188 results on '"Lignine"'
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2. Response to Fusarium graminearum infection in the rachis of a resistant and a susceptible wheat genotype.
- Author
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Hadinezhad, Mehri and Miller, S. Shea
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FUSARIOSIS , *WHEAT , *GRAVIMETRIC analysis , *WHEAT diseases & pests , *GENOTYPES , *HOT water - Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a globally devastating disease of wheat, for which sources and mechanisms of resistance are urgently needed. The goal of this research was to elucidate the chemical nature of changes incurred in the rachis of a susceptible wheat ('Chinese Spring', CS), and a related addition line (CS-7EL) with resistance conferred by a fragment of the 7E chromosome from a wild wheat relative (Thinopyrum elongatum) in response to infection by Fusarium graminearum. Gravimetric analysis, followed by more targeted extractions and hydrolyses was used to study responses in the rachis of both genotypes at 7 days after fungal and mock inoculations. The most significant changes in the gravimetric analyses were an increase in the proportion of lignin in CS-7EL, and an increase in the proportion of hot water soluble compounds in CS. HPLC analysis of sugar profiles indicated higher degradation of arabinoxylan and cellulose in CS compared with CS-7EL. Differences were also observed in the profiles of the free, conjugated, and bound phenolic fractions for both varieties, with the conjugated fraction showing the greatest variation. The dominant phenolic acid in all samples was p-coumaric. A biplot analysis incorporating phenolic and sugar data was employed to provide an overview of responses to mock- and Fusarium-inoculation in CS and CS-7EL. Overall, our results suggest cell wall degradation in CS, and fortification in CS-7EL via increased lignification, in response to Fusarium infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Study of the alkali lignin stabilization thanks to plasma process.
- Author
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Zaitsev, Andrii, Moisan, Sandy, and Poncin-Epaillard, Fabienne
- Subjects
- *
LIGNINS , *ALKALI metals , *PLASMA materials processing , *GLASS transition temperature , *MOLECULAR weights , *DIFFERENTIAL scanning calorimetry - Abstract
Abstract The influence of plasma treatment on lignin chemical and physical properties was studied. The screening of the different process parameters (gas chemical nature, flow, pressure and discharge power) shows changes in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of different lignins. Chemical nature of plasma phase has the highest influence. These changes are related to the modulation of the molecular weight of lignin chains (crosslinking or degradation) and were evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry and by dielectric spectroscopy. Treated lignin powder showed better processability by extrusion (lower viscosity) than the pristine one. Highlights • Low cost carbon fibers preparation thanks to lignin particles stabilization. • Lignin particles plasma-stabilization induces their processability because of a core-shell formation with a Tg increase. • Plasma treatment of lignin particles depending of choosen plasma phase induces surface fonctionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Selective multistage extraction process of biomolecules from vine shoots by a combination of biological, chemical, and physical treatments.
- Author
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Rajha, Hiba N., El Kantar, Sally, Afif, Charbel, Boussetta, Nadia, Louka, Nicolas, Maroun, Richard G., and Vorobiev, Eugene
- Subjects
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PLANT shoots , *ANALYTICAL samples (Chemistry) , *EXTRACTION techniques , *HYDROLYSIS , *HIGH performance liquid chromatography - Abstract
A multistep extraction process was proposed to recover polyphenols, reducing sugars, and soluble lignin from vine shoots. A physical pretreatment by high voltage electrical discharges (HVED) was followed by an enzymatic hydrolysis and a final delignification step by alkaline hydrolysis. HVED before enzymatic hydrolysis enhanced the extraction of polyphenols (+72%), reducing sugars (+43%), and soluble lignin (+104%) as compared to control experiments (enzymatic hydrolysis). HVED also reinforced the subsequent delignification process by reducing 10% lignin content in exhausted residues. Identification and quantification of ferulic acid, resveratrol, p -coumaric acid, and hydroxybenzoic acid were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Peroxidase-based oxidative polymerization of monolignols.
- Author
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Opris, Cristina, Amanov, Nazar, Parvulescu, Vasile I., and Tudorache, Madalina
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PEROXIDASE , *POLYMERIZATION , *LIGNIN biodegradation , *BIOCHEMICAL substrates , *TEMPERATURE effect - Abstract
Oxidative polymerization of the monolignols (sinapyl alcohol [SA] and coniferyl alcohol [CA]) has been performed using enzyme-based biocatalysts. The oxidation of SA, CA, or an SA/CA mixture has been carried out using peroxidase enzyme–assisted H 2 O 2 / t -BHP (oxidation reagent). The reaction provided radicals with high reactivity, in turn yielding a variety of polymeric structures. The efficiency of the oxidative polymerization system has been evaluated in terms of substrate conversion. Also, the polymeric products were characterized with the gel permeation chromatography technique (GPC). Accordingly, optimum experimental parameters have been set up (e.g. temperature, type of peroxidase enzyme, and oxidation reagent). Under optimum conditions, a maximum of 90% of the SA was transformed to polymeric products with MW = 3188 Da, Mn = 1115 Da, and PD = 2.8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Humus composition of mineral–microbial residue from microbial utilization of lignin involving different mineral types.
