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The Yangtze region in southern China is endowed with abundant marine shale gas. Methane molecules exist in either adsorption state or free state in postmature marine shales, depending on the components of shales. In this study, the core samples of the selected well in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Fm. shales from the Sichuan Basin, upper Yangtze region, southern China, were taken as study objects. We carried out TOC content, organic matter maturity, mineral component, and core gas content analyses and isothermal adsorption, FIB-SEM, and FIB-HIM experiments to analyze the occurrence state of methane molecules in postmature marine shales. The conclusions are as follows: most methane molecules exist in the organic matter pores of the postmature marine shales, and only a small amount of them exist in clay mineral pores. The organic matter pores in organic-rich shales are large in number with excellent roundness and are well connected, with large pores covering small ones. Thus, abundant free gas can be stored in the organic matter pores and pore throats, making it possible to densely and continuously adsorb methane molecules with a relatively large adsorption space. The flake-shaped clay minerals have a small number of pores with low roundness. Among the three clay minerals in postmature marine shales of the Longmaxi Fm., the I/S mixed layer offers certain reservoir spaces for adsorbed and free gases and chlorite stores a little adsorbed gas and little free gas, while illite hardly stores the adsorbed gas but contains a little free gas.

Some major hydrocarbon-bearing basins are rich in shale with terrestrial facies in China, which may provide abundant terrestrial shale oil and gas resources. This work studied the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the Southeast Sichuan Basin of the upper Yangtze Region. Core samples were chosen for the total organic carbon content and mineral composition analyses to classify shale lithofacies. Afterward, pore connectivity, pore wettability, and shale oil mobility with different lithofacies were characterized by spontaneous imbibition, nuclear resonance, and centrifugation. Conclusions are as follows: the pore connectivity of organic-rich clay shale was mostly between moderate to good with oil-prone wettability and high mobile oil saturation. The organic-rich mixed shale has moderate to good pore connectivity, water-prone wettability, and the highest mobile oil saturation. Organic matter–bearing clay shale has bad to moderate pore connectivity. Meanwhile, its pore wettability covers oil wetting, mixed wetting, oil-prone wetting, and water-prone wetting. Its mobile oil saturation was moderate. Regarding organic matter–bearing mixed shale, the pore connectivity was bad to moderate with mixed-wetting pore wettability and moderate mobile oil saturation.

China has abundant shale gas resources with great exploration potential, and stage progress has been made in this aspect. The sedimentary environment and reservoir characteristics are important aspects of the study on shale gas accumulation. Previous studies have mostly been carried out from a “qualitative” perspective, but not from a “quantitative” one. There is a lack of comparative studies on “marine shales with different TOC contents”. This paper takes the marine shale of the first member of the Longmaxi Formation (Long 1 Fm) in southern Sichuan Basin, Southern China, as the research object. The core samples were taken to carry out analyses (mineral composition analysis, TOC content analysis, porosity analysis) and experiments (carbon dioxide and nitrogen adsorption experiments, high-pressure mercury intrusion, FIB-SEM, and FIB-HIM experiments). The element logging data were collected to conduct the quantitative comparison of genesis and pore structure characteristics of siliceous minerals in marine shale with different TOC contents in this area. The conclusions are as follows: first, a formula is used to calculate and determine whether there is excessive silicon; then the Al-Fe-Mn triangle diagram is used to analyze the genesis of excessive silicon, so as to quantitatively analyze the genesis of siliceous minerals in shale: the siliceous minerals of organic shale (1% < TOC 2%) are detrital genesis, and a small part (0–20%) are biogenic. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen adsorption experiments, as well as high-pressure mercury intrusion experiments are adopted to quantitatively characterize the whole-aperture pore structure characteristics. The pore development characteristics of different shale components are analyzed by combing FIB-SEM and FIB-HIM experiments. The organic-bearing shales in the target section of this study area mainly develop clay mineral pores (71%), and are dominated by macro-pores (57.3%) with a low number of pores, irregular-shaped pores, as well as poor storage capacity and connectivity; the organic-rich shales in the target section of this study area mainly develop organic pores (51%), and are dominated by micro-pores (32.1%) and mesopores (54%) that are large in number and elliptical-shaped, with good storage capacity and good connectivity. The results of this study help to improve the understanding of the pore size of marine shales, the origin of siliceous minerals in marine shales, and the pore structure characteristics of marine shales, which are of great theoretical and practical significance for improving the theory of shale gas formation and guiding the selection of shale gas sweet spot.

