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Prior research has shown that Black and Hispanic students are more likely to experience office discipline referrals than White youth, and the magnitude of these inequalities has been found to vary by gender. However, it remains unclear whether racial/ethnic and gender disparities in office referrals might be amplified among students in more disruptive classroom environments. Analyses of data from the 2012-2021 8th/10th grade cohorts of the Monitoring the Future survey (N = 70,442) reveal that, among male youth, Black- and Hispanic-White differences in office referrals are substantially weaker for students who describe their classrooms as more disruptive. In contrast, the heightened risk of an office referral for minority female students relative to White females increases in correspondence with higher levels of classroom disruptiveness.

Much prior research has established an inverse relationship between religiosity and delinquency among adolescents, with particularly noteworthy effects observed for illicit substance use. These patterns correspond with the expectations of social bond theory and situational action theory, which posit that commitment to conventional religious norms can reduce youths' exposure to, and inform their experiences with, delinquent opportunities. However, little empirical attention has been given to youths' beliefs surrounding the nature of morality itself, which are theoretically expected to moderate the protective effects of religious salience. Specifically, while religious salience might have a general controlling influence on adolescents' use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana, holding beliefs in moral relativism (i.e., the absence of definitive rights and wrongs) or moral contextualism (i.e., that rights and wrongs are fluid and dynamic) might weaken these inhibiting effects. Using data on a nationally representative sample of adolescents from the National Study of Youth and Religion (N = 3,170), this study's analyses reveal that the association between religious salience and substance use is conditioned by moral contextualism but not moral relativism, though this interactive relationship is found only for alcohol use and drunkenness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topographical as well as microscopic imaging of nanoscale surfaces plays a pivotal role across various disciplines. Nevertheless, achieving fast, label-free, and accurate characterization of laterally expanded structures below the diffraction limit remains challenging. Recent studies highlight the use of microsphere assistance for resolution improvement. Confocal microscopy, augmented by microspheres, enables the imaging of small structures that were previously inaccessible. This is experimentally compared with microsphere-assisted microscopy (MAM) to underline the decisive role of the confocal effect.

We present how to develop virtual microcylinder- or microsphere-assisted surface topography measurement instruments. As the most critical part, the interaction between light, microcylinder and measurement object is considered based on the finite element method (FEM). Results are obtained for microcylinder-assisted conventional, interference, and confocal microscopes without necessity to repeat the time-consuming FEM simulations for each sensor.

