeltis thailandica on dead twigs of Magnolia champaca . Ukraine , Circinaria podoliana on natural limestone outcrops, Neonematogonum carpinicola (incl. Neonematogonum gen. nov.) on dead branches of Carpinus betulus . USA , Exophiala wilsonii water from cooling tower, Hygrophorus aesculeticola on soil in mixed forest, and Neocelosporium aereum from air in a house attic. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. Citation : Crous PW, Costa MM, Kandemir H, et al. 2023. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1550-1613. Persoonia 51: 280-417. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.08., (© 2023 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.)

We studied the taxonomy of Pluteus romellii , and morphologically similar Holarctic species in the /romellii clade of section Celluloderma , using morphological and molecular data (nrITS, TEF1-α ). Pluteus romellii is lectotypified and epitypified and accepted as an exclusively Eurasian species. Pluteus lutescens and P. pallescens are considered synonyms of P. romellii . Pluteus fulvibadius is accepted as a related, but separate, North American species. Five species in the /romellii clade are described as new to science: two from North America ( P. austrofulvus and P. parvisporus ), one from Asia ( P. parvicarpus ), one from Europe ( P. siccus ), and one widely distributed across the Holarctic region ( P. vellingae ). Basidioma size, pileus color, lamellae color, basidiospore size, hymenial cystidia shape and size, habitat and geographical distribution help separate the species described here, but in some instances only molecular data allows for confident identification. The current status of P. californicus , P. melleipes , P. romellii var. luteoalbus , P. splendidus , P. sternbergii and P. sulphureus is discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antartica , Cladosporium austrolitorale from coastal sea sand. Australia , Austroboletus yourkae on soil, Crepidotus innuopurpureus on dead wood, Curvularia stenotaphri from roots and leaves of Stenotaphrum secundatum and Thecaphora stajsicii from capsules of Oxalis radicosa. Belgium , Paraxerochrysium coryli (incl. Paraxerochrysium gen. nov.) from Corylus avellana. Brazil , Calvatia nordestina on soil, Didymella tabebuiicola from leaf spots on Tabebuia aurea, Fusarium subflagellisporum from hypertrophied floral and vegetative branches of Mangifera indica and Microdochium maculosum from living leaves of Digitaria insularis. Canada , Cuphophyllus bondii from a grassland. Croatia , Mollisia inferiseptata from a rotten Laurus nobilis trunk. Cyprus , Amanita exilis on calcareous soil. Czech Republic , Cytospora hippophaicola from wood of symptomatic Vaccinium corymbosum. Denmark , Lasiosphaeria deviata on pieces of wood and herbaceous debris. Dominican Republic , Calocybella goethei among grass on a lawn. France (Corsica) , Inocybe corsica on wet ground. France (French Guiana) , Trechispora patawaensis on decayed branch of unknown angiosperm tree and Trechispora subregularis on decayed log of unknown angiosperm tree. Germany , Paramicrothecium sambuci (incl. Paramicrothecium gen. nov.) on dead stems of Sambucus nigra. India , Aureobasidium microtermitis from the gut of a Microtermes sp. termite, Laccaria diospyricola on soil and Phylloporia tamilnadensis on branches of Catunaregam spinosa . Iran , Pythium serotinoosporum from soil under Prunus dulcis. Italy , Pluteus brunneovenosus on twigs of broadleaved trees on the ground. Japan , Heterophoma rehmanniae on leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa f. hueichingensis. Kazakhstan , Murispora kazachstanica from healthy roots of Triticum aestivum. Namibia , Caespitomonium euphorbiae (incl. Caespitomonium gen. nov.) from stems of an Euphorbia sp. Netherlands , Alfaria junci, Myrmecridium junci, Myrmecridium juncicola, Myrmecridium juncigenum, Ophioceras junci, Paradinemasporium junci (incl. Paradinemasporium gen. nov.), Phialoseptomonium