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Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common side effect of anti-cancer drugs. The main symptoms often include sensory disturbances and neuropathic pain, and currently there is no effective treatment for this condition. This study aimed to investigate the suppressive effects of magnolin, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor substance derived from a 95% EtOH extract of the seeds of Magnolia denudata, on the symptoms of CIPN. A taxol-based anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) was repeatedly injected (2 mg/kg/day, total 8 mg/kg) into mice to induce CIPN. A neuropathic pain symptom was assessed using a cold allodynia test that scores behaviors of licking and shaking paw after plantar administration of acetone drop. Magnolin was administered intraperitoneally (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg) and behavioral changes to acetone drop were measured. The effect of magnolin administration on ERK expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was investigated using western blot analysis. The results showed that the repeated injections of PTX induced cold allodynia in mice. Magnolin administration exerted an analgesic effect on the PTX-induced cold allodynia and inhibited the ERK phosphorylation in the DRG. These results suggest that magnolin could be developed as an alternative treatment to suppress paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the red pepper and its seeds have been studied for metabolic diseases, the effects and potential mechanisms of red pepper seed extract (RPS) on hepatic lipid accumulation are not yet completely understood. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of RPS on hepatic lipid accumulation via autophagy. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a HFD supplemented with RPS. RPS treatment inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation by suppressing lipogenesis, inducing hepatic autophagic flux, and activating AMPK in HFD-fed mice. To investigate the effect of RPS on an oleic acid (OA)-induced hepatic steatosis cell model, HepG2 cells were incubated in a high-glucose medium and OA, followed by RPS treatment. RPS treatment decreased OA-induced lipid accumulation and reduced the expression of lipogenesis-associated proteins. Autophagic flux dramatically increased in the RPS-treated group. RPS phosphorylated AMPK in a dose-dependent manner, thereby dephosphorylated mTOR. Autophagy inhibition with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) antagonized RPS-induced suppression of lipogenesis-related protein expressions. Moreover, the knockdown of endogenous AMPK also antagonized the RPS-induced regulation of lipid accumulation and autophagy. Our findings provide new insights into the beneficial effects of RPS on hepatic lipid accumulation through the AMPK-dependent autophagy-mediated downregulation of lipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrothermal-chemical (ETC) propulsion with the control of a combustion process yet requires large electrical energies for an appreciable effect. Referring to the changed tendency of focusing ETC researches on the early ignition phase, the Agency for Defense Development (ADD), Korea, has been studying an electrothermal ignition for a 120-mm gun using a capillary plasma injector. Under the condition of a limited capillary geometry, design efforts with various liner materials have been done to achieve robust capillary discharges capable of transferring energies around 100 kJ. Electrical properties were estimated with the help of plasma theories and compared with experimental results. Experiments using a closed vessel and a gun-chamber simulator have been done to investigate the burning behaviors and the early phase of an electrothermal ignition, respectively. The closed vessel was designed for both a plasma and a conventional ignition. The burning rates could be obtained up to 70 MPa. The gun-chamber simulator was designed in the shape of the chamber of a 120-mm gun except for an acrylic chamber wall withstanding up to 30 MPa. Through prior tests using the closed vessel and the gun-chamber simulator, appropriate electrical energies and propellant have been selected. Firings of the full-scale 120-mm gun have been done using JA2 propellant. Electrical pulses of 1-2.5-ms duration in the energy from 20 to 120 kJ were applied. Aside from ignition capability, the results showed a possibility of a control on the peak pressure. Currently, ADD, Korea, continues the research to enhance the efficiency of the plasma injector, to compact the pulse forming network, and to investigate the electrothermal ignition properties of LOVA propellant. Index Terms--Capillary, electrothermal, propellant.