Shale gas exploration requires studies on the enrichment mechanism of sedimentary organic matter. The Lower Cambrian shale is taken as a study object to analyze the effect of organic matter on gas content using TOC content and porosity analyses, isothermal adsorption experiments, and FIB-HIM scanning electron microscopy observations. Then, we selected typical wells to determine the presence of excessive silica in the siliceous minerals by quantitative calculations. Besides, we analyzed the genesis of excessive siliceous minerals using elements including Al, Fe, and Mn, thus speculating the controlling factors of the redox environment and biological productivity. Results show that total organic carbon content controls the content of free and adsorbed gas, while shale gas mainly exists in organic pores and is developed in large numbers and with high roundness, showing the characteristics of “small pores inside big pores.” In the Lower Yangtze region during the Early Cambrian, the excessive siliceous minerals were of hydrothermal origin, and there were frequent hydrothermal activities due to its closeness to plate boundaries. These activities can intensify the reducibility of the waterbody’s bottom and improve the biological productivity on its surface, resulting in the enrichment of this matter. Most excessive silicon in this region is biogenic, while only a small part is of hydrothermal and biogenic mixed origin. The enclosed waterbody of the Upper Yangtze region was far from plate boundaries and close to the semiclosed “gulf,” resulting in its delamination. The waterbody’s surface was abundant with oxygen, thus increasing the biological productivity, while the high reducibility at the waterbody’s bottom was conducive to preserving sedimentary organic matter.

Similar to North America, China has abundant shale resources. Significant progress has been made in the exploration and exploitation of shale gas in China since 2009. As the geological theory of unconventional oil and gas was proposed, scientists have started researching conditions for shale gas preservation. The shale roof and floor sealing and the shale self-sealing are the critical objects of such research, which, however, are still in the initial stage. This article studies the formation mechanism of shale roof and floor sealing and shale self-sealing by taking marine shales from Member I of the upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation–lower Longmaxi Formation in the upper Yangtze region as the research object. Analyses were performed on the TOC content, mineral composition, and porosity, as well as the FIB-SEM, FIB-HIM, and gas permeability experiments on the core samples collected from the marine shales mentioned above. The conclusions are as follows: for the sealings of shale roof and floor, the regional cap rocks, roof, and floor provide sealing for shales due to physical property differences. For the self-sealing of shales, the second and third sub-members of Member I of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation mainly develop clay mineral pores which are dominated by macropores with poor connectivity, while the first sub-member of Member I of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation mainly develops organic-matter pores, which are dominated by micropores and mesopores with good connectivity. Owing to the connectivity difference, the second and third sub-members provide sealing for the first sub-member, while the methane adsorption effect of shales can inhibit large-scale shale gas migration as it decreases the gas permeability; thus, the organic-rich shales from the first sub-member of Member I of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation provides sealing for itself.

Due to the specificity of the geological background, terrestrial strata are widely distributed in the major hydrocarbon-bearing basins in China. In addition, terrestrial shales are generally featured with high thickness, multiple layers, high TOC content, ideal organic matter types, and moderate thermal evolution, laying a solid material foundation for hydrocarbon generation. However, the quantitative characterization study on their pore structure remains inadequate. In this study, core samples were selected from the Middle Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the southeastern Sichuan Basin of the Upper Yangtze Region for analyses on its TOC content and mineral composition. Besides, experiments including oil washing, the adsorption/desorption of CO2 and nitrogen, and high-pressure mercury pressure experiments were carried out. The pore structure of different petrographic types of terrestrial shales can be accurately and quantitatively characterized with these works. The following conclusions were drawn: for organic-rich mixed shales and organic-rich clay shales, the TOC content is the highest; the pore volume, which is primarily provided by macropores and specific surface area, which is provided by mesopores, was the largest, thus providing more space for shale oil and gas reservation. The pores take on a shape either close to a parallel plate slit or close to or of an ink bottle. For organic-matter-bearing shales, both the pore volume and specific surface area are the second-largest and are provided by the same sized pores with organic-rich mixed shales. Its pores take on a shape approximating either a parallel plate slit or an ink bottle. Organic-matter-bearing mixed shales have the lowest pore volume and specific surface area; its pore volume is primarily provided by macropores, and the specific surface area by mesopores and the shape of the pores are close to an ink bottle.

This paper proposes two novel dc/dc choppers with dc circuit breaker functionality for HVDC transmission lines. These converters feature step-up and/or step-down functions with instant interruption of short-circuit faults. Compared to other state-of-the-art converter topologies described in the literature, the proposed topologies have better control functions, lower manufacturing costs and reduced energy losses. A double closed-loop controller is designed to regulate the inductor current and output voltage of the converters. An auxiliary controller is also proposed to ensure proper shut-down of the circuit breaker in the event of dc short-circuit faults. The simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed converter configurations and control scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]