- Author
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Wang, Shuai, Chen, Dianyuan, Zhang, Xi, Xu, Junping, Lei, Wanying, Zhou, Changyan, Chen, Chen, Li, Fanghui, and Wang, Nan
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KAOLINITE ,GOETHITE ,HUMUS ,MOLECULAR weights ,MINERAL aggregates ,MONTMORILLONITE ,ADSORPTION capacity - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Thigmomorphogenesis: changes in morphology, biochemistry, and levels of transcription in response to mechanical stress in Acacia koa.
- Author
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Ishihara, Kazue L., Lee, Eric K.W., and Borthakur, Dulal
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THIGMOMORPHOGENESIS , *KOA , *ENVIRONMENTAL engineering , *XYLEM , *DISEASE resistance of plants , *LIGNINS - Abstract
Acacia koa A. Gray, an economically important timber-wood tree growing in the Hawaiian Islands, is affected by many environmental stresses, including drought, strong wind, heavy rain, and infection by fungal pathogens. Previous studies have shown that some morphological and biochemical changes that take place as a result of environmental stresses in plants can be also induced by mechanical stresses such as touching and bending. We studied morphological and biochemical changes and levels of gene transcription in A. koa plants due to mechanical stress. For a mechanical stress treatment, A. koa seedlings were gently bent in four cardinal directions daily for 2-6 months, after which morphological and biochemical changes were quantified. The stressed A. koa had significantly increased stem diameter, number of xylem cells, and anthocyanin and lignin contents and significantly reduced stem length. The gene expression analyses showed that 53 genes, including the genes for calcium signaling, ethylene biosynthesis, abscisic acid degradation, stress-related transcriptional regulation, and disease resistance, were induced more than twofold within 10-60 min following mechanical stress. The observation that the genes for disease resistance such as NBS-LRR can be induced by mechanical stress suggests that strong wind and rain in the natural forest may also induce disease resistance in trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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8. PRODUCCIÓN DE COMPLEJOS ENZIMÁTICOS CELULOLÍTICOS MEDIANTE EL CULTIVO EN FASE SÓLIDA DE Trichoderma sp. SOBRE LOS RACIMOS VACÍOS DE PALMA DE ACEITE COMO SUSTRATO PRODUCTION OF ENZYMATIC COMPLEX IN SOLID STATE FERMENTATION BY Trichoderma sp. USING PALM OIL EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH (EFB) AS SUBSTRATE
- Author
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Ibeth RODRÍGUEZ G. and Yineth PIÑEROS C.
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Trichoderma ,lignina ,celulosa ,celulasas ,residuos de palma de aceite ,Trichoderma sp. ,lignine ,cellulose ,cellulases ,palm oil wastes ,Food processing and manufacture ,TP368-456 ,Pharmaceutical industry ,HD9665-9675 - Abstract
La explotación de palma de aceite en Colombia, quinto productor mundial, genera residuos lignocelulósicos, como los racimos vacíos ("raquis" o "tusas"), que resultan después de retirar los frutos de la palma de aceite, los cuales, teniendo en cuenta sus características, pueden ser usados como sustrato para la producción de enzimas celulasas. En este trabajo se evalúa la producción de celulasas mediante el cultivo de Trichoderma viride sobre los racimos vacíos. Los residuos se someten a pretratamientos químicos (HNO3 0,5% y 1%) y biológicos (precultivo con Pleurotus ostreatus durante 10 y 20 días), con el fin de deslignificarlos y favorecer la producción de celulasas. La evaluación de las actividades celulasa total (FPasa) y endoglucanasa (CMCasa), se realiza a los ocho días de cultivo en fermentación en fase sólida utilizando los residuos pretratados como sustrato, suplementando con dos fuentes de nitrógeno inorgánicas (NH4H2PO4 y NaNO3). Las mayores actividades celulolíticas se encuentran en cultivos realizados con pretratamiento biológico (precultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus) y NaNO3 como fuente de nitrógeno, con valores de 0,374 U/mL de FPasa y 0,776 U/mL de CMCasa; una unidad (U) de actividad es la cantidad en µmoles de azúcares reductores (glucosa) producidos por minuto.The oil palm industry in Colombia, the fifth world manufacter, generates lignocelulosic waste like the empty fruit bunch (EFB), which remains after removing the fruit of oil palm. Keeping in mind this characteristic, it can be used as substrate for cellulases production. In this study we evaluate the productivity of cellulases through native crop of Trichoderma viride T12 using EFB. The wastes are subject to chemical (HNO3 0,5% y 1%) and biological treatments (previous cultivate with Pleurotus ostreatus during 10 and 20 days), to get its deslignification and improving the production of cellulases. The evaluation of the activities of total cellulase (FPase) and endoglucanase (CMCase) was made after 8 days of cultivate by fermentation in solid state, using pretreated wastes as substrate. It was supplemented with two inorganic nitrogen sources (NH4H2PO4 y NaNO3). The major celulolitic activities were found in wastes treated with precultive of Pleurotus ostreatus and NaNO3 as nitrogen source, with values of 0,374 U/mL of FPase and 0,776 U/mL of CMCase. All activities were expressed in micromole of glucose units (U) of substrate hydrolyzed in 1 min.
