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Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) has garnered increasing attention as a pathway for converting a harmful pollutant (nitrate) into a value‐added product (ammonia). However, high selectivity toward ammonia (NH3) is imperative for process viability. Optimizing proton availability near the catalyst is important for achieving selective NH3 production. Here, the aim is to systematically examine the impacts of proton availability on NO3RR selectivity in a bipolar membrane (BPM)‐based membrane electrode assembly (MEA) system. The BPM generates a proton flux from the membrane toward the catalyst during electrolysis. Thus, the BPM‐MEA system can modulate the proton flux during operation. The impact of interposer layers, proton scavenging electrolytes (CO32−), and catalyst configurations are also examined to identify which local microenvironments favor ammonia formation. It is found that a moderate proton supply allows for an increase in ammonia yield by 576% when compared to the standard MEA setup. This also results in a high selectivity of 26 (NH3 over NO2−) at an applied current density of 200 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water electrolyzers powered by renewable energy are emerging as clean and sustainable technology for producing hydrogen without carbon emissions. Specifically, anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers utilizing non‐platinum group metal (non‐PGM) catalysts have garnered attention as a cost‐effective method for hydrogen production, especially when integrated with solar cells. Nonetheless, the progress of such integrated systems is hindered by inadequate water electrolysis efficiency, primarily caused by poor oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes. To address this issue, a NiFeCo─OOH has developed as an OER electrocatalyst and successfully demonstrated its efficacy in an AEM electrolyzer, which is powered by renewable electricity and integrated with a silicon solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares choice factors between online education suppliers and consumers. While research on online education's effectiveness in public institutions is extensive, there is a scarcity of studies comparing choice factors in the online education market. To bridge this gap, a survey was conducted among paid online learners to understand their intentions, preferred areas of study, and engagement levels. Data were analysed using SPSS 25.0, including frequency analysis, validity assessments, and multiple regression analysis to examine relationships between choice factors and satisfaction. Supplier choice factors included education costs and location, while consumer choice factors encompassed instructor expertise, content quality, and education effectiveness. This study's results offer valuable insights into the online education market, highlighting distinct priorities for suppliers and consumers. This research contributes to a better understanding of the online education landscape, providing critical insights for suppliers and policymakers to tailor offerings, improve quality, and optimize online education's effectiveness. Acknowledging consumer preferences and continuously enhancing services are crucial in meeting learners' evolving needs in this dynamic sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancers are currently the major cause of mortality in the world. According to previous studies, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have an impact on tumor cell proliferation, which could lead to the onset and progression of cancers. Therefore, regulating the expression and activity of MMPs, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, could be a promising strategy to reduce the risk of cancers. Various studies have tried to investigate and understand the pathophysiology of cancers to suggest potent treatments. In this review, we summarize how natural products from marine organisms and plants, as regulators of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and enzymatic activity, can operate as potent anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma encompasses a group of optic neuropathies characterized by complex and often elusive etiopathology, involvihttng neurodegeneration of the optic nerve in conjunction with abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP). Currently, there is no cure for glaucoma, and treatment strategies primarily aim to halt disease progression by managing IOP. This review delves into the etiopathology, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches for glaucoma, with a special focus on IOP management. We discuss a range of active pharmaceutical ingredients used in glaucoma therapy, emphasizing their chemical structure, pharmacological action, therapeutic effectiveness, and safety/tolerability profiles. Notably, most of these therapeutic agents are administered as topical formulations, a critical aspect considering patient compliance and drug delivery efficiency. The classes of glaucoma therapeutics covered in this review include prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, Rho kinase inhibitors, and miotic (cholinergic) agents. This comprehensive overview highlights the importance of topical administration in glaucoma treatment, offering insights into the current state and future directions of pharmacological management in glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, D, E, and K) assume a pivotal role in maintaining human homeostasis by virtue of their enzymatic functions. The daily inclusion of these vitamins is imperative to the upkeep of various physiological processes including vision, bone health, immunity, and protection against oxidative stress. Current research highlights fat-soluble vitamins as potential therapeutics for human diseases, especially cancer. Fat-soluble vitamins exert their therapeutic effects through multiple pathways, including regulation of matrix metalloproteinases' (MMPs) expression and enzymatic activity. As MMPs have been reported to be involved in the pathology of various diseases, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders, regulating the expression and/or activity of MMPs could be considered as a potent therapeutic strategy. Here, we summarize the properties of fat-soluble vitamins and their potential as promising candidates capable of effectively modulating MMPs through multiple pathways to treat human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of highly active and durable Ir‐based electrocatalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is challenging because of the corrosive anodic conditions. Herein, IrOx/Zr2ON2 electrocatalyst is demonstrated, employing