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SUMMARY In the field, necrosis area induced by pathogens is usually surrounded by a red circle in apple fruits. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that accumulated salicylic acid (SA) induced by fungal infection promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1‐MdTGA2.2 module in apple (Malus domestica). Inoculating apple fruits with Valsa mali or Botryosphaeria dothidea induced a red circle surrounding the necrosis area, which mimicked the phenotype observed in the field. The red circle accumulated a high level of anthocyanins, which was positively correlated with SA accumulation stimulated by fungal invasion. Further analysis showed that SA promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in a dose‐dependent manner in both apple calli and fruits. We next demonstrated that MdNPR1, a master regulator of SA signaling, positively regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in both apple and Arabidopsis. Moreover, MdNPR1 functioned as a co‐activator to interact with and enhance the transactivation activity of MdTGA2.2, which could directly bind to the promoters of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes to promote their transcription. Suppressing expression of either MdNPR1 or MdTGA2.2 inhibited coloration of apple fruits, while overexpressing either of them significantly promoted fruit coloration. Finally, we revealed that silencing either MdNPR1 or MdTGA2.2 in apple fruits repressed SA‐induced fruit coloration. Therefore, our data determined that fungal‐induced SA promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1‐MdTGA2.2 module, resulting in a red circle surrounding the necrosis area in apple fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Regulating spin crossover (SCO) behavior, especially controlling the spin transition steps, is an important scientific issue, mainly because people aim to control spin bistability and multistability. Presently, SCO bistability can be regulated by changing the ligand‐modifying species, non‐coordinated anions, guest molecules, and metal‐ion dopant. However, the control of multistability is extremely challenging, especially in Fe(III) SCO compounds. Here, we report that [FeIII(H‐5‐Br‐thsa)(5‐Br‐thsa)]·H2O (5‐Br‐thsa = (5‐bromo‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide), a compound we have reported before, exists in two polymorphic forms: polymorph 1 exhibits three‐step SCO, and polymorph 2 shows five‐step SCO, with multi‐step SCO behavior effectively regulated by polymorphism. According to single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffractometry, polymorphs 1 and 2 crystallize in different space groups during their spin transitions, with two‐step symmetry breaking observed (Pbcn → Pnc2 → Pbcn for polymorph 1; P21/n → Pn → P21/n for polymorph 2). We realized that the behavior of these two polymorphs depends significantly on the structure, including (i) the average Fe—N bond distance, (ii) deformation of octahedral FeIII atoms, and (iii) distinct crystal packing, which account for the large differences observed in magnetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants possess the remarkable ability to sense detrimental environmental stimuli and launch sophisticated signal cascades that culminate in tailored responses to facilitate their survival, and transcription factors (TFs) are closely involved in these processes. Phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs) are among these TFs and belong to the basic helix–loop–helix family. PIFs are initially identified and have now been well established as core regulators of phytochrome-associated pathways in response to the light signal in plants. However, a growing body of evidence has unraveled that PIFs also play a crucial role in adapting plants to various biological and environmental pressures. In this review, we summarize and highlight that PIFs function as a signal hub that integrates multiple environmental cues, including abiotic (i.e., drought, temperature, and salinity) and biotic stresses to optimize plant growth and development. PIFs not only function as transcription factors to reprogram the expression of related genes, but also interact with various factors to adapt plants to harsh environments. This review will contribute to understanding the multifaceted functions of PIFs in response to different stress conditions, which will shed light on efforts to further dissect the novel functions of PIFs, especially in adaption to detrimental environments for a better survival of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecule‐based magnetic materials are useful candidates as the spin qubit due to their long coherence time and high designability. The anisotropy of the g‐values of the metal complexes can be utilized to access the individual spin of the metal complexes, making it possible to achieve the scalable molecular spin qubit. For this goal, it is important to evaluate