junci, Sporidesmiella juncicola, Xenopyricularia junci and Zaanenomyces quadripartis (incl. Zaanenomyces gen. nov.), from dead culms of Juncus effusus, Cylindromonium everniae and Rhodoveronaea everniae from Evernia prunastri, Cyphellophora sambuci and Myrmecridium sambuci from Sambucus nigra, Kiflimonium junci, Sarocladium junci, Zaanenomyces moderatricis-academiae and Zaanenomyces versatilis from dead culms of Juncus inflexus, Microcera physciae from Physcia tenella, Myrmecridium dactylidis from dead culms of Dactylis glomerata, Neochalara spiraeae and Sporidesmium spiraeae from leaves of Spiraea japonica, Neofabraea salicina from Salix sp., Paradissoconium narthecii (incl. Paradissoconium gen. nov.) from dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum, Polyscytalum vaccinii from Vaccinium myrtillus, Pseudosoloacrosporiella cryptomeriae (incl. Pseudosoloacrosporiella gen. nov.) from leaves of Cryptomeria japonica, Ramularia pararhabdospora from Plantago lanceolata, Sporidesmiella pini from needles of Pinus sylvestris and Xenoacrodontium juglandis (incl. Xenoacrodontium gen. nov. and Xenoacrodontiaceae fam. nov.) from Juglans regia . New Zealand , Cryptometrion metrosideri from twigs of Metrosideros sp., Coccomyces pycnophyllocladi from dead leaves of Phyllocladus alpinus, Hypoderma aliforme from fallen leaves Fuscopora solandri and Hypoderma subiculatum from dead leaves Phormium tenax. Norway , Neodevriesia kalakoutskii from permafrost and Variabilispora viridis from driftwood of Picea abies. Portugal , Entomortierella hereditatis from a biofilm covering a deteriorated limestone wall. Russia , Colpoma junipericola from needles of Juniperus sabina, Entoloma cinnamomeum on soil in grasslands, Entoloma verae on soil in grasslands, Hyphodermella pallidostraminea on a dry dead branch of Actinidia sp., Lepiota sayanensis on litter in a mixed forest, Papiliotrema horticola from Malus communis , Paramacroventuria ribis (incl. Paramacroventuria gen. nov.) from leaves of Ribes aureum and Paramyrothecium lathyri from leaves of Lathyrus tuberosus. South Africa , Harzia combreti from leaf litter of Combretum collinum ssp. sulvense, Penicillium xyleborini from Xyleborinus saxesenii , Phaeoisaria dalbergiae from bark of Dalbergia armata, Protocreopsis euphorbiae from leaf litter of Euphorbia ingens and Roigiella syzygii from twigs of Syzygium chordatum . Spain , Genea zamorana on sandy soil, Gymnopus nigrescens on Scleropodium touretii, Hesperomyces parexochomi on Parexochomus quadriplagiatus, Paraphoma variabilis from dung, Phaeococcomyces kinklidomatophilus from a blackened metal railing of an industrial warehouse and Tuber suaveolens in soil under Quercus faginea. Svalbard and Jan Mayen , Inocybe nivea associated with Salix polaris. Thailand , Biscogniauxia whalleyi on corticated wood. UK , Parasitella quercicola from Quercus robur. USA , Aspergillus arizonicus from indoor air in a hospital, Caeliomyces tampanus (incl. Caeliomyces gen. nov.) from office dust, Cippumomyces mortalis (incl. Cippumomyces gen. nov.) from a tombstone, Cylindrium desperesense from air in a store, Tetracoccosporium pseudoaerium from air sample in house, Toxicocladosporium glendoranum from air in a brick room, Toxicocladosporium losalamitosense from air in a classroom, Valsonectria portsmouthensis from air in men's locker room and Varicosporellopsis americana from sludge in a water reservoir. Vietnam , Entoloma kovalenkoi on rotten wood, Fusarium chuoi inside seed of Musa itinerans , Micropsalliota albofelina on soil in tropical evergreen mixed forests and Phytophthora docyniae from soil and roots of Docynia indica. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. Citation : Crous PW, Osieck ER, Jurjević Ž, et al. 2021. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1284-1382. Persoonia 47: 178-374. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.06., (© 2021 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.)