Zr2ON2 as a support material, to overcome the trade‐off between the activity and stability in the OER. Zr2ON2 is selected due to its excellent electrical conductivity and chemical stability, and the fact that it induces strong interactions with IrOx catalysts. As a result, IrOx/Zr2ON2 electrocatalysts exhibit outstanding OER performances, reaching an overpotential of 255 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a mass activity of 849 mA mgIr−1 at 1.55 V (vs the reversible hydrogen electrode). The activity of IrOx/Zr2ON2 is maintained at 10 mA cm−2 for 5 h, while in contrast, IrOx/ZrN and an unsupported IrOx catalyst undergo drastic degradation. Combined experimental X‐ray analyses and theoretical interpretations reveal that the reduced oxidation state of Ir and the extended IrO bond distance in IrOx/Zr2ON2 effectively increase the activity and stability of IrOx by altering reaction pathway from a conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism to a lattice oxygen‐participating mechanism. These results demonstrate that it is possible to effectively reduce the Ir content in OER catalysts through interface engineering without sacrificing the catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the patterns of defective chips in wafer bin maps (WBMs) in semiconductor manufacturing processes is crucial because different defect patterns correspond to different root causes of process failures. Recently, mixed-type defect patterns (i.e., multiple defect patterns in a single wafer) have become increasingly common owing to the increased complexity of semiconductor manufacturing processes. Previous methods for classifying mixed-type defect patterns in WBMs focused on outputting only the class labels of the defect patterns and not their locations, although location information of the defect patterns is useful for tracking the root causes of failure and improving processes. Moreover, most previous methods used only labeled WBM data, although a larger quantity of unlabeled WBM data are more accessible because of the costly process of label annotation. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a semi-supervised learning method for classifying mixed-type defect patterns and detecting their locations simultaneously using both labeled and unlabeled WBM data. The proposed method extends a recent unsupervised object detection method called Attend-Infer-Repeat in a semi-supervised manner to perform object detection and classification simultaneously. The performance of the proposed method is verified using WBM datasets of different sizes. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for classification and location detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the serious climate crisis, the world must achieve carbon neutrality. Corporate participation is essential to achieve carbon neutrality, and ESG management is required to realize this. Additional efforts and costs are involved for a company to manage ESG. If a company's ESG management is helpful for the company's sustainable growth, the company will be willing to endure the effort and cost. Therefore, it is necessary to find out the impact of corporate ESG management on the brand. This study empirically analyzed the effects of corporate ESG management on brand image, brand attitude, brand attachment, and brand loyalty. ESG activities were divided into environmental and social and governance, to classify their impact. As a result of the study, it was found that environmental activities did not have a positive effect on brand image, brand attitude, and brand attachment. Social and governance activities were found to have a positive effect on brand image and brand attitude. In addition, it was found that social and governance activities affect brand loyalty through brand image, brand attitude, and brand attachment. The results of this study provide practical implications for corporate ESG management, and have theoretical significance in that they have expanded ESG-related research areas to consumer behavior, corporate strategy, and future economic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use CeO x -TiO2 hetero-interfaces generated on the surface of CeO x -TiO2 hybrid oxide supporting powders to stabilize Au single-atoms (SAs) with excellent low-temperature activity toward CO oxidation. Based on intriguing density functional theory calculation results on the preferential formation of Au-SAs at the CeO x -TiO2 interfaces and the high activity of Au-SAs toward the Marsâ€"van Krevelen type CO oxidation, we synthesized a Au/CeO x -TiO2 (ACT) catalyst with 0.05 wt.% of Au content. The Au-SAs stabilized at the CeO x -TiO2 interfaces by electronic coupling between Au and Ce showed improved low-temperature CO oxidation activity than the conventional Au/TiO2 control group catalyst. However, the light-off profile of ACT showed that the early activated Au-SAs are not vigorously participating in CO oxidation. The large portion of the positive effect on the overall catalytic activity from the low activation energy barrier of ACT was retarded by the negative impact from the decreasing active site density at high temperatures. We anticipate that the low-temperature activity and high-temperature stability of Au-SAs that stand against each other can be optimized by controlling the electronic coupling strength between Au-SAs and oxide clusters at the Au-oxide-TiO2 interfaces. Our results show that atomic-precision interface modulation could fine-tune the catalytic activity and stability of Au-SAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, cancers and dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease, are the most fatal causes of death. Many studies tried to understand the pathogenesis of those diseases clearly and develop a promising way to treat the diseases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been reported to be involved in the pathology of cancers and AD through tumor cell movement and amyloid degradation. Therefore, control of the levels and actions of MMPs, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, is necessary to care for and/or cure cancer and AD. Various molecules have been examined for their potential application as regulators of MMPs expression and activity. Among the molecules, multiple metal complexes have shown advantages, including simple synthesis, less toxicity and specificity toward MMPs in cancer cells or in the brain. In this review, we summarize the recent studies and knowledge of metal complexes (e.g., Pt-, Ru-, Au-, Fe-, Cu-, Ni-, Zn-, and Sn-complexes) targeting MMPs and their potentials for treating and/or caring the most fatal human diseases, cancers and AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]