Undergraduate students at a large southwestern state university completed an anonymous online survey, which included measures of cyber harassment victimization and perpetration, coping, and psychological maladjustment. For both women and men, experiences of cyber harassment victimization and perpetration were positively correlated with each other and with psychological maladjustment. As expected, avoidant coping was significantly positively correlated with both psychological maladjustment and both cyber harassment victimization and perpetration. Adaptive coping was not significantly correlated with any of the other variables. Path analyses with bootstrapped mediation tests indicated that the relationships between both cyber harassment victimization and perpetration and psychological maladjustment were significantly mediated by avoidant coping.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and outcome of rechallenge [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-I&T in newly progressed mCRPC patients after response to initial [177Lu]Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy (PRLT). Methods: We retrospectively included 18 patients who underwent rechallenge with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-I&T. All patients presented with (i) newly progressed disease after response to initial PRLT; (ii) a [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT confirming the presence of PSMA-positive metastases; iii) ECOG performance status 0–1. Adverse events were graded according to CTCAE v5.0. Response was assessed by PSA and classified according to PCWG3 recommendations. For patients who underwent restaging with [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT, imaging response was categorised according to adapted PERCIST v1.0. In patients with discordant [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and PSA, other available imaging modalities were evaluated to confirm disease status. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the first cycle of initial PRLT and rechallenge PRLT, respectively, until last patient contact or death. Results: Patients were initially treated with a median of 5 cycles (range 4–7) and were rechallenged after a median of 9 months (range 3–13). Each patient received a median of 4 (range 2–7) rechallenge cycles (median cumulative activity 26.1 GBq). None of the patients experienced life-threatening G4 adverse events during either treatment period. Grade 3 adverse events included one case of anaemia, one case of thrombocytopenia, and one case of renal failure. In 8/18 patients long-term toxicities were evaluated. Serious toxicities (≥ Grade 3) occurred in 3/8 patients (n = 1 G4 thrombocytopenia, n = 1 G4 renal failure and n = 1 pancytopenia and G4 renal failure). Best PSA50%-response was observed in 44% of patients and PSA-disease control was confirmed in 56% of patients at the last cycle. Of the 12/18 patients restaged by imaging, 6/12 (50%) patients had disease control (partial response/stable disease), 1/12 had a mixed response, and 5/12 had progression. After a median follow-up time of 25 months (range 14–44), 10 patients had died, 7 were still alive, and one patient was lost at follow-up. The median OS was 29 months (95%CI, 14.3–43.7 months) for the initial treatment and 11 months (95%CI, 8.1–13.8 months) for the first rechallenge course. Conclusion: More than half of patients benefit from rechallenge PRLT. Our analysis suggests that rechallenge may prolong survival in selected patients, with an acceptable safety profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topography of surfaces produced by metal additive manufacturing is a challenge for optical measurement systems such as focus variation microscopes. These irregularities can lead to artifacts, such as incorrectly measured protrusions or spikes, hampering reliable topographic characterization. In order to eliminate this problem, we introduce a new algorithm based on dual convolving a vertical Sobel operator with cross sections of an image stack parallel to the scanning direction of the so-called depth scan. This has proven beneficial in order to distinguish the focus region from out-of-focus areas where outliers are frequently detected. This paper introduces a method for deriving self-adaptive thresholds from the convolution result and compares the effects of different operators in creating self-adaptive thresholds. Additionally, a simulation model of focus variation microscopy is introduced to validate both the measuring system and the proposed algorithm, thereby enhancing the overall performance of focus variation microscopy. Finally, comparisons of measurement results on rough metal additive manufacturing workpieces with and without self-adaptive thresholds are discussed to demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness.The utilization of self-adaptive thresholds demonstrably reduces the uncertainty range in roughness parameter calculations. For example, in the case of an additive manufactured metal sample due to outlier elimination, the S z roughness value reduces from 543 µm to 413 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glide-snow avalanches release at the ground–snow interface due to a loss in basal friction. They pose a threat to infrastructure because of the combination of unreliable mitigation measures, limited forecasting capabilities, and a lack of understanding of the release process. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of spatial variability in basal friction and snowpack properties on the avalanche release area distribution and the release location. We developed a pseudo-3D, mechanical, threshold-based model that consists of many interacting snow columns on a uniform slope. Parameterizations in the model are based on our current understanding of glide-snow avalanche release. The model can reproduce the power law glide-snow avalanche release area distribution as observed on Dorfberg (Davos, Switzerland). A sensitivity analysis of the input parameters showed that the avalanche release area distribution was mostly influenced by the homogeneity (correlation length and variance) of the basal friction and whether the basal friction was reduced suddenly or in small increments. Larger release areas were modeled for a sudden decrease and a more homogeneous basal friction. The spatial variability of the snowpack parameters had little influence on the release area distribution. Extending the model to a real-world slope showed that the modeled location of avalanche releases qualitatively matched the observed locations. The model can help narrow down the length scales and timescales for field investigations. Simultaneously, it can grow in complexity with our increasing understanding of glide-snow avalanche release processes. Input parameters such as the basal friction or snowpack parameters could potentially all be connected to the liquid water content. This would allow for the use of meteorological measurements to drive the model. The model has the potential to help identify potentially dangerous conditions for large or numerous avalanches which would help improve glide-snow avalanche forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the lateral resolution in optical microscopy and interferometry is of great interest in recent research. In order to laterally resolve structures including feature dimensions below the Abbe resolution limit, microspheres in the optical near-field of the specimen are shown to locally improve the resolution of the imaging system. Experimental and simulated results following this approach are obtained by a high NA Linnik interferometer and analyzed in this contribution. They show the reconstructed surface of a 1D phase grating below the resolution limit. For further understanding of the transfer characteristics, measured interference data are compared with FEM (finite element method) based simulations with respect to the polarization dependency of the relevant image information for 1D phase gratings. Therefore, the implemented Koehler illumination as well as the experimental setup utilize polarized light.

