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4. Science objectives of the Einstein Probe mission

Author

Yuan, Weimin, Dai, Lixin, Feng, Hua, Jin, Chichuan, Jonker, Peter, Kuulkers, Erik, Liu, Yuan, Nandra, Kirpal, O’Brien, Paul, Piro, Luigi, Rau, Arne, Rea, Nanda, Sanders, Jeremy, Tao, Lian, Wang, Junfeng, Wu, Xuefeng, Zhang, Bing, Zhang, Shuangnan, Ai, Shunke, Buchner, Johannes, Bulbul, Esra, Chen, Hechao, Chen, Minghua, Chen, Yong, Chen, Yu-Peng, Coleiro, Alexis, Zelati, Francesco Coti, Dai, Zigao, Fan, Xilong, Fan, Zhou, Friedrich, Susanne, Gao, He, Ge, Chong, Ge, Mingyu, Geng, Jinjun, Ghirlanda, Giancarlo, Gianfagna, Giulia, Gou, Lijun, Guillot, Sébastien, Hou, Xian, Hu, Jingwei, Huang, Yongfeng, Ji, Long, Jia, Shumei, Komossa, S., Kong, Albert K. H., Lan, Lin, Li, An, Li, Ang, Li, Chengkui, Li, Dongyue, Li, Jian, Li, Zhaosheng, Ling, Zhixing, Liu, Ang, Liu, Jinzhong, Liu, Liangduan, Liu, Zhu, Luo, Jiawei, Ma, Ruican, Maggi, Pierre, Maitra, Chandreyee, Marino, Alessio, Ng, Stephen Chi-Yung, Pan, Haiwu, Rukdee, Surangkhana, Soria, Roberto, Sun, Hui, Tam, Pak-Hin Thomas, Thakur, Aishwarya Linesh, Tian, Hui, Troja, Eleonora, Wang, Wei, Wang, Xiangyu, Wang, Yanan, Wei, Junjie, Wen, Sixiang, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Ting, Xiao, Di, Xu, Dong, Xu, Renxin, Xu, Yanjun, Xu, Yu, Yang, Haonan, You, Bei, Yu, Heng, Yu, Yunwei, Zhang, Binbin, Zhang, Chen, Zhang, Guobao, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Wenda, Zhang, Yu, Zhou, Ping, and Zou, Zecheng

Published
2025
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25. Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer in Photoelectrochemical Alcohol Oxidation Enhanced by Nickel‐Based Cocatalysts.

Author

Gao, Bin, Mu, Xiaowei, Feng, Jianyong, Huang, Huiting, Liu, Jianming, Liu, Wangxi, Zou, Zhigang, and Li, Zhaosheng

Subjects
ALCOHOL oxidation, OXIDATION of water, BIOMASS conversion, CHARGE exchange, INTERSTITIAL hydrogen generation
Abstract

Using biomass oxidation reactions instead of water oxidation reactions is optimal for accomplishing biomass conversion and effective hydrogen generation. Here, we report that α‐Fe2O3 photoanodes with a NiOOH cocatalyst exhibit excellent performance for photoelectrochemical oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The conversion efficiency for HMF reaches 98.5 %, while the selectivity for FDCA is 94.2 %. We revealed that HMF is oxidized through a spontaneous proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) process with the high‐valent phase of the Ni‐based catalyst. The dangling oxygen and bridging oxygen of the high‐valent phase species serve as proton‐accepting sites. Furthermore, we pointed out that the deprotonated bond dissociation free energy difference between the catalysts and alcohols is the thermodynamic trigger for the PCET process. This study provides a reasonable explanation for the alcohol oxidation reaction, which is beneficial for designing biomass conversion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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31. Stable Au–Ag nanoframes based on Au nanorods: construction and plasmon-enhanced catalytic performance.

Author

Li, Ying, Zhang, Yuhao, Xu, Juan, Kan, Caixia, Li, Zhaosheng, and Shi, Daning

Subjects
SURFACE plasmon resonance, PRECIOUS metals, INDUCTIVE effect, CATALYTIC activity, ELECTROMAGNETIC fields
Abstract

Nobel metal nanostructures have been widely studied owing to their excellent surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects. In order to regulate the SPR properties and applications of noble metal nanostructures, it is critical to accurately control their morphology and composition. Gold nanorods (Au NRs) have become a research hotpot because of their anisotropic shape and tunable plasmonic properties. By designing various heterostructures and assemblies composed of Au NRs, improvements in their SPR effects and further applications can be achieved. In this study, Au NR@Au–Ag nanoframes were prepared based on Au NRs via a sacrificial template method. The combination of metal nanostructures and open nanostructures not only maintained the characteristics of each component, but also showed synergistic effects, enhancing the performance of the composite nanostructures. Experimental results showed that the nanostructures exhibited tunable SPR properties, excellent structural stability and good catalytic activity. Furthermore, a plasmon-induced electromagnetic field enhancement effect greatly enhanced the catalytic activity of the nanostructures. This work provides new ideas and approaches for the design and development of highly active nanocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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32. Search for thermonuclear burst oscillations in the Swift/BAT data set.