Suillus is among the best-known examples of an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal genus that demonstrates a high degree of host specificity. Currently recognized host genera of Suillus include Larix, Pinus , and Pseudotsuga , which all belong to the pinoid clade of the family Pinaceae. Intriguingly, Suillus sporocarps have been sporadically collected in forests in which known hosts from these genera are locally absent. To determine the capacity of Suillus to associate with alternative hosts in both the pinoid and abietoid clades of Pinaceae, we examined the host associations of two Suillus species ( S. punctatipes and S. glandulosus ) through field-based root tip sampling and seedling bioassays. Root tip collections underneath Suillus sporocarps were molecularly identified (fungi: nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 [ITS barcode]; plant: trn L) to assess the association with multiple hosts. The bioassays contained both single- and two-species treatments, including a primary ( Larix or Pseudotsuga ) and a secondary ( Picea, Pinus , or Abies ) host. For the S. punctatipes bioassay, an additional treatment in which the primary host was removed after 8 mo was included to assess the effect of primary host presence on longer-term ECM colonization. The field-based results confirmed that Suillus fungi were able to associate with Abies and Tsuga hosts, representing novel host genera for this genus. In the bioassays, colonization on the primary hosts was detected in both single- and two-species treatments, but no colonization was present when Picea and Abies hosts were grown alone. Removal of a primary host had no effect on percent ECM colonization, suggesting that primary hosts are not necessary for sustaining Suillus colonization once they are successfully established on secondary hosts. Collectively, our results indicate that host specificity is more flexible in this genus than previously acknowledged and help to explain the presence of Suillus in forests where recognized hosts are not present.

As currently delineated, Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini is a polyphyletic assembly within subg. Colorati , encompassing glutinous and pigmented taxa. According to available literature, between a dozen and twenty species may belong in the section, mostly represented in continental and boreal forests of Europe and North America. However, the limited phylogenetic and biogeographic coverage of the genus does not presently allow for a reliable assessment of its taxonomic boundaries, nor does it provide a complete picture of species diversity within sect. Olivaceoumbrini . In an ongoing effort to confer an evolutionary backbone to Hygrophorus systematics, we assembled and analysed a dataset comprising 268 intercontinental sequences, including holotypes of 7 taxa previously not positioned phylogenetically, and enriched with collections from largely unexplored Mediterranean and Anatolian ecosystems. Overall, 30 clades are identified within 5 distinct lineages, including 11 species putatively new to science. Seven of these are formally described here as H. agathosmoides , H. albofloccosus , H. canadensis , H. limosus , H. marcocontui , H. pinophilus and H. pustulatoides spp. nov. This enriched coverage of section Olivaceoumbrini s.lat. calls for a re-evaluation of its natural boundaries into a core monophyletic clade, including H. olivaceoalbus and five closely related lookalikes, as well as the assignment of the section rank to the four remaining lineages: sect. Fuscocinerei sect. nov., sect. Limacini sect. nov., sect. Nudolidi sect. nov. and sect. Tephroleuci , respectively. We also stabilize the usage of six historical names, H. glutinifer , H. hyacinthinus , H. mesotephrus , H. olivaceoalbus , H. pustulatus and H. tephroleucus , through designation of two neotypes, three lectotypes and four epitypes. Citation : Bellanger J-M, Lebeuf R, Sesli E, et al. 2021. Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini: new boundaries, extended biogeography and unexpected diversity unravelled by transatlantic studies. Persoonia 46: 272-312. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.46.10., (© 2021 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.)