Information on soil water potential is essential to assessing the soil moisture state, to prevent soil compaction in weak soils, and to optimize crop management. When there is a lack of direct measurements, the soil water potential values must be deduced from soil water content dynamics that can be monitored at the plot scale or obtained at a larger scale from remote sensing information. Because the relationship between water content and soil water potential in natural field soils is highly ambiguous, the prediction of soil water potential from water content data is a big challenge. The hysteretic relationship observed in nine soil profiles in the region of Solothurn (Switzerland) is not a simple function of texture or wetting–drainage cycles but depends on seasonal patterns that may be related to soil structural dynamics. Because the physical mechanisms governing seasonal hysteresis are unclear, we developed a deep neural network model that predicts water potential changes using rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and water content time series as inputs. To adapt the model for multiple locations, we incorporated a deep autoencoder neural network as a classifier. The autoencoder compresses the water content time series into a site-specific feature that is highly representative of the underlying water content dynamics of each site and quantifies the similarity of dynamic patterns. By adding the autoencoder's output as an additional input and training the neural network model with three stations located in three major classes established by the autoencoder, we predict matric potential for other sites. This method has the potential to deduce the dynamics of matric potential from water content data (including satellite data) despite strong seasonal effects that cannot be captured by standard methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abundance of research has revealed that religious salience is negatively associated with delinquent behavior, including illicit substance use. However, absent from prior work is a consideration of whether youths' participation in personal religious rituals and acts of devotion might amplify the protective effects of religiosity. Theoretically, it may be expected that these private expressions of belief and identity can strengthen religious commitments and reaffirm membership within specific moral communities. Using data from the National Study of Youth and Religion on a nationally representative sample of adolescents ages 13 to 17 (N = 3,170), these findings reveal that religious salience inhibits cigarette use, alcohol use, drunkenness, and marijuana use, but only among youth who engage in at least some pious practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casimir force densities, i.e., force per area, become very large if two solid material surfaces come closer together to each other than 10 nm. In most cases, the forces are attractive. In some cases, they can be repulsive depending on the solid materials and the fluid medium in between. This review provides an overview of experimental and theoretical studies that have been performed and focuses on four main aspects: (i) the combinations of different materials, (ii) the considered geometries, (iii) the applied experimental measurement methodologies and (iv) a novel self-assembly methodology based on Casimir forces. Briefly reviewed is also the influence of additional parameters such as temperature, conductivity, and surface roughness. The Casimir effect opens many application possibilities in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), where an overview is also provided. The knowledge generation in this fascinating field requires interdisciplinary approaches to generate synergetic effects between technological fabrication metrology, theoretical simulations, the establishment of adequate models, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Finally, multiple applications are addressed as a research roadmap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydro-pedotransfer functions (PTFs) relate easy-to-measure and readily available soil information to soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) for applications in a wide range of process-based and empirical models, thereby enabling the assessment of soil hydraulic effects on hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes. At least more than 4 decades of research have been invested to derive such relationships. However, while models, methods, data storage capacity, and computational efficiency have advanced, there are fundamental concerns related to the scope and adequacy of current PTFs, particularly when applied to parameterise models used at the field scale and beyond. Most of the PTF development process has focused on refining and advancing the regression methods, while fundamental aspects have remained largely unconsidered. Most soil systems are not represented in PTFs, which have been built mostly for agricultural soils in temperate climates. Thus, existing PTFs largely ignore how parent material, vegetation, land use, and climate affect processes that shape SHPs. The PTFs used to parameterise the Richards–Richardson equation are mostly limited to predicting parameters of the van Genuchten–Mualem soil hydraulic functions, despite sufficient evidence demonstrating their shortcomings. Another fundamental issue relates to the diverging scales of derivation and application, whereby PTFs are derived based on laboratory measurements while often being applied at the field to regional scales. Scaling, modulation, and constraining strategies exist to alleviate some of these shortcomings in the mismatch between scales. These aspects are addressed here in a joint effort by the members of the International Soil Modelling Consortium (ISMC) Pedotransfer Functions Working Group with the aim of systematising PTF research and providing a roadmap guiding both PTF development and use. We close with a 10-point catalogue for funders and researchers to guide review processes and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their contactless and fast measuring capabilities, laser interferometers represent an interesting alternative to tactile stylus instruments for surface profilometry. In addition to these outstanding attributes, acquisition costs play a major role in industry, limiting the frequent use of optical profilometers, which are significantly more expensive than tactile profilometers. We present a low-cost laser distance-measuring interferometer featuring axial repeatability below 1 nm at acquisition rates of 38,000 height values per second. The sensor's performance is validated on several surface standards, achieving lateral scan velocities up to 160 mm/s. Further to high scan velocities, the high acquisition rate enables improved measurement accuracy by averaging measured height values. For example, the standard deviation of 625 pm for repeated measurements can be reduced to 265 pm at the expense of the data rate. However, the sensor concept provides the potential for further improvements in data rate and measurement repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the lateral resolution limit in optical microscopy and interferometry is of great interest in recent research. In order to laterally resolve structures including feature dimensions below the resolution limit, microspheres applied in the optical near-field of the specimen are shown to locally improve the resolution of the imaging system. Experimental and simulated results following this approach obtained by a high NA Linnik interferometer are analyzed in this contribution. For further understanding of the transfer characteristics, measured interference data are compared with FEM (finite element method) based simulations with respect to the polarization dependency of the relevant image information.

