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Tetraorganoindates are directly employed as effective nucleophilic cross-coupling parameters in Pd-catalyzed carbonylative cross-coupling reactions with a variety of organic electrophiles such as aryl, and vinyl halide, aryl triflate, benzyl bromide, and benzoyl chloride. The advantages of the present method are described.

Since the Korea Baseball League (KBL) had nine teams, an odd number, in the 2013 season, one team was unable to compete at certain times in the rotation while the other eight teams played games. Therefore, it was necessary to consider several elements to generate an annual match schedule in terms of team equity. However, the annual match schedule created by the conventional method could not fully reflect the elements regarding team equity, and there were a great many complaints from teams and fans. As a result, applying an optimization technique was decided upon to derive an efficient annual match schedule for the 2014 season. All the required conditions for scheduling are formulated as one or more equations and several parameter values concerning team equity are calculated with the related equations. Due to the complicated scheduling conditions, a sequential solution approach is applied by dividing the overall planning horizon in three parts. The derived annual match schedule was used for the 2014 season after some modifications, and the staff of the KBL was satisfied with the performance of the proposed scheduling methodology. Currently, this sustainable scheduling methodology is still in use to generate an efficient annual match schedule for the KBL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, a combined test of the WGS (water–gas shift) reactor and a Pd-based composite membrane was carried out for pre-combustion CO2 capture in a coal gasifier. The two series of WGS reactions, i.e., a high-temperature shift and a low-temperature shift, were performed under a gas composition of 60% CO and 40% H2 at 2100 kPa to imitate coal gasification. The CO2 enrichment and H2 recovery tests at 673 K and 2100 kPa with the high-pressure membrane module after the WGS reaction presented the enriched CO2 concentration and H2 recovery ratios of ∼92% and ∼96%, respectively. The long-term stability test showed that the CO2 concentration decreased to 78.2%, and CO was generated and reached to 8.8% in the retentate stream after 47 h because of reverse WGS and CO2 hydrogenation reaction on 316L stainless steel module. The stability test for ∼3137 h showed that these catalytic activities could be successfully prevented using steel with higher Cr and Ni contents, such as 310S. The WGS-membrane combination test using the outlet gas from a real coal gasifier was continued for ∼100 h and showed that the WGS catalysts and membrane module made of 310S would be stable under real conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A ceramic barrier was introduced onto the surface of a porous nickel support (PNS) to prevent intermetallic diffusion. Al2O3 and ZrO2 were deposited on the PNS by RF sputtering to a thickness of 200nm. Pd and Au were then deposited by DC and RF sputtering with thicknesses of 3μm and 0.5μm, respectively, on the PNS with the diffusion barrier. The permeation measurement was carried out using hydrogen and helium at 723K and a pressure difference of 100–2000kPa. The gas permeation tests confirmed that the hydrogen permeation flux increased with increasing pressure difference and reached 4.07molm−2 s−1 at 2000kPa with an H2/He selectivity of more than 5000. The ZrO2 barrier membrane provided a flux of 1.5 times higher than that achieved by the Al2O3 barrier membrane. The sputtering method was successful in depositing intermetallic diffusion barriers and Pd–Au alloy layers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, we further investigatethe application of an MCRcontaining a nickel metal catalyst with variable number of stacksfor hydrogen production via MSR. Microchannels were contained in theMCR one side of the nickel metal catalyst with variable number ofstacks for producing hydrogen to generate the necessary heat for theendothermic MSR and the combustion reaction was performed on the otherside of the MCR. The catalyst used in this study for the MSR reaction,which was a prepared Pd[0.1]-Al[0.3]/Ni catalyst. The methane conversionand hydrogen production mole ratio were 94.7% and 9.39 mol h–1, respectively, and the steam/carbon (S/C) ratio was 3 at 650 °C,GHSV = 10 000 h–1. The promise of a feasiblesimplified system for hydrogen production from the MSR was confirmed.If a hydrogen separation membrane is placed between the MSR elementsin an MCR, the forward reaction will be preferentially promoted bythe rapid removal of the hydrogen produced through the MSR reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, we investigate the configuration of a Pd–Au composite membrane on a porous nickel support and membrane modules for withstanding the capture of CO2 from a coal gasifier for a long time. The hydrogen permeation flux, recovery and CO2 capture were experimentally evaluated using two different modules and two conditions. As in our study, the CO2 capturing and durability tests were performed with a 40% CO2/60% H2 feed gas mixture in stainless steel (SS) 316L and 310S membrane modules. As a result, it is achieved the durability tests for more than 1150, 1100 (SS 316L module) and 3150 h (SS 310S module) with pressure cycles from 100 to 2000 kPa at 673 K. The durability of the membranes and membrane modules was demonstrated under pressure cycles from 100 to 2000 kPa at 673 K and the SS 310S module was very stable after 3150 h. The durability test for more than 3000 h demonstrated that there was no significant intermetallic diffusion between the PNS and Pd–Au layer. The CO2 capturing test performed using a 40% CO2/60% H2 mixture confirmed that the CO2 capturing capacity of the membrane and membrane module was 2.0 L/min for a CO2 concentration in the retentate stream of 92.3% and that the hydrogen recovery ratio increased with increasing pressure and reached 93.4%. Furthermore, we suggest that the SS 310S module configuration, CO2 capturing test using Pd–Au/ZrO2/PNS membrane and membrane module is very suitable for application as an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) system due to very simple numbering-up stackable module design was successful. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Submicron scale composite fibers of SiO2/TiO2 with various compositions have been prepared by electrospinning a sol–gel precursor of tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) and titanium(IV) isopropoxide(TiP), followed by calcination. Any gelator or binder has not been used in this direct preparation process for composite fibers, and the maximum amount of titania for suitable fiber formation was about 50 mol%. The sintered composite fibers were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Our results show that the surface morphology and crystallization behavior of electrospun fibers are largely influenced by the calcination temperature and the content of TiO2. XRD results also reveal that the anatase phase in composite fibers can be preserved even after high temperature processing at lower content (x =0.1, 0.2) of titania. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents the modeling of a new ray-type hybrid underwater glider (RHUG) and an experimental approach used to robustly and adaptively control heading motion. The motions of the proposed RHUG are divided into vertical-plane motions and heading motion. Hydrodynamic coefficients in the vertical-plane dynamics are obtained using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for various pitch angles. Due to the difficulty of obtaining accurate parameter values for the heading dynamics, a robust adaptive control algorithm was designed containing an adaptation law for the unknown parameters and robust action for minimizing environmental disturbances. For robust action against bounded disturbances, such as waves and ocean currents, sliding mode control was applied under the assumption that the bounds of the external disturbances are known. A direct adaptive algorithm for heading motion was applied in an experiment. Computer simulations of the proposed robust adaptive heading control are presented to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control system in the presence of bounded disturbances. To verify the performance of the proposed controller for heading dynamics, several heading control experiments were conducted in a water tank and in the sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of easier, cheaper, and more ecofriendly synthetic methods for mesoporous materials remains a challenging topic to commercialize them, and the transformation of waste glycerol, as a biodiesel byproduct, into something useful and salable is one of the pending issues to be resolved. Here we first report that mesoporous silica (KIE-6) and carbon (KIE-7) can be simultaneously synthesized by using cheap and ecofriendly crude-waste-glycerol of biodiesel with or without glycerol purification, and we demonstrated the excellent performance of the mesoporous material as a catalyst support for formic acid decomposition. As a result, Pd-MnOx catalysts supported on NH2-functionalized KIE-6 showed the highest catalytic activity (TOF: 540.6 h−1) ever reported for room-temperature formic acid decomposition without additives. Moreover, we conducted life-cycle assessment (LCA) from biomass cultivation through biodiesel production to KIE-6 and KIE-7 preparation, and it was confirmed that CO2 emission during synthesis of KIE-6 and KIE-7 could be reduced by 87.1% and 85.7%, respectively. We believe that our study suggested more ecofriendly and industry-friendly approaches for preparation of mesoporous materials, and utilization of waste glycerol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared a disc-shaped porous stainless steel (PSS) support for hydrogen separation Pd membrane via metal injection molding (MIM) method to facilitate the mass production of porous substrates. MIMed PSS supports obtained in a batch showed relatively higher apparent porosity (from 32.75% to 39.28%) than that reported for commercially available PSS substrate. In addition, the surface morphologies of the MIMed PSS, surface roughness of 1.119 μm and pore depth of 8.6 μm, indicate its suitability as a membrane support than the commercially available one. Pd membrane prepared over MIMed PSS, which was modified by a simple axial pressing method to control the surface morphologies, had a thinner Pd layer, 2.94 μm, and showed an extremely higher ideal H 2 /N 2 selectivity with a hydrogen permeation flux of 21.3 ml/min/cm 2 at del-P = 1 bar and 400 °C, compared with Pd membrane over MIMed PSS modified with conventional surface modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tailor-made DPSS (disc-shaped porous stainless steel substrate) for a thin and dense hydrogen membrane with high performance was fabricated by molding pre-treated metal powder, sintering an ingot and then slicing by electrical discharge machining. The sliced DPSS has a diameter of 50.8 mm and a thickness of 1.6 mm. In comparison with commercially produced support (DPSS-M), the sliced DPSS, having surface roughness of 2.7, maximum surface pore size of about 2 μm, porosity of 33.1% and average pore diameter of 0.58 μm, is more suitable as the support for the thinner Pd membrane. The hydrogen membrane with Pd layer of 4.4 μm was prepared and its performance was evaluated. It was shown that the Pd/DPSS membrane had a higher H 2 /N 2 selectivity (3825) with a hydrogen flux of 24.7 ml/min/cm 2 , than that of Pd/DPSS-M (1821), at del-P = 1 and 400 °C, even though the surface morphologies of DPSS had been modified with less steps than DPSS-M. For CO 2 /H 2 separation, the Pd/DPSS membrane enriched 40% CO 2 to 90.8% and separated 60% H 2 to 99.8% at 400 °C and del-P = 20 bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study investigates configuration of a module for withstanding high pressure and temperature for CO2 capture from a coal gasifier. In order to increase the durability of the module at high pressure and temperature, a flange-type unit-cell module was installed in a high-pressure chamber. Hydrogen permeation and N2 leakage tests showed that H2/N2 selectivity remained at ∼4000 after ∼300 h at a pressure difference of 2000 kPa (∼20 bar) and 673 K. A CO2 capturing test was carried out at 673 K and a pressure difference of 2000 kPa with a 40% CO2 + 60% H2 feed gas mixture, which is similar to the composition in a coal gasifier after shift reaction and H2O removal. It was shown that CO2 could be enriched up to 78–95% with a hydrogen recovery ratio of 82–97% when the feed flow rate was 0.05–0.17 Nm3 h−1 with a membrane surface area of 16. 6 cm2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]