Hypothesis: The insertion of polyether spacers between the anionic head and the alkyl chain of ionic surfactants significantly improves their salt-tolerance. The aim of this work is to study whether the petro-based polyethoxy spacer can be replaced by a glyceryl ether group for high salinity applications., Experiments: A series of amphiphilic sodium salts of alkyl glyceryl ether carboxylates are synthesized with different alkyl chain lengths from 4 to 12 and various spacers between the glyceryl and the carboxylate groups. Their aggregation behavior is studied by tensiometry and their amphiphilicities are assessed by the PIT-slope method. The dramatic effect of the methylation of the glyceryl spacer on the salt-tolerance is highlighted, and rationalized by DFT calculations and molecular dynamics., Findings: In contrast to the corresponding sodium soap, n-C 6 H 13 -CO 2 Na, and to the non-methylated counterpart, the sodium salt of 1-pentyl-3-methyl glyceryl ether methylene carboxylate ([5.0.1]-CH 2 CO 2 Na) exhibits an excellent salt-tolerance since it remains water-soluble with NaCl or CaCl 2 concentrations greater than 20 wt% at 25 °C. Amphiphiles with short alkyl chains (8 ) act as hydrotropes whereas longer compounds behave as surfactants whose CMC are lower than their corresponding isomers with ethoxy spacers n-C i (EO) 2 CH 2 CO 2 Na., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia , Austroboletus asper on soil, Cylindromonium alloxyli on leaves of Alloxylon pinnatum, Davidhawksworthia quintiniae on leaves of Quintinia sieberi, Exophiala prostantherae on leaves of Prostanthera sp., Lactifluus lactiglaucus on soil, Linteromyces quintiniae (incl. Linteromyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Quintinia sieberi , Lophotrichus medusoides from stem tissue of Citrus garrawayi , Mycena pulchra on soil, Neocalonectria tristaniopsidis (incl. Neocalonectria gen. nov.) and Xyladictyochaeta tristaniopsidis on leaves of Tristaniopsis collina, Parasarocladium tasmanniae on leaves of Tasmannia insipida , Phytophthora aquae-cooljarloo from pond water, Serendipita whamiae as endophyte from roots of Eriochilus cucullatus , Veloboletus limbatus (incl. Veloboletus gen. nov.) on soil. Austria , Cortinarius glaucoelotus on soil. Bulgaria , Suhomyces rilaensis from the gut of Bolitophagus interruptus found on a Polyporus sp. Canada , Cantharellus betularum among leaf litter of Betula , Penicillium saanichii from house dust. Chile , Circinella lampensis on soil, Exophiala embothrii from rhizosphere of Embothrium coccineum. China , Colletotrichum cycadis on leaves of Cycas revoluta. Croatia , Phialocephala melitaea on fallen branch of Pinus halepensis . Czech Republic , Geoglossum jirinae on soil, Pyrenochaetopsis rajhradensis from dead wood of Buxus sempervirens. Dominican Republic , Amanita domingensis on litter of deciduous wood, Melanoleuca dominicana on forest litter. France , Crinipellis nigrolamellata (Martinique) on leaves of Pisonia fragrans , Talaromyces pulveris from bore dust of Xestobium rufovillosum infesting floorboards. French Guiana , Hypoxylon hepaticolor on dead corticated branch. Great Britain , Inocybe ionolepis on soil. India , Cortinarius indopurpurascens among leaf litter of Quercus leucotrichophora. Iran , Pseudopyricularia javanii on infected leaves of Cyperus sp., Xenomonodictys iranica (incl. Xenomonodictys gen. nov.) on wood of Fagus orientalis. Italy , Penicillium vallebormidaense from compost. Namibia , Alternaria mirabibensis on plant litter, Curvularia moringae and Moringomyces phantasmae (incl. Moringomyces gen. nov.) on leaves and flowers of Moringa ovalifolia, Gobabebomyces vachelliae (incl. Gobabebomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Vachellia erioloba, Preussia procaviae on dung of Procavia capensis. Pakistan , Russula shawarensis from soil on forest floor. Russia , Cyberlindnera dauci from Daucus carota . South Africa , Acremonium behniae on leaves of Behnia reticulata, Dothiora aloidendri and Hantamomyces aloidendri (incl. Hantamomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Aloidendron dichotomum , Endoconidioma euphorbiae on leaves of Euphorbia mauritanica , Eucasphaeria proteae on leaves of Protea neriifolia , Exophiala mali from inner fruit tissue of Malus sp., Graminopassalora geissorhizae on leaves of Geissorhiza splendidissima , Neocamarosporium leipoldtiae on leaves of Leipoldtia schultzii , Neocladosporium osteospermi on leaf spots of Osteospermum moniliferum , Neometulocladosporiella seifertii on leaves of Combretum caffrum , Paramyrothecium pituitipietianum on stems of Grielum humifusum , Phytopythium paucipapillatum from roots of Vitis sp., Stemphylium carpobroti and Verrucocladosporium carpobroti on leaves of Carpobrotus quadrifolius , Suttonomyces cephalophylli on leaves of Cephalophyllum pilansii . Sweden , Coprinopsis rubra on cow dung, Elaphomyces nemoreus from deciduous woodlands. Spain , Polyscytalum pini-canariensis on needles of Pinus canariensis , Pseudosubramaniomyces septatus from stream sediment, Tuber lusitanicum on soil under Quercus suber. Thailand , Tolypocladium flavonigrum on Elaphomyces sp. USA , Chaetothyrina spondiadis on fruits of Spondias mombin, Gymnascella minnisii from bat guano, Juncomyces patwiniorum on culms of Juncus effusus , Moelleriella puertoricoensis on scale insect, Neodothiora populina (incl. Neodothiora gen. nov.) on stem cankers of Populus tremuloides , Pseudogymnoascus palmeri from cave sediment. Vietnam , Cyphellophora vietnamensis on leaf litter, Tylopilus subotsuensis on soil in montane evergreen broadleaf forest. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes., (© 2020 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.)