the effect of g‐value anisotropy on the magnetic relaxation behaviour. This study reports the slow magnetic relaxation behaviour of chromium nitride (CrN2+) porphyrinato complex (1), which is structurally and magnetically similar with the vanadyl (VO2+) porphyrinato complex (2) which is known as the excellent spin qubit. Detailed analyses for vibrational and dynamical magnetism of 1 and 2 revealed that g‐value anisotropy accelerates magnetic relaxations greater than the internal magnetic field from nuclear spin does. These results provide a design criterion for construction of multiple spin qubit based on g‐tensor engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB). It is the second largest single cause of death besides novel coronavirus pneumonia. Along with the abuse of antibiotics and extensive use of anti-tuberculosis drugs, multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, drug-resistant (XDR) TB and totally drug-resistant (TDR) TB became obstacles to the tuberculosis eradication worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, China is not only a high burden tuberculosis country in the world, but also a country with a serious epidemic of MDR. Traditional drugs fail to meet the needs of tuberculosis control. Therefore, it is urgent to find new targets of anti-tuberculosis drugs and develop new anti-tuberculosis drugs. Hence, this paper systematically summarizes the mechanism of traditional and newly developed anti-tuberculosis drugs, in which stressing the research progress of drug resistance mechanisms. This work provides us with new insights of new antituberculosis drug developments, and may contribute to a reduction in the harm that tuberculosis brings to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis, single-crystal structures and magnetic properties of two new double-zigzag-chain cyano-bridged heterobimetallic {[MII(Py-NOH)2][FeIII(Tp*)(CN)3]2}·H2O ([Fe III2 MII]) (Py–NOH = 4-pyridinealdoxime, Tp* = tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borohydride, M = Ni (1), Fe (2)) compounds are reported. The crystal structures of both compounds were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 are isostructural, with the crystal structure comprising neutral double-zigzag (4,2-ribbon-like) bimetallic chains. The FeIII ion is coordinated by three cyanide carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms of Tp* anions. However, the MII ion is surrounded by four cyanide nitrogen atoms and two nitrogen atoms from two Py-NOH ligands. The crystal structures and magnetic studies demonstrate that both complexes behave as single-chain magnetics (SCMs) with intrachain ferromagnetic coupling. Furthermore, [Fe III2 NiII] exhibits an excellent coercive field of 0.42 T at 1.8 K, among cyano-bridged 3d transition-metal-based SCMs reported thus far. Preliminary theoretical calculations provide a deep understanding of the magnetic properties of [Fe III2 NiII]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of air-stable and high-performance single-molecule magnets (SMMs) is challenging. Here, a heptadentate pentapyridyldiamine (BPA-TPA) ligand and fine-tuned axial phenoxy ligands are used to synthesize two triangular dodecahedral Dy(III) complexes [Dy(BPA-TPA)(4-methoxy-PhO)](BPh4)2·3CH2Cl2 (4) and [Dy(BPA-TPA)(2,4-dimethyl-PhO)](BPh4)2·0.85CH2Cl2 (5). Both complexes have high effective barriers exceeding 400 K and magnetic hysteresis up to 8 K, which is ascribed to one strong and short Dy–O bond combined with seven weak Dy–N bonds. Ab initio calculations reveal the thermally activated quantum tunneling of magnetization through the first excited Kramers doublet, due to the presence of a strong axial Dy–O crystal ligand. Substitution of the phenoxy ligand leads to more constrained vibrations, improving the magnetic hysteresis behavior for 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecule‐based magnetic materials are promising candidates for molecular spin qubits, which utilize spin relaxation behavior. Various kinds of transition metal complexes with S=1/2 have been reported to act as spin qubits with long spin‐spin relaxation times (T2). However, the spin qubit properties of low‐spin Ni(III) complexes are not as well known since Ni(III) compounds are often unstable. We report here the slow magnetic relaxation behavior and T2 values for three kinds of low‐spin Ni(III) based complexes with S=1/2 under magnetically diluted conditions. [Ni(cyclam)X2]Y (cyclam=1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane) with octahedral structures and [Ni(mnt)2]− (mnt=maleonitriledithiolate) with a square‐planar structure underwent slow magnetic relaxations in the presence of a dc magnetic bias field. From electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, the Ni(III) complexes exhibited observable T2, indicating that Ni(III) complexes are promising candidates for use as molecule‐based spin qubits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymetallic complexes with covalently bridged metal centers that interact magnetically are important in the molecular magnetism field, with binuclear compounds receiving special attention because they represent the simplest type of multinuclear species with covalently bridged metal centers. Herein, we report the synthesis and properties of two new binuclear FeII complexes, namely, {[Fe(abpt-TPE)(NCS)2]2(bpym)}·2MeOH·2MeCN (1) and {[Fe(abpt-TPE)(NCS)2]2(bpym)}·2CH2Cl2 (2) (bpym = 2,2′-bipyrimidine). The crystal structure is analyzed at different temperatures, and its properties are analyzed by variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility and variable-temperature fluorescence emission spectroscopy tests. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of two binuclear compounds show different types of magnetic behavior. Complex 1 exhibits two-step spin transition behavior with an intermediate state near 150 K (Tc1 = 191 K, Tc2 = 111 K); 1 undergoes an [LS–LS] ↔ [LS–HS] ↔ [HS–HS] spin transition during thermal induction. On the other hand, complex 2 exhibits intramolecular antiferromagnetic coupling, with J = −0.47 cm−1. The analysis of correlations between the structural characteristics and different types of magnetic behaviors for two binuclear complexes, revealed that the different magnetic behaviors shown by the two complexes are attributable to different degrees of [FeN6] octahedral distortion caused by different lattice solvents, ligand strain and crystal stacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the information obtained by humans comes from colour images. However, salt‐and‐pepper noise (SPN) during signal acquisition, encoding, transmission, and decoding easily interferes with the quality of colour images. Most existing SPN denoising methods decompose a colour image into three independent matrices according to the colour channel and then recover each channel signal independently, ignoring the strong data correlation between channels. In addition, most existing SPN denoising methods apply only a single model‐driven or data‐driven approach and fail to take the advantages of their combination fully. Therefore, we first regard a colour image contaminated by SPN as the sum of an SPN tensor and a tensor with missing data. In this manner, we transform the denoising problem into a low‐rank tensor reconstruction problem. We then introduce a model‐driven‐based parallel matrix factorization low‐rank tensor reconstruction algorithm and a data‐driven‐based FFDNet denoising network to restore the colour image better. The proposed method not only enhances the similarity of the colour image channels but also explores the deep prior of the colour image to capture the image details. Finally, the proposed method is compared with some advanced denoising methods. The results show that the proposed method achieves a competitive denoising performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this work, the intentional insertion of slots in metal gate (MG) is introduced to solve the dishing issue for the double-diffused drain MOSFET (DDDMOSFET) fabrication. For traditional DDDMOSFET, the gate oxide layer in slots will be reserved to improve the device reliability, which requires an additional photomask to screen the gate/slot regions during the following sidewall formation and source/drain (S/D) implantation. This makes the process more complicated with increased cost. Without that additional photomask, it is proposed that the removal of gate oxide layer in slots can directly allow the floating S/D formation and the followed Ni silicidation there. It is demonstrated that such a novel process can not only relieve the MG dishing issue but can also effectively result in ~16% higher ON current and comparable OFF current for both N- and P-DDDMOSFETs without threshold voltage shift after applying electrical stress on gates. It is also revealed that the floating silicided S/Ds in slots have negligible influence on device breakdown characteristics. By saving one photomask, this work proposes a novel solution for the effective integration of core devices with very small feature sizes and high-voltage (HV) devices with large feature sizes in the same die, which is a common challenge for display driver chip fabrication using high- ${k}$ /MG (HK/MG) technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of SiO2 and SiNx capping layer on threshold voltage (${V}_{t}$) for FinFET with TiAl-based metal gate (MG) is studied. After metal gate-stack formation, SiNx capping is revealed to be able to serve as a new N source, resulting in the diffusion of N into the effective work function (EWF) TiNx layer. Correspondingly, the accumulation of N in the TiNx layer is demonstrated to be able to lower the EWF for both n- and p-FinFETs. Compared to SiO2 capping, SiNx capping can induce $\sim 100$ –150 mV ${V}_{t}$ lowering for short n- and p-FinFETs. No obvious ${V}_{t}$ shift is found for long-channel devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]