- Published
- 2007
9. Chemistry of developing bordered-pit rims in balsam-fir trees.
- Author
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Savidge, Rodney Arthur
- Subjects
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BALSAM fir , *NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy , *RAMAN spectroscopy , *DENSITY gradient centrifugation , *GAS chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) - Abstract
Rims of bordered pits form on the primary walls of radially enlarged cambial derivatives prior to the onset of general secondary-wall formation. A recent report ( Botany, 2014, 92(7): 495-511) raised the possibility that the chemical composition of the rim might be different from that of the secondary wall. To investigate this, early-stage nonfluorescent and late-stage autofluorescent rims were separated from cambial derivatives of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. and purified to homogeneity by density-gradient centrifugation. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, combined gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy, enzyme digestion, and chemical resilience data support the interpretation that cellulose alone is the microfibrillar polysaccharide of nonfluorescent early-stage rims. A lignin is additionally present in late-stage rims, and it evidently bonds with cellulose because rims are extraordinarily resistant to hydrolysis by either enzymes or strong acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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10. Biorefinery : lignin liquefaction to produce green aromatic chemicals
- Author
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Bartolomei, Erika, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine, Anthony Dufour, Yann Le Brech, ANR-16-CE06-0007,PhenoLiq,Production de composés Phénoliques par Liquéfaction de la lignine(2016), UL, Thèses, and Production de composés Phénoliques par Liquéfaction de la lignine - - PhenoLiq2016 - ANR-16-CE06-0007 - AAPG2016 - VALID
- Subjects
[SPI.GPROC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,[CHIM.GENI] Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering ,Lignine ,[CHIM.CATA] Chemical Sciences/Catalysis ,[CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis ,Catalyse ,Lignin ,Biorefinery ,Liquefaction ,Bioraffinerie ,[CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering ,Biomasse ,Liquéfaction ,[SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,Biomass ,Catalyst - Abstract
It is necessary and emergent to reduce our dependence to fossil resource and to mitigate climate change. In this context, biomass becomes a strategic renewable resource, for the production of green energy, chemicals and high value materials. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant non-edible feedstock for the synthesis of carbonaceous fuels or chemicals. One important fraction of lignocellulosic biomass is lignin, which is a highly heterogeneous aromatic macromolecule that resists bio-degradation to a much greater extent than cellulosic components. The pulp and paper industry is the largest producers of extracted lignin. Lignin is primarily treated as a by-product and it is valorized for heat and power production. However, this lignin has great potential for value-added development that can capitalize on the unique aromatic features of lignin to potentially replace certain types of petroleum-derived products. In this thesis, industrially available lignins were first characterized. The research focus is to depolymerize these lignins to monomers or oligomers of potential interest for biomaterials synthesis. Both reductive (under H2) and oxidative (O2) liquefaction atmospheres are presented. Among the most significant challenges with lignin liquefaction research is the effective characterization of the resulting liquid phase products. In order to address this issue, a novel analytical technique utilizing UV-fluorescence spectroscopy is introduced for rapid screening of lignin liquefaction products. This technique is assessed in conjunction with other analytical methods, which are compared and contrasted. Different catalysts, solvents (ethanol, NaOH) and conditions have been studied. A global process analysis including some technical-economical assessment gives the main process unit to improve for a better valorisation of lignins on a real case pulp & paper mill., Il est important de réduire notre dépendance aux ressources fossiles et le réchauffement climatique. Dans ce contexte, la biomasse est une ressource renouvelable stratégique pour la production d’énergie, de composés chimiques et de matériaux. La biomasse lignocellulosique est la biomasse non alimentaire la plus abondante. La lignine représente une fraction importante de cette biomasse. C’est une macromolécule avec des motifs variés principalement constitués de noyaux aromatiques. L’industrie de production de la pâte à papier produit une importante quantité de lignine qui est principalement valorisée par combustion pour produire de la