We report here the total synthesis of 11-epi-lyngbouilloside aglycon. Our strategy features a Boeckman-type esterification followed by a RCM to form the 14-membered ring macrolactone and a late-stage side chain introduction via a Wittig olefination. Overall, the final product was obtained in 20 steps and 2% overall yield starting from commercially available 3-methyl-but-3-enol. Most importantly, the strategy employed is versatile enough to eventually allow us to complete the synthesis of the natural product and irrevocably confirm its structure.

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Neoseptorioides eucalypti gen. & sp. nov. from Eucalyptus radiata leaves, Phytophthora gondwanensis from soil, Diaporthe tulliensis from rotted stem ends of Theobroma cacao fruit, Diaporthe vawdreyi from fruit rot of Psidium guajava, Magnaporthiopsis agrostidis from rotted roots of Agrostis stolonifera and Semifissispora natalis from Eucalyptus leaf litter. Furthermore, Neopestalotiopsis egyptiaca is described from Mangifera indica leaves (Egypt), Roussoella mexicana from Coffea arabica leaves (Mexico), Calonectria monticola from soil (Thailand), Hygrocybe jackmanii from littoral sand dunes (Canada), Lindgomyces madisonensis from submerged decorticated wood (USA), Neofabraea brasiliensis from Malus domestica (Brazil), Geastrum diosiae from litter (Argentina), Ganoderma wiiroense on angiosperms (Ghana), Arthrinium gutiae from the gut of a grasshopper (India), Pyrenochaeta telephoni from the screen of a mobile phone (India) and Xenoleptographium phialoconidium gen. & sp. nov. on exposed xylem tissues of Gmelina arborea (Indonesia). Several novelties are introduced from Spain, namely Psathyrella complutensis on loamy soil, Chlorophyllum lusitanicum on nitrified grasslands (incl. Chlorophyllum arizonicum comb. nov.), Aspergillus citocrescens from cave sediment and Lotinia verna gen. & sp. nov. from muddy soil. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Phyllosticta carissicola from Carissa macrocarpa, Pseudopyricularia hagahagae from Cyperaceae and Zeloasperisporium searsiae from Searsia chirindensis. Furthermore, Neophaeococcomyces is introduced as a novel genus, with two new combinations, N. aloes and N. catenatus. Several foliicolous novelties are recorded from La Réunion, France, namely Ochroconis pandanicola from Pandanus utilis, Neosulcatispora agaves gen. & sp. nov. from Agave vera-cruz, Pilidium eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus robusta, Strelitziana syzygii from Syzygium jambos (incl. Strelitzianaceae fam. nov.) and Pseudobeltrania ocoteae from Ocotea obtusata (Beltraniaceae emend.). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

The base-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination of 1-ethylaminocyclohexa-2,5-dienes is described. The transformation proceeds through isomerization of the cyclohexa-1,4-dienyl fragment into the corresponding conjugated 1,3-diene prior to the hydroamination step. Attaching a chiral glycinol ether auxiliary on the amino group allows the protonation to occur with complete diastereocontrol. The resulting lithium amide then adds onto the 1,3-dienyl moiety, affording the desired fused pyrrolidine ring along with the corresponding lithium allylic anion. Protonation of the latter then proceeds with high regiocontrol to favor the resulting allylic amines. In contrast, when the reaction was performed on primary amines, fused pyrrolidines bearing a homoallylic amino group were obtained. The stereochemical course of the process and determination of the reaction pathways were established based on calculations performed at the DFT level. Finally, application of the methodology to the enantioselective synthesis of (+)-epi-elwesine, a crinane alkaloid, is described., (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Diethylhydroxylamine reduces dioxygen in the presence of catalytic amounts of hydroquinone. A great improvement is achieved by adding resorcinol derivatives as co-catalysts. Though the formation of heterodimers does not seem to be the sole cause of the synergy, such products constitute a new class of powerful organocatalysts for dioxygen scavenging.