Author

Li, Qing-Xin, Li, Zhaosheng, Pan, Yuan-Yue, Falanga, Maurizio, Frajuca, Carlos, and Martin-Carrillo, Antonio

Subjects
*X-ray bursts, *X-ray binaries, *STELLAR oscillations, *NEUTRON stars, *FREQUENCIES of oscillating systems
Abstract

This study comprehensively analyzes type I X-ray bursts observed by Swift/BAT from 2005 to April 2024 to search for X-ray burst oscillations (XBOs) in neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries. XBOs, periodic signals detected within type I X-ray bursts, typically range from 11 to 620 Hz and are often observed in the soft X-ray data of these bursts. Using the high-sensitivity and precise timing capabilities of the Swift/BAT, we found 50 type I X-ray bursts from 37 neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries. We conducted a detailed timing analysis of these bursts. For sources with known burst oscillation frequencies, our findings largely corroborate previous studies. However, many sources displayed low confidence levels in the oscillation signals, with [sub [sup Z 1 2]] values between 10 and 20. For sources without known oscillation/spin frequencies, we utilized FFT analysis to search for signals across a broad frequency range. This approach revealed potential oscillation signals, with several bursts showing significance levels exceeding 3σ, including those from MAXI J1421-613, XTE J1701-407, XMM J174457-2850.3, Swift J1734.5-3027, IGR J17473-2721, Swift J174805.3-244637, Swift J181723.1-164300, and X 1832-330. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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33. Lattice Oxygen in Photocatalytic Gas–Solid Reactions: Participator vs. Dominator.

Author

Li, Zhonghua, Chen, Ping, Feng, Jianyong, Zhao, Minyue, Zhao, Zongyan, Zhang, Yuanming, Xu, Xiaoming, Huang, Huiting, Zou, Zhigang, and Li, Zhaosheng

Subjects
RADIOLABELING, OXYGEN, PHOTOCATALYSTS
Abstract

Lattice‐oxygen activation has emerged as a popular strategy for optimizing the performance and selectivity of oxide‐based thermocatalysis and electrolysis. However, the significance of lattice oxygen in oxide photocatalysts has been ignored, particularly in gas–solid reactions. Here, using methane oxidation over a Ru1@ZnO single‐atom photocatalyst as the prototypical reaction and via 18O isotope labelling techniques, we found that lattice oxygen can directly participate in gas–solid reactions. Lattice oxygen played a dominant role in the photocatalytic reaction, as determined by estimating the kinetic constants in the initial stage. Furthermore, we discovered that dynamic diffusion between O2 and lattice oxygen proceeded even in the absence of targeted reactants. Finally, single‐atom Ru can facilitate the activation of adsorbed O2 and the subsequent regeneration of consumed lattice oxygen, thus ensuring high catalyst activity and stability. The results provide guidance for next‐generation oxide photocatalysts with improved activities and selectivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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45. Discovery of a Long Thermonuclear X-Ray Burst from the Ultracompact Binary 4U 1850–087.

Author

Lu, Yongqi, Li, Zhaosheng, Yu, Wenhui, Pan, Yuanyue, and Falanga, Maurizio

Subjects
*X-ray bursts, *X-ray binaries, *GAMMA ray bursts, *B stars, *ELECTRON temperature, *ACCRETION disks
Abstract

We report the detection of a long X-ray burst from the ultracompact binary 4U 1850–087. The type I X-ray burst was observed on MJD 60171.65 by the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image and Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER). We analyze the NICER data between MJD 60095.19 and 60177.43, which includes the observation covering parts of the long X-ray burst decay phase, i.e., 0.15–3.8 hr after the trigger. The persistent spectra are well described by a multicolor disk blackbody, with an inner temperature of ∼0.5 keV, a thermally Comptonized continuum, an asymptotic power-law photon index of Γ ∼ 2.2, and an electron temperature of kT e ∼ 20–30 keV. The mean persistent flux was around 3.8 × 10−10 erg cm−2 s−1, corresponding to a local mass accretion rate of ∼ 1 % m ̇ Edd . Part of the time-resolved burst spectra show a clear deviation from the blackbody model, which can be improved by considering the enhanced persistent emission due to the Poynting–Robertson drag or the reflected disk emission illuminated by the burst. From the burst flux during the cooling phase, we estimate the burst duration, τ ≈ 0.78 hr, the burst fluence, E b ≈ 4.1 × 1041 erg, and the ignition column depth, y ign ≈ 3.5 × 1010 g cm−2. These long X-ray burst parameters from 4U 1850–087 suggest a regime of unstable burning of a thick, pure helium layer slowly accreted from a helium donor star. Moreover, we identify 7 σ significant ∼1 keV emission lines in the burst spectra, which may originate from the surrounding accretion disk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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