chaleur et de l’électricité. Mais des composés à plus haute valeur ajoutée pourraient être produits à partir de la lignine comme notamment des composés aromatiques (phénols, etc.). Durant cette thèse, nous avons tout d’abord caractérisé des lignines techniques disponibles au niveau industriel. Puis, l’objectif est de dépolymériser ces lignines en monomères (phénols) ou oligomères en vue de produire des polymères à haute-valeur ajoutée. Nous avons étudié une dépolymérisation en milieu liquide (« liquéfaction ») en présence d’hydrogène ou d’oxygène. La liquéfaction produit une large gamme de composés qui est difficile à analyser. Nous avons proposé la fluorescence UV comme une technique rapide et simple pour analyser les liquides. Cette méthode d’analyse a été comparée à d’autres techniques comme la GPC ou le MALDI-TOFMS. Différents catalyseurs, solvants (eau/NaOH ou éthanol), conditions (températures) ont été testés. Les rendements en monomères restent faibles pour toutes ces conditions du fait du caractère très réticulé de ces lignines industrielles. Une modélisation globale du procédé est proposée pour évaluer les procédés de liquéfaction intégrés dans une unité Kraft de production de pâte à papier industrielle.
- Published
- 2021
11. Bleaching of leaf litter and associated microfungi in subboreal and subalpine forests.
- Author
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Hagiwara, Yusuke, Matsuoka, Shunsuke, Hobara, Satoru, Mori, Akira S., Hirose, Dai, and Osono, Takashi
- Subjects
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FOREST litter , *MICROFUNGI , *BIODEGRADATION , *LIGNINS , *TAIGAS , *FUNGI diversity - Abstract
Fungal decomposition of lignin leads to the whitening, or bleaching, of leaf litter, especially in temperate and tropical forests, but less is known about such bleaching in forests of cooler regions, such as boreal and subalpine forests. The purposes of the present study were to examine the extent of bleached area on the surface of leaf litter and its variation with environmental conditions in subboreal and subalpine forests in Japan and to examine the microfungi associated with the bleaching of leaf litter by isolating fungi from the bleached portions of the litter. Bleached area accounted for 21.7%-32.7% and 2.0%-10.0% of total leaf area of Quercus crispula and Betula ermanii, respectively, in subboreal forests, and for 6.3% and 18.6% of total leaf area of B. ermanii and Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis, respectively, in a subalpine forest. In subboreal forests, elevation, C/N ratio and pH of the FH layer, and slope aspect were selected as predictor variables for the bleached leaf area. Leaf mass per area and lignin content were consistently lower in the bleached area than in the nonbleached area of the same leaves, indicating that the selective decomposition of acid unhydrolyzable residue (recalcitrant compounds such as lignin, tannins, and cutins) enhanced the mass loss of leaf tissues in the bleached portions. Isolates of a total of 11 fungal species (6 species of Ascomycota and 5 of Basidiomycota) exhibited leaf-litter-bleaching activity under pure culture conditions. Two fungal species ( Coccomyces sp. and Mycena sp.) occurred in both subboreal and subalpine forests, which were separated from each other by approximately 1100 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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12. Implementing the CRISPR-Cas9 technology in Eucalyptus hairy roots and functional characterization of auxin-dependent transcription factors involved in wood formation
- Author
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Dai, Ying, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, Jacqueline Grima-Pettenati, and Hua Wang
- Subjects
Secondary cell wall ,Eucalyptus ,Xylème ,Paroi cellulaire secondaire ,Xylem ,Lignine ,[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology ,Auxin ,CRISPR-Cas9 ,Lignin - Abstract
Eucalyptus is the most planted hardwood worldwide for many industrial end-uses such as pulp and paper and emerging biofuel production. The analysis of the Eucalyptus grandis genome led to many candidate genes involved in wood formation including key mediators of auxin signaling (Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA) and Auxin Response Factor (ARF). The functional characterization of these candidate genes was hampered by the difficulty to general stable transgenic Eucalyptus and to knock out these genes. Taking advantage of rapid and efficient hairy root transformation mediated by A.rhizogenes, recently implemented by our team, the objectives of my work were to implement the powerful CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool and to use it to investigate the potential roles of three Eucalyptus auxin-dependent transcription factors (IAA9A, IAA20 and ARF5) in regulating wood formation. First, as a proof-of-concept for implementing CRISPR/Cas9, We targeted Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase1 (CCR1), a key lignin biosynthetic gene