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This paper presents a new approach to introducing scattering parameters for dispelling doubts and misconceptions. Normalization of voltage and current is first introduced for the subsequent descriptions of normalized matrices. The analogy with lossless transmission lines is used to define voltage waves in terms of circuit voltages and currents. Scattering parameters are interpreted as reflection and transmission coefficients for real normalizing impedance. Power considerations are made to interpret scattering parameters as power ratios. The condition for the lossless circuit is derived, and it is shown that the definitions of the voltage waves satisfy maximum power transfer conditions for real input impedance. Reciprocity conditions are derived to show that the normalized, not the unnormalized scattering matrix, is symmetric. The application of losslessness and reciprocity in filter design is clarified. Next, it is shown why definitions of forward and reverse voltage have to be changed for complex normalizing impedances. The relationships of matrices for complex normalizing impedance are shown to reduce to those for real normalizing impedance. The procedure for changing normalizing impedance is given, and its application for amplifier design is briefly described. The difference between circuit symmetry and physical symmetry is pointed out. Finally, it is shown how odd and even mode analysis arises from a mathematical consideration of symmetrical two-port networks. A straightforward discussion of Wilkinson power divider is given to illustrate the application of these modes.

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems have obtained remarkable results in rehabilitation and robot control processes by converting brain signals into control commands. The quantity of movement speed is the fundamental issue in BCI that requires additional research. This paper investigated the classification of the slow and fast speeds of eight different upper limb movements through electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and information about the values of speed and maximum angle of movements from the MPU6050 module. Datasets were obtained by recording the EEG signals from 10 subjects and the module information connected on their right hand during movements. This study used Filter Bank Common Spatial Pattern (FBCSP) and Wavelet-Common Spatial Pattern (W-CSP) methods to extract speed features of movements. In both methods, features selected by the Mutual Information (MI) were sent to the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and various machine learning classifiers. Due to the results of subject-independent speed classification, the FBCSP-CNN method obtained the highest accuracy of 90% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.8 for flexion/extension of the shoulder. Results from our proposed method demonstrate the ability to introduce a refined set of control commands into the BCI system by recognizing the features associated with the speed of movement parameters.

The aim of this paper proposes an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with network coding to improve the error performance of the system when the messages are transmitted from user to receiver. Two-way relay (TWR) networks are applied to reduce the transmission time slots. The exclusive-OR (XOR) coding is used for network coding in which source nodes exchange their information via TWR nodes. The XOR coded bits provides redundancy to achieve the transmit diversity gain which improves the error performance of the TWR network. OFDM is exploited for TWR to obtain the frequency selective fading nature of wireless channels. The different modulation schemes such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and 64-QAM with OFDM system are simulated and QPSK is selected as it gives the lowest bit error rate (BER). The multiple relaying schemes with different numbers of the information packets are also considered in this paper. Simulation results show that multiple relay schemes provide faster transmission time and better error rate performance. Moreover, different kinds of channel coding schemes such as Convolutional, Reed-Solomon (RS) and turbo codes are applied in OFDM system with network coding to compare and evaluate the BER performance of the proposed system. From the simulation results, network coded OFDM scheme with turbo codes give better BER performance for given Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in relaying scheme with different numbers of information packets compared to those of convolutional and RS codes. It shows that, the error rate performance and transmission time is reduced 10 percent than the conventional scheme at even at low SNR value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]