Lyngbouilloside and the related macrolides lyngbyaloside, lyngbyaloside B and lyngbyaloside C have attracted a lot of attention over the past decade due to their intriguing architecture, their natural scarcity and their potential biological activities. This review aims to showcase the various strategies that have been used to access these natural products.

The first enantioselective total synthesis of the originally assigned structure of lyngbouilloside aglycon has been achieved using a particularly flexible route featuring an acylketene macrolactonization of a tertiary methyl carbinol as the key step. Comparison of the C13 chemical shifts of our synthetic aglycon with the ones pertaining to natural lyngbouilloside and lyngbyaloside C resulted in a possible stereochemical reassignment of the C11 stereogenic center., (© 2011 American Chemical Society)

The octahydroisoquinoline core of morphinan was assembled starting from readily available arylcyclohexadienes. Three different approaches were developed, including a metal- and an acid-mediated Mannich type process and an anionic-mediated cyclization. All provided the desired motif as a single diastereomer having a C9-C13-C14 trans-cis relative configuration.

A highly straightforward synthesis of the near-infrared voltage-sensitive dye RH1691 is reported featuring two sequential anionic additions of C-nucleophilic heterocycles on a cyanine. This convergent approach led to the synthesis of four new probes, which also exhibit fluorescence in the near-infrared region.

Birch reductive alkylation of biaryls has been carried out by varying the nature of the substituents on the aromatic rings. Our investigations have focused on electron-rich substituents such as OMe, OH, and NR(2) groups as they are present on the skeleton of targeted alkaloids. The regioselectivity is strongly affected by the electronic nature of these substituents on both rings. The 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl moiety is selectively reduced and then alkylated, while phenols and anilines do not react under these conditions. A biaryl possessing both a 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl moiety and a phenol ring may, however, be reduced and alkylated provided the acidic phenolic proton is removed prior to the treatment with Li in NH(3). Similarly, biaryls possessing a o-sulfonamide group are reduced regioselectively and alkylated with alpha-chloroacetonitrile or N-tosylaziridine to provide the corresponding dienes in reasonable to good yields. A survey of the alkylating agents was also performed showing that various functional groups may be introduced at the benzylic position, including esters, primary and tertiary amides, nitriles, epoxides, and acetals and also unfunctionalized sterically hindered t-Bu groups and cyclopropyl substituents. The introduction of the latter indicates that both a S(N)2 and a SET mechanism may take place during the alkylating step.

A large range of benzoins was successfully applied as C-nucleophiles in the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation with several allyl acetates, resulting in functionalized tertiary homoallylic alcohols. A number of unsymmetrical benzoins can be coupled with high levels of regio- and chemoselectivity. Finally, the challenging compatibility of free N-heterocyclic carbenes with a palladium catalyst has been utilized in a number of metal- and organocatalyzed three-component coupling reactions.

[reaction: see text] Intramolecular hydroamination of cyclohexa-2,5-dienes led with high selectivity to the corresponding bicyclic allylic amines. This study demonstrates that the reaction does not proceed through a direct hydroamination of one of the diastereotopic olefins but more likely involves a diastereoselective protonation of a pentadienyl anion, followed by addition of a lithium amide across the double bond of the resulting 1,3-diene, and is concluded by a highly regioselective protonation of the final allylic anion.

[reaction: see text] The regioselectivity of the Birch reductive alkylation of polysubstituted biaryls has been investigated. Results indicate that regioselectivity is affected by the electronic nature of substituents on both aromatic rings. The electron-rich 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl moiety is selectively reduced and then alkylated, while phenols and aniline are not dearomatized under these conditions. Biaryls possessing a phenol moiety are alkylated on the second ring, providing that the acidic proton has been removed prior to the Li/NH3 reduction.