whose down-regulation effects are well described in several plants. Almost all transgenic lines were edited but the allele-editing rates and profiles varied greatly depending on the genes targeted. Most edition events generated truncated proteins. The prevalent edition types were small deletions but large deletions were also observed. By using a combination of Fourier Transformed InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy and multivariate analysis (partial least square analysis (PLS-DA), we showed that the CCR1-edited lines, which were clearly separated from the controls. The most discriminant wave-numbers were attributed to lignin. Histochemical analyses further confirmed the decreased lignification and the presence of collapsed vessels in CCR1-edited lines, which are characteristics of CCR1 deficiency. Although the efficiency of editing could be improved, the method described here is already a useful tool to functionally characterize eucalypts genes. In the second part of my work, we used this genome editing method to knock out two Aux/IAAs (IAA9A and IAA20) and one Auxin Response Factor (ARF5) in order to get more insights into the role of auxin in the regulation of wood formation in Eucalyptus. We generated transgenic Eucalyptus hairy root to overexpress and to knock out these genes. Unfortunately, all the transgenic plants overexpressing IAA9A and IAA20 (under the control of 35S promoter) died during the Covid19 lockdown period and only three IAA20-CRISPR lines survived. Therefore, we could only analyze CRISPR/Cas9 edited transgenic plants for two candidates (IAA9A and ARF5). Editing events were detected either by subcloning and/or webbased tools (DSDecode and ICE synthego). CRISPR/Cas9 generated IAA9A_lines had high knockout rates of 92.3% with 58.3% of biallelic mutations. In contrast, ARF5 lines had quite low editing rates (43%) showing monoallelic and chimera mutations. [...]; Les Eucalyptus sont les feuillus les plus plantés au monde pour les nombreuses utilisations industrielles de leurs bois tells que la pâte à papier et la production émergente de biocarburants. L'analyse du génome d'Eucalyptus grandis a conduit à l'identification de nombreux candidats impliqués dans la formation du bois, tells que des médiateurs clés de la signalization de l'auxine (Aux/IAA et Auxin Response Factor (ARF). La caractérisation fonctionnelle de ces gènes candidats a été retardée jusqu'à présent par la difficulté de supprimer leurs fonctions dans un système homologue. Pour pallier à cela, le premier objectif de mon travail a été de mettre au point le puissant outil d'édition de gènes "CRISPR/Cas9" en profitant de la transformation de "hairy roots" transgéniques médiée par A. rhizogenes, récemment développée dans l'équipe. Dans un deuxième temps, mon objectif était d'utiliser cette méthode d'édition de génome pour étudier les rôles potentiels de trois facteurs de transcription dépendant de l'auxine (IAA9A, IAA20 et ARF5) dans la formation du bois d'Eucalyptus. Premièrement, comme preuve de concept pour la mise en oeuvre de la technologie CRISPR/Cas9, nous avons ciblé la Cinnamoyl-CoA réductase1 (CCR1), un gène clé de la biosynthèse de la lignine dont les effets de "down-regulation" sont bien connus. Nous avons également utilisé le gène IAA9A comme cible. Presque toutes les lignées transgéniques ont été éditées, mais les taux et les profils d'édition alléliques variaient considérablement selon le gène ciblé. La plupart des événements d'édition ont généré des protéines tronquées. En utilisant une combinaison de spectroscopie à infrarouge transformée de Fourier (FT-IR) et d'analyse multivariée (PLS-DA), j'ai pu montrer que les lignées éditées pour CCR1, étaient clairement séparées des témoins. Les analyses histochimiques ont confirmé la diminution de la lignification et la présence de vaisseaux écrasés dans les lignées éditées pour CCR1, qui sont des caractéristiques de la déficience de ce gène. Bien que l'efficacité de l'édition puisse être améliorée, la méthode décrite ici est déjà un outil utile pour caractériser fonctionnellement des gènes chez l'Eucalyptus. Dans la deuxième partie de mon travail, j'ai utilisé cette méthode d'édition du génome pour muter deux Aux/IAAs (IAA9A et IAA20) ainsi que ARF5 afin de mieux appréhender le rôle de l'auxine dans la régulation de la formation du bois chez l'Eucalyptus. J'ai généré des "hairy roots" soit pour surexprimer ces gènes, soit pour les muter par CRISPR/Cas9. Malheureusement, toutes les plantes transgéniques surexprimant IAA9A et IAA20 (sous le contrôle du promoteur CaMV35S) sont mortes pendant la période de confinement liée au Covid19 et seules trois lignées CRISPR-IAA20 ont survécu. Par conséquent, je n'ai pu analyser que des plantes transgéniques éditées pour deux candidats. Les lignées IAA9A générées par CRISPR/Cas9 présentaient des taux de knock-out élevés de 92,3% avec 58,3% de mutations bialléliques. En revanche, les lignées ARF5 avaient des taux d'édition assez faibles (43%) et des mutations monoalléliques et/ou chimériques.[...]