In this paper, the authors present a system to inspect metal stencil that is used to print solder paste on pads of surface-mounted device on printed circuit board. The developed inspection system is composed of a moderately precise X--Y robot and a vision system. To correct a position error caused by the X--Y robot, the authors define position error vector and apply modified Hough transform to determine the dominant position error vector. Using this extracted dominant position error vector, the reference image is modified. This transformed reference image is compared with the camera image. Fuzzy logic is utilized to judge the correctness of the holes on the stencil. The input variables are the ratio of the overlapped area of two holes and the distance between the centroid of them. The output variable is the grade of the identity of the hole. These methods are verified by a simulation and applied to the inspection system. Index Terms--Automatic inspection system, fuzzy logic, modified Hough transformation (MHT), stencil (metal mask).

The most effective method for surveying underwater archeological sites is visually identifying areas with relics or remains through diving surveys. However, during underwater excavations, it is difficult to obtain images in turbid water. Furthermore, on-site diving is costly and time-consuming. Marine acoustic geophysical survey equipment is not significantly affected by underwater turbidity, and underwater excavations often rely on geophysical equipment for surface inspections. This study aimed to improve existing underwater excavation imaging through the application of acoustic survey methods. Underwater surveys were conducted via acoustic marine geophysical survey devices at three historically significant underwater sites in South Korea: Dangampo, Nakwoldo Island, and the Battle of Myeongnyang. At the Dangampo site, surveys were conducted using three different sonar devices—side scan sonar, multibeam echo sounder, and scanning sonar—and the results were compared; scanning sonar was the most effective. The methodology was further refined during excavations at the Nakwoldo and Myeongnyang sites. Results show that the scanning sonar can produce images that are more accurate than on-site drawings produced during underwater excavations, even in turbid underwater environments. Moreover, applied in conjunction with high-frequency geophysical exploration techniques, scanning sonar can significantly increase the reliability of investigations of buried underwater remains and relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In her article "The Different Representation of Suffering in the two versions of The Vegetarian" the author examines how different the representation of suffering in the original and translated versions of The Vegetarian and explores the reasons for this difference. The author in particular refers to re presentative episodes which the translator's strategy distort s even the central concepts of suffering in the original work. Her translated version results in critical misrepresentation of suffering and violence in the original version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recoil force that causes the rearward movement of the gun is generated during firing a railgun as a conventional gun. According to Newton’s third law, it should be equal to the electromagnetic force that accelerates an armature. It continues to act as long as current flows in the rails even when the muzzle arc occurs immediately after the armature exits. The recoil force in a railgun increases being proportional to the square of current as current increases. A recoil system should be installed to absorb the recoil force when it is so large that a carriage cannot withstand the load transmitted directly to it. Design and experiment of the recoil system using friction springs for a railgun are described in this paper. The space and volume to place a spring type of recoil system into the carriage are required relatively small to a hydraulic type and it has a simple structure. The recoil velocity of the railgun can be rapidly down due to the excellent damping characteristics of friction springs during two or three cyclic motions after firing. The load imposed to the carriage can be reduced to over one-tenth of the recoil force with 15 mm of recoil length when about 1560 N · s of firing impulse is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A resistive overlay rail for an electromagnetic launcher was tested and its inductance gradients were analyzed using 2-D and 3-D finite-element methods (FEMs). The overlay rail was consisted with outside copper rail for good conduction of current and inside steel one for the prevention of rail wear. When the armature slides along the steel rail, electrical current flows mainly through the copper rail before it reaches the armature tail and it penetrates the steel rail at the armature tail due to the velocity skin effect. The rail inductance gradient $L^{\prime }_{R}$ is obtained with 2-D FEM in both frequency and time domains without an armature and the propulsive inductance gradient $L^{\prime }_{P}$ are obtained with 3-D transient FEM with a moving armature. A C-shaped aluminum armature was launched with the velocity over 2 km/s on the resistive overlay rail and gouging was not induced, while it appeared in the experiment with a copper rail. Using the two obtained inductance gradients, the circuit simulation was conducted and it explains the experiment result with a