We present an extended vectorial Kirchhoff model of coherence scanning interferometry including several vector rotations occurring in the imagining and scattering process as well as polarization dependent reflection coefficients. For validation simulated results are compared to those of the conventional scalar Kirchhoff model and a rigorous finite element modeling.

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Prior research on the criminal court punishment of transferred youth relative to adult defendants has produced mixed findings; however, these disparities have not been examined in the context of intermediate and alternative sanctions. In Florida, judges have the discretion to assign a split sentence, which involves a mitigated term of imprisonment followed by a sentence to community supervision. Using data on felony cases sentenced under Florida's Criminal Punishment Code (N = 704,977), these results provide evidence of a "youth discount," with juveniles more likely than adults to receive split sentences. However, this pattern is observed regardless of whether a prison sentence is recommended by the guidelines, that is, even among cases in which a split sentence represents an upward departure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive body of research suggests that youth of color are more likely to experience an arrest than their White counterparts. Theoretically, these findings have been understood, at least in part, as the result of the differential deployment of law enforcement to areas with higher Black and Hispanic concentrations as well as stereotyped attributions of dangerousness and threat implicitly assigned to these suspects by police before and during encounters. However, previous studies typically have employed conventional racial/ethnic categorizations, which might obscure potential nuances in arrest disparities across subgroups. Using data on a statewide representative sample of adolescents from the 2018 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey (N = 54,611), these analyses reveal that the likelihood of a self-reported arrest is greatest among Haitian, West Indian/Caribbean, Dominican, and non-Hispanic Black youth. Further, Mexican and Puerto Rican adolescents have a higher risk of experiencing an arrest than members of other Hispanic subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of plant‐available soil water (PASW) is essential to quantify transpiration fluxes, the onset of heatwaves, irrigation water management, land‐use decisions, vegetation ecology, and land surface memory in climate models. PASW is the amount of stored water available for plant use. It is broadly defined as the difference between soil water content at field capacity (FC) and wilting point (WP) in the root zone. The limiting states of FC and WP are linked to gravitational drainage and plant physiology and are often deduced from soil water characteristics at prescribed matric potentials (−3.3 and −150 m for FC and WP, respectively). Evidence suggests that static definition of FC at a constant matric potential ignores dynamic effects on FC attainment affected by soil and climate. Here, we revise the definition of PASW by considering (a) soil‐specific dynamic effects and (b) local climate effects of evaporation and rainfall frequency on PASW. The new global PASW maps benefit from state‐of‐the‐art soil maps, water characteristic parameterization, and incorporation of dynamic definition of FC. For completeness we provide static and dynamic PASW estimates. Globally, ice‐free soils store up to 19,941 km3 of water in the top 1 m (representing 18% of annual terrestrial precipitation). Adjusted for local climatic conditions, global PASW storage rarely exceeds 14,853 km3 per year highlighting the need for multiple refilling of soil profiles. Differences between potential and climatic PASW are manifested primarily in arid regions (where soil profiles are rarely filled to capacity) whereas in humid regions differences in PASW storage are minor. Plain Language Summary: Plant‐available soil water (PASW) is defined as the amount of water held in soil that can be used by plants. It is conventionally estimated as the difference between field capacity (FC) and wilting point (WP), which depend on soil type and plant physiology. Water contents at FC and WP are usually deduced at fixed matric potentials irrespective of soil types (−3.3 and −150 m for FC and WP, respectively). However, FC is affected by various factors such as soil texture, soil structure, and clay type that affect the dynamics of FC attainment and put into question the use of a static definition based on constant matric potentials. Therefore, we used the approach developed by Assouline and Or (2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015475) that considers a dynamic definition of FC based on soil‐specific matric potential values beyond which the soil water continuity is substantially reduced or disrupted. The potential PASW was calculated by subtracting the WP from the dynamic FC. The novelty of this study is to incorporate the effect of climate such as evaporative water loss to introduce a climatic PASW. Our results suggest that PASW in arid regions are overestimated when climatic effects are ignored. Key Points: Global maps of field capacity (FC) are compared based on dynamic and static definitionsLocal climate effects of evaporation and rainfall frequency via dynamic FC affect climatic plant‐available soil water (PASW)Incorporating climatic effects mainly reduces PASW in arid regions compared to humid climates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, batterer intervention programs tend to focus on education and confrontation, with outcomes being less than promising. Limitations of current interventions have encouraged development of alternative treatment forms aimed at ending relationship violence. An emerging trend in the fields of social work and positive psychology is to build on strengths and competencies of offenders. The purpose of this qualitative study was to introduce an alternative position within the treatment field by identifying self-disclosed strengths of men who had been charged with a domestic violence offense and who were being evaluated for a voluntary batterer diversion program. A content analysis revealed competencies useful for helping men be accountable and end violence against their partners through redirecting negative behavior and identifying resources and strengths. (Contains 3 figures.)