- Published
- 2020
13. Transforming plant carbon into soil carbon: Process-level controls on carbon sequestration.
- Author
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Whalen, Joann K., Gul, Shamim, Poirier, Vincent, Yanni, Sandra F., Simpson, Myrna J., Clemente, Joyce S., Xiaojuan Feng, Grayston, Sue J., Barker, Jason, Gregorich, Ed G., Angers, Denis A., Rochette, Philippe, and Janzen, H. Henry
- Subjects
CARBON content of plants ,CARBON in soils ,CARBON sequestration ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,SOIL microbiology ,AGRICULTURAL waste research - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Manipulating lignin deposition.
- Author
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Schuetz, Mathias, Douglas, Carl, Samuels, Lacey, and Ellis, Brian
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LIGNINS ,CARBON in soils ,PLANT biomass ,PLANT roots ,TRANSCRIPTION factors ,CROP research - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Using NIR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to rapidly detect compression wood in Pinus radiata.
- Author
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McLean, J. Paul, Jin, Guangwu, Brennan, Maree, Nieuwoudt, Michél K., and Harris, Philip J.
- Subjects
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FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy , *COMPRESSED wood , *PINUS radiata , *REGRESSION analysis , *LIGHT absorbance - Abstract
Compression wood has undesirable properties for structural timber and for paper production. Traditional methods of detecting it are often time consuming and subjective. This study aimed to rapidly and impartially detect compression wood through the use of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and diffuse reflectance near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Compression wood and non-compression wood samples were obtained from young Pinus radiata D. Don trees grown in New Zealand. Longitudinal dimensional changes were measured during drying or water saturation of the samples; lignin and galactose contents were determined using conventional analytical techniques. Chemical composition was here a more reliable discriminator between wood types than longitudinal dimensional changes. It was shown that partial least-squares regression (PLS-R) or discriminatory analysis (PLS-DA) could be used to build models on the training samples that could discriminate between wood types of the independently grown validation samples. Ultimately, both types of spectroscopies could be used to discriminate between compression wood and non-compression wood either through prediction or discriminatory analysis with equal success. Investigation into spectral differences between wood types, including sequential mixtures of wood types, showed that for the mid-IR region absorbance at a well-resolved lignin band could be used to discriminate compression wood from non-compression wood. For NIR, a similar investigation showed that absorbance values at four separate wavenumbers or the 6000-5600 cm−1 region of the first derivative spectra were required for that discrimination. It is proposed that if there is a gradual change in the chemical composition of compression wood with its severity, then IR spectroscopy could feasibly be used to rapidly determine compression wood severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Carbon partitioning in tissues of a gain-of-function mutant ( MYB75/ PAP1-D) and a loss-of-function mutant ( myb75-1) in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Author
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Fei, Houman, Ellis, Brian E., and Vessey, J. Kevin
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PHENYLPROPANOIDS , *ARABIDOPSIS thaliana , *CYTOPLASM , *FLAVONOIDS , *ANTHOCYANINS - Abstract
The role of myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factors in regulation of carbon flow among the various products of the phenylpropanoid pathway is still unclear. Carbon partitioning in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. was studied in a gain-of-function mutant ( MYB75/ PAP1-D) and a loss-of-function mutant ( myb75-1). Determination of anthocyanins and total phenolics levels in leaf, peduncle, and root tissues of these mutants and their wild-type (WT) parental lines was assessed, as well as 13C partitioning between 'extractives' (predominantly cytoplasm) and 'nonextractives' (predominantly cell wall) of these tissues. The amounts of anthocyanins and phenolics in the leaves and peduncles of MYB75/ PAP1-D mutant were higher than in its WT line. 13C excess in the extractives of leaves and peduncles of the mutant was also higher than that found in the WT line, indicating that the transcription factor MYB75 positively regulated carbon flow to flavonoids biosynthesis in the phenylpropanoid pathway. The myb75-1 mutant had higher distribution of 13C in both extractives and nonextractives of leaves and peduncles, especially in nonextractives of the peduncles, and lower levels of anthocyanins compared with its WT. This suggests that the knockout of MYB75 inhibits biosynthesis of anthocyanins and regulates carbon flow from cytoplasm to cell wall components by activating the biosynthesis of monolignols in cytoplasm, which, in turn, are transported and deposited to the secondary cell wall, resulting in secondary cell wall thickening. Patterns of anthocyanin level and 13C partitioning in roots were different from that seen in leaves and peduncles, suggesting that regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway by MYB75 may be tissue specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Decay of fossil wood from kimberlite pipes of Lac de Gras in the Canadian sub-Arctic area.