good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A test circuit of a repetitive critical rate of rise of ON-state current (di/dt) for a high-power thyristor is designed and implemented. The operating principle of the test circuit specified in the standard IEC-60747-6 is explained in detail. The design example for the circuit to test repetitive di/dt of 300 A/ $\mu \text{s}$ for a thyristor having a mean ON-state current of 2200 A is presented. The value of the charging resistor is chosen by simulations considering the maximum charging current, power consumption of the charging resistor, maximum charging voltage of the capacitor, and the peak pulsed current of the thyristor. The best firing angles of the thyristor are decided based on the simulations focused on the pulsed current of the thyristor, charging diode current, apparent power of the step-up transformer, and reverse voltage of the charging diode. The repetitive di/dt test prototype of 300 A/ $\mu \text{s}$ , 60 Hz, and 60 shots is assembled with the Infineon light-triggered thyristor (T1503N). The design results are verified by an experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A C-shaped armature in an electromagnetic launcher creates the magnetic pressure on the rear surface of the armature. The transverse component of the magnetic pressure plays a main role to maintain the moving contact between the rails and the armature. It is larger than the repulsive pressure acting against the rails far away from the armature. It might cause the dynamic deflection to be amplified along the entire length of the rails, resulting in the magnification of the contact pressure when the elastic waves of the rails pass through the contact surface. In this paper the dynamic system is modeled as a Timoshenko beam on an elastic foundation subjected to an accelerating pressure combined with the repulsive pressure and the transverse component of the magnetic pressure. The spatial and time history of the accelerating pressure as an applied force of the governing equation is calculated using the experimental current and armature position in the launcher. The influence of the magnetic pressure on the rail deflection is described in point of propagation of the elastic waves. The dynamic deflections at different positions on the rail are compared to show that the dynamic behavior of the rail is strongly affected by the moving velocity of the armature. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We present analyses of the transient inductance gradient of an electromagnetic launcher with the sliding contact between rails and armature. When the armature moves along the rails, electrical current concentrates on the contact trailing edge of the armature due to the velocity skin effect, affecting input current spreading into the rail. This effect also induces the temporal variation of inductance gradient. Using the 2-D finite-element method (FEM), the rail inductance gradient without an armature is calculated and compared with the propulsive inductance gradient with a moving armature calculated by 3-D FEM. Using the 3-D simulation, the influence of the step on the height difference between the rail and the transient moving armature is investigated. The result shows that the average of transient inductance gradients during acceleration is 10% larger than Kerrisk’s inductance gradient. Also, we found that the axial force on the armature is not significantly affected by the velocity of the armature, while the lateral force on it whose direction is outside the rail increases with the velocity. The circuit simulation using both inductance gradients shows good agreement with the measured current and velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A 4.8-MJ capacitive pulsed-power system (PPS) was designed and fabricated for electromagnetic launcher (EML) experiment. The PPS consists of eight 600-kJ segments, which can be operated independently. In each segment, six 100-kJ capacitor bank modules, a charging power supply, a dump and charge panel, and control circuit were integrated. The capacitor bank modules in the segment are charged at the same voltage up to 10 kV, but the trigger time of each module can be set up differently. The overall PPS system is controlled by a control program, which sets charging voltage and trigger time of each module and monitors the states of system component. All the control signals are transmitted through fiber optic communication. The 48 unit modules are connected in parallel to EML with high-voltage coaxial cables. A current amplitude of more than 1 MA and a pulsewidth of several milliseconds were achieved by the PPS. The PPS has been applied to several tens of firing experiments of EML successfully. The design, fabrication, and the test results of the 4.8-MJ PPS were described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An electromagnetic launcher with a 4.8-MJ pulsed power supply has been fabricated, and experimental tests were started. Through the experiments and calculations, the factors influencing the electrical properties and the performance of the launcher have been investigated. The pulse-forming inductors of the power supply and the rails of the launcher are made of massive conductors showing a prominent skin effect for a transient current. The circuit analysis using constant impedance values has a difficulty in the calculation of the correct voltages between the terminals of the conductors. In addition, the frictional force between the rails and the armature should