Exploring the relationship between parenting and women's use of violence the current study surveyed 106 mothers arrested for intimate partner violence (IPV) related crimes on parenting styles and attitudes toward when using violence against their partner is justified. Findings indicate parenting styles indicative of low belief in using physical discipline with their child/ children and an internal parental locus of control. However, a moderate to weak relationship between parenting styles and justification for using violence against a partner was also found. Although some support for the spillover theory is noted, results are far from conclusive. (Contains 1 table.)

Discrepancies exist in research examining substance problems within groups of women arrested for intimate partner violence (IPV). In some studies women IPV arrestees have been found to be at high risk for substance-related problems, whereas in others they are found to be at low risk for substance-related problems. The current study explores these discrepancies then compares a sample of women court ordered to a domestic violence diversion program (n = 78) to a matched sample of men (n = 78) in the same program using police report information, self-report measures, the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3, and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III alcohol and drug subscales. Women IPV arrestees had a low occurrence of substance use during the arresting incident, a low incidence of substance-related diagnoses, and fewer substance-related problems than did men IPV arrestees. However, women demonstrated personality structures susceptible to nondiagnosable, hazardous drinking patterns. (Contains 3 tables.)

Domestic violence is not as simple as one partner physically harming another. Instead, it consists of a complex range of controlling behaviors including physical, emotional, sexual, and economic maltreatment as well as isolation, male privilege, blaming, intimidation, threats, and minimizing/denying behaviors. In addition to the controlling behaviors reported by women seeking shelter from violent relationships, a growing body of research indicates some individuals who abuse their intimate partner also abuse their pets. This study explores these connections using reports of 1,283 female pet owners seeking refuge from their male batterer in a domestic violence shelter. Findings indicate that batterers who also abuse their pet (a) use more forms of violence and (b) demonstrate greater use of controlling behaviors than batterers who do not abuse their pets. Likewise, positive correlations are found between specific controlling behaviors and cruelty to pets. Implications for practice and future research are discussed. (Contains 4 tables.)

Women arrested for intimate partner violence raise challenges for those working in domestic violence programs. Theoretically, there is no agreement about whether women are aggressive for the same reasons as men or merely victims fighting back in an abusive relationship. Practically, there is very little research to guide treatment of this population. In the current exploratory study, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) personality profiles of 78 females referred by the courts to a domestic violence diversion program were compared to those of a matched sample of 78 males referred by the courts to the same program. Compared with male offenders, women were more likely to demonstrate elevated histrionic, narcissistic, and compulsive personality traits, and less likely to demonstrate dependant personality traits. Additionally, women in this study were more likely to display MCMI-III profiles indicating the presence of personality disorders. Implications of these findings for the treatment setting are discussed. (Contains 2 tables and 2 graphs.)

Hydro-pedotransfer functions (PTFs) relate easy-to-measure and readily available soil information to soil hydraulic properties for applications in a wide range of process-based and empirical models, thereby enabling the assessment of soil hydraulic effects on hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes. At least more than four decades of research have been invested to derive such relationships. However, while models, methods, data storage capacity, and computational efficiency have advanced, there are fundamental concerns related to the scope and adequacy of current PTFs, particularly when applied to parameterize models used at the field scale and beyond. Most of the PTF development process has focused on refining and advancing the regression methods, while fundamental aspects have remained largely unconsidered. Most system settings are not captured by existing PTFs, which have been built mostly for agricultural soils in temperate climates. Thus. existing PTFs largely ignorie how parent material, vegetation, land use, and climate affect processes that shape soil hydraulic properties. The PTFs used to parameterise the Richards-Richardson equation are mostly limited to predicting parameters of the van Genuchten-Mualem soil hydraulic functions, despite sufficient evidence demonstrating their shortcomings. Another fundamental issue relates to the diverging scales of derivation and applicatio n, whereby PTFs are derived based on laboratory measurements while being often applied at field to regional scales. Scaling, modulation, and constraining strategies exist to alleviate some of these shortcomings in the mismatch between scales. These aspects are addressed here in a joint effort by the members of the International Soil Modelling Consortium (ISMC) Pedotransfer Functions Working Group with the aim to systematise PTF research and provide a roadmap guiding both PTF development and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]