- Author
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Staccioli, Giuseppe, Santoni, Ilaria, and Pizzo, Benedetto
- Subjects
- *
FOSSIL trees , *KIMBERLITE eruptions , *CARBOXYL group , *ION exchange (Chemistry) , *SOILS , *CELLULOSE - Abstract
Abstract: Some fossil wooden samples of the Tertiary period, extracted from the crater of the kimberlite BHP-Panda pipe from the Lac de Gras region (in the Canadian sub-Arctic area), and previously identified as Sequioxylon canadense Blokhina, were chemically examined to both assess their state of preservation and discuss about the possible causes of their decay. The chemical composition of fossils (in terms of holocellulose, lignin and ash amounts) was evaluated by means of wet analyses, together with the chromatographic analysis of dichloromethane extracts, and additionally measurements of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of fossils were also carried out. The analyses revealed the complete loss of holocellulose (except for 2 out of 9 samples), whereas lignin became the predominant component, together with ash (whose amount in one case was as high as 47.5%). Moreover, CEC data showed that all acid carboxyls were transformed into carboxylates. They represented the most important form of residual carboxyl groups in the fossils, and were even more abundant than in the reference (fresh) wood. All these occurrences evidenced a generally high level of decay for the fossils, as a consequence of water leaching during burial, which determined both the hydrolysis of esters groups and the partial depolymerisation of lignin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Etude de nouvelles techniques de dérivation chimique de la lignine en vue de l'analyse par chromatographie d'exclusion stérique
- Author
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Esakkimuthu, Esakkiammal Sudha, Laboratoire Génie des procédés papetiers (LGP2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....], Gérard Mortha, and Nathalie Marlin
- Subjects
Lignine ,[CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry ,Derivatisation ,Derivatization ,Lignin - Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth and it consists of highly-branched, three dimensional aromatic structures with variety of functional groups, mainly phenolic and alcoholic functions. This research work was focused on derivatization methods to quantify hydroxyl groups in lignins and to determine lignin molar mass distribution by size-exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-detectors. Five different technical lignins were studied: Protobind 1000, Organosolv (CIMV), Pine Kraft, Eucalyptus Kraft and Indulin. Lignin samples were washed and derivatized by classical acetylation, which was compared to fluoro-derivatization using the new methods developed in this work, such as fluorobenzylation and fluorobenzoylation. Hydroxyl groups present in the lignin samples were quantified by potentiometric and conductometric titrations, GC-aminolysis, IR and differential UV spectroscopies and NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 19F and 31P). Molar mass distributions of derivatized lignins were calculated using different columns and solvents (DMAc and THF). Conventional calibration, using different standard polymers as calibrants, was compared to the so-called “universal calibration method”, which uses viscometric and refractometric detectors. Fluoro-derivatization enhanced lignin solubility in THF and improved chromatographic results. Universal calibration led to about three times higher molar mass values than by conventional calibration.; La lignine, deuxième biopolymère le plus abondant sur Terre, possède une structure aromatique tridimensionnelle hautement ramifiée, porteuse de différents groupements fonctionnels, principalement alcooliques et phénoliques. Le travail de recherche a porté sur les méthodes de dérivation chimique de la lignine permettant de quantifier les hydroxyles et de déterminer les distributions de masses molaires des lignines par chromatographie d’exclusion stérique et multi-détection. Cinq lignines techniques ont été étudiées : Protobind 1000, Organosolv (CIMV), lignine Kraft de pin, lignine Kraft d’Eucalyptus et lignine Indulin. L’acétylation, méthode classique de dérivation des hydroxyles, a été comparée aux nouvelles méthodes de fluoro-dérivation développées durant l’étude (fluorobenzylation et fluorobenzoylation). Les fonctions hydroxyle ont été quantifiées par titrages conductimétriques et potentiométriques, aminolyse-GC, spectrométries IR et UV- différentielle, et spectrométrie RMN (1H, 13C, 19F et 31P). La distribution des masses molaires des lignines dérivées a été déterminée en utilisant différentes colonnes et solvants (DMAc et THF). La méthode d’étalonnage standard, utilisant différents polymères standards de calibration, et la méthode dite “d’étalonnage universel”, utilisant la détection viscosimétrique couplée à la réfractométrie, ont été comparées. La fluoro-dérivation augmente la solubilité de la lignine dans le THF et améliore les résultats chromatographiques. L'étalonnage universel conduit à environ trois fois les valeurs de masses molaires calculées par étalonnage standard.