be considered for a better estimation of the armature motion. To obtain the calculated solutions close to the measured ones, the diffusion of the magnetic flux or current was considered, and the history of the armature motion was reflected in the electrical modeling of the rails. These effects were implemented as voltage correction terms in the circuit equations with the help of the electromagnetic responses to a step-function current. In the equation of the armature motion, a reasonable form of the frictional force was modeled considering the velocity skin effect and the structural analysis. In this paper, the application of the voltage correction method into the rails of an electromagnetic launcher was introduced in detail, and the comparison of the results between the experiments and modified calculations for the constructed launcher system was described. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

After preliminary tests using a small 25 mm-caliber electromagnetic launcher, a larger mid-caliber launcher has been designed and fabricated. The launcher has a rectangular bore of 40 mm $\times $ 50 mm, where the rails are separated by 50 mm from each other and are 5.6 m long. To deliver an electrical current to the launcher, a new 4.8-MJ pulsed power supply (PPS) consisting of eight 600-kJ segments has been constructed. The 600-kJ segment is a basic building block of PPS operated independently. It contains a controller, a charger, a safety circuit, and six 100-kJ unit modules. Each unit module in the segment is composed of a 100 kJ capacitor bank, a thyristor switch, a crowbar diode, and a pulse-forming inductor. The modules in a segment are charged to the same voltage, but they are designed to have different triggering times to make a flexible shape of current waveform. The electrical parameters of the PPS were determined through the discharges of the unit modules and those of the rails were measured by launch experiments or short circuit tests at the ends of the rails. Launch experiments have been done using several current waveforms. The current of 1 MA in a few milliseconds accelerated the armatures of several hundred grams in mass to velocities near 2 km/s. In this paper, the design and basic performance of the constructed PPS and the electromagnetic launcher are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A 2.4-MJ capacitive pulsed power system (PPS) for a railgun was fabricated, installed, and tested. It consists of four independent 600-kJ segments. Each segment contains six 100-kJ capacitor bank modules, a capacitor charger, a circuit for charge and dump, a relay box, and a segment controller. The 100-kJ unit module is composed of a metalized film capacitor, semiconductor switches, and an inductor. It was designed for a safe operation within 10 kV and 75 kA. All the modules in a segment are charged with the same voltage, but the trigger times of each module are individually controllable. With the 2.4-MJ PPS and a medium caliber railgun, discharge experiments in the breech-shorted condition and launch experiments using aluminum armatures were conducted. With the results, we modified the electrical circuit parameters of the PPS from the initial designed values. The circuit simulation using the modified parameters showed good agreement with the experiment data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Inductive electrical components made of massive conductors are usually adopted in the high-power circuit. Since they are not the types of filaments, the diffusion of the electromagnetic fields inside the conductors plays an important role in the transient discharge. Though the behavior of the circuit can be described reasonably using constant electrical parameters, the voltage drop in the massive conductor is not expressed accurately when constant resistance and inductance are used in the analysis of the transient discharge. To obtain a more accurate waveform of the pulsed current, we have used a comprehensive method calculating the correction voltage in the voltage drop. Once the resistive voltage drop and the magnetic flux for a step-function current are obtained either analytically or numerically, the voltage drop in the massive component for any current waveform can be calculated using the Duhamel's integration. The equations of the circuit containing massive conductors can be solved through a few iterations using the method estimating the voltage drop. As an example, the method was applied to an analysis of an RLC circuit containing a massive pulse-forming inductor. Electromagnetic responses of the inductor for a step-function current were calculated numerically with the help of a finite element method. The current waveform calculated using the method of correction voltage showed a good agreement with the measured waveforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Korean Society of Good Laboratory Practice (KSGLP) was established Dec. 10, 1998. The objectives of the KSGLP are to enhance the quality of domestic studies and the level of GLP compliance, in safety testing, and to promote information exchange among its members. The activities of KSGLP include: offering workshops and symposiums, linking with related governmental organizations, collecting GLP related information and providing the information to the related organizations, building international networks to collect information and to establish relationship, developing training materials and publishing periodicals, and other business necessary to achieve