- Published
- 2020
19. Study of new chemical derivatization techniques for lignin analysis by size exclusion chromatography
- Author
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Esakkimuthu, Esakkiammal Sudha, Laboratoire Génie des procédés papetiers (LGP2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2020-....], Gérard Mortha, Nathalie Marlin, and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
[CHIM.MATE] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry ,Lignine ,[CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry ,Derivatisation ,Derivatization ,Lignin - Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth and it consists of highly-branched, three dimensional aromatic structures with variety of functional groups, mainly phenolic and alcoholic functions. This research work was focused on derivatization methods to quantify hydroxyl groups in lignins and to determine lignin molar mass distribution by size-exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-detectors. Five different technical lignins were studied: Protobind 1000, Organosolv (CIMV), Pine Kraft, Eucalyptus Kraft and Indulin. Lignin samples were washed and derivatized by classical acetylation, which was compared to fluoro-derivatization using the new methods developed in this work, such as fluorobenzylation and fluorobenzoylation. Hydroxyl groups present in the lignin samples were quantified by potentiometric and conductometric titrations, GC-aminolysis, IR and differential UV spectroscopies and NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 19F and 31P). Molar mass distributions of derivatized lignins were calculated using different columns and solvents (DMAc and THF). Conventional calibration, using different standard polymers as calibrants, was compared to the so-called “universal calibration method”, which uses viscometric and refractometric detectors. Fluoro-derivatization enhanced lignin solubility in THF and improved chromatographic results. Universal calibration led to about three times higher molar mass values than by conventional calibration., La lignine, deuxième biopolymère le plus abondant sur Terre, possède une structure aromatique tridimensionnelle hautement ramifiée, porteuse de différents groupements fonctionnels, principalement alcooliques et phénoliques. Le travail de recherche a porté sur les méthodes de dérivation chimique de la lignine permettant de quantifier les hydroxyles et de déterminer les distributions de masses molaires des lignines par chromatographie d’exclusion stérique et multi-détection. Cinq lignines techniques ont été étudiées : Protobind 1000, Organosolv (CIMV), lignine Kraft de pin, lignine Kraft d’Eucalyptus et lignine Indulin. L’acétylation, méthode classique de dérivation des hydroxyles, a été comparée aux nouvelles méthodes de fluoro-dérivation développées durant l’étude (fluorobenzylation et fluorobenzoylation). Les fonctions hydroxyle ont été quantifiées par titrages conductimétriques et potentiométriques, aminolyse-GC, spectrométries IR et UV- différentielle, et spectrométrie RMN (1H, 13C, 19F et 31P). La distribution des masses molaires des lignines dérivées a été déterminée en utilisant différentes colonnes et solvants (DMAc et THF). La méthode d’étalonnage standard, utilisant différents polymères standards de calibration, et la méthode dite “d’étalonnage universel”, utilisant la détection viscosimétrique couplée à la réfractométrie, ont été comparées. La fluoro-dérivation augmente la solubilité de la lignine dans le THF et améliore les résultats chromatographiques. L'étalonnage universel conduit à environ trois fois les valeurs de masses molaires calculées par étalonnage standard.
- Published
- 2020
20. Effective Catalytic Delignification and Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass in Water over Zn3V2O8 Mixed Oxide
- Author
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Abderrahim Solhy, Abdelhak Kherbeche, Eric Dubreucq, Abdellatif Barakat, Lamfeddal Kouisni, Khadija Khallouk, Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, LCME, EST, and Université Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah
- Subjects
délignification ,holocellulose ,General Chemical Engineering ,Ingénierie des aliments ,Lignocellulosic biomass ,Biomass ,populus ,02 engineering and technology ,biomasse lignocellulosique ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Syringaldehyde ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biopolymers ,[SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering ,Food engineering ,Lignin ,Hemicellulose ,[SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering ,Génie des procédés ,Cellulose ,QD1-999 ,Aldehydes ,010405 organic chemistry ,Depolymerization ,Wood ,Organic polymers ,Vanillin ,General Chemistry ,lignine ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Chemistry ,Process Engineering ,chemistry ,Mixed oxide ,0210 nano-technology ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
International audience; The conversion of poplar wood biomass to highly value-added chemicals and molecular building blocks was achieved by using the