the objectives of the KSGLP. The KSGLP achieved its goals within a short period of time by offering workshops and symposia, and by providing important GLP related information in newspapers or via the KSGLP's internet homepage (www.ksglp.or.kr). The main role of the KSGLP will be to disseminate GLP technology nationwide. The KSGLP would like to help many labs that are preparing their facilities for GLP compliance. Further, the KSGLP is hoping to share GLP experiences with other members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational regulation of programmed cell death by means of autophagy and apoptosis has been considered a potential treatment strategy for cancer. We demonstrated the inhibitory effect of St. John's Wort (SJW) on growth in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line and xenografted mice and its target mechanism concerning autophagic and apoptotic cell death. SJW ethanol extract (SJWE) inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. SJWE treatment dramatically increased autophagy flux and apoptosis compared with the control. The autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), reversed the SJWE-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and regulation of autophagy and apoptosis, indicating that SJWE induced apoptosis through prodeath autophagy. Furthermore, SJWE inhibited tumor growth and induced autophagy and apoptosis in the tumor of MDA-MB-231 xenografted athymic nude mice. Our results indicate that SJWE might have great potential as a new anticancer therapy for triple-negative breast cancer by inducing prodeath autophagy and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Central nervous system involvement with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is rare, and often undiagnosed. Sjögren’s syndrome and concomitant intracranial hypertension is a very rare event.Case: We describe a patient with pSS who presented with intracranial hypertension as the initial symptom of the disease.Conclusion: This is the first case report of a patient with pSS that presented with intracranial hypertension only. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: In intensive care settings, the maintenance of ventilation is typically essential. Tracheostomy is frequently performed to facilitate long-term ventilation and to minimize associated complications. This procedure can be conducted using several techniques, including traditional surgery, endoscopic approaches, and ultrasound-guided methods., Methods: We retrospectively examined data from all patients admitted to the intensive care unit of our institution who underwent ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheostomy (UPCT) between March 2018 and April 2023. The study included a total of 81 patients aged 15 years or older. To assess the incidence of complications, we classified these issues as either minor or major, with major complications encompassing events such as bleeding necessitating blood transfusion., Results: The most frequent minor complication was bleeding that did not require blood transfusion, which occurred in 15 patients (18.5%). Major complications were identified in 7 patients (8.6%), all of whom experienced bleeding that necessitated transfusion. However, we noted no cases of infection, conversion to open surgery, or tracheal stenosis surgery. The complication rate did not significantly differ from those reported in previous studies., Conclusion: These results indicate that UPCT can be safely used in critically ill patients, although further research on this topic is needed.

Background/objectives: Poorly regulated inflammation is believed to be the most predominant factor that can result in a wide scope of diseases including atopic dermatitis (AD). Despite many studies on the effect of pear pomace in obesity-related disorders including dysregulated gut microbiota, the protective effect of pear pomace in AD is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pear pomace ethanol extract (PPE) on AD by inhibiting inflammation., Materials/methods: In the in vivo experiment, 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was applied to NC/Nga mice to induce AD-like skin lesions. After the induction, PPE was administered daily by oral gavage for 4 weeks. The clinical severity score, serum IgE levels, spleen weight, histological changes in dorsal skin, and inflammation-related proteins were measured. In the cell study, RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with PPE before stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nitrite oxide (NO) production and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) protein expression were detected., Results: Compared to the AD control (AD-C) group, IgE levels were dramatically decreased via PPE treatment. PPE significantly reduced scratching behavior, improved skin symptoms, and decreased ear thickness compared to the AD-C group. In addition, PPE inhibited the DNCB-induced expression of inducible nitrite oxide synthase (iNOS), the receptor for advanced glycation end products, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and NF-κB. PPE inhibited the LPS-induced overproduction of NO and the enhanced expression of iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells was suppressed by PPE., Conclusions: These results suggest that PPE could be explored as a therapeutic agent to prevent AD., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interests., (©2022 The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition.)

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the parameters with a significant impact on delivery quality assurance (DQA) failure and analyze the planning parameters as possible predictors of DQA failure for helical tomotherapy., Methods: In total, 212 patients who passed or failed DQA measurements were retrospectively included in this study. Brain (n = 43), head and neck (n = 37), spinal (n = 12), prostate (n = 36), rectal (n = 36), pelvis (n = 13), cranial spinal irradiation and a treatment field including lymph nodes (n = 24), and other types of cancer (n = 11) were selected. The correlation between DQA results and treatment planning parameters were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, areas under the curves (AUCs), and the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm were used to analyze treatment planning parameters as possible predictors for DQA failure., Results: The AUC for leaf open time (LOT) was 0.70, and its cut-off point was approximately 30%. The ROC curve for the predicted probability calculated when the multivariate variable model was applied showed an AUC of 0.815. We confirmed that total monitor units, total dose, and LOT were significant predictors for DQA failure using the CART., Conclusions: The probability of DQA failure was higher when the percentage of LOT below 100 ms was higher than 30%. The percentage of LOT below 100 ms should be considered in the treatment planning process. The findings from this study may assist in the prediction of DQA failure in the future.

Finasteride is commonly used for treatment of alopecia. Because finasteride is a cause of gynecomastia, there is concern regarding the continuation of finasteride therapy after mastectomy. No studies have been performed to determine whether finasteride should be continued after mastectomy when gynecomastia occurs in patients taking finasteride for the treatment of alopecia. The researchers studied the effects of finasteride on gynecomastia recurrence after mastectomy in men with gynecomastia taking finasteride for alopecia. The researchers retrospectively evaluated 1,673 patients with gynecomastia who underwent subcutaneous mastectomy with liposuction at Damsoyu Hospital from January 2014 to December 2016. In total, 52 of the patients were taking finasteride for alopecia before surgery and continued to use it in the same manner after mastectomy. Ultrasonography was performed 1 year after mastectomy. The patients' median age was 26.5 (24.75-30) years. All 52 patients had bilateral gynecomastia. The median duration of finasteride therapy before and after surgery was 12 (5-25.75) and 33 (27.5-40.5) months, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with and without the use of finasteride in relation to postoperative complications and recurrence rates. Taking finasteride seems to have little effect on recurrence in patients with alopecia who have undergone surgical treatment of gynecomastia. Surgeons may recommend continuous finasteride therapy in patients with alopecia who wish to take finasteride after mastectomy.

Background/objectives: Reducing the number of adipocytes by inducing apoptosis of mature adipocytes as well as suppressing differentiation of preadipocytes plays an important role in preventing obesity. This study examines the anti-adipogenic and pro-apoptotic effect of red pepper seed water extract (RPS) prepared at 4℃ (RPS4) in 3T3-L1 cells., Materials/methods: Effect of RPS4 or its fractions on lipid accumulation was determined in 3T3-L1 cells using oil red O (ORO) staining. The expressions of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and adipogenic associated proteins [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins α (C/EBP α), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)] were measured in 3T3-L1 cells treated with RPS4. Apoptosis and the expression of Akt and Bcl-2 family proteins [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated death promoter (Bad), Bcl-2 like protein 4 (Bax), Bal-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak)] were measured in mature 3T3-L1 cells treated with RPS4., Results: Treatment of RPS4 (0-75 µg/mL) or its fractions (0-50 µg/mL) for 24 h did not have an apparent cytotoxicity on pre and mature 3T3-L1 cells. RPS4 significantly suppressed differentiation and cellular lipid accumulation by increasing the phosphorylation of AMPK and reducing the expression of PPAR-γ, C/EBP α, SREBP-1c, FAS, and ACC. In addition, all fractions except ethyl acetate fraction significantly suppressed cellular lipid accumulation. RPS4 induced the apoptosis of mature adipocytes by hypophosphorylating Akt, increasing the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bak, Bax, and Bad, and reducing the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and p-Bad., Conclusions: These finding suggest that RPS4 can reduce the numbers as well as the size of adipocytes and might useful for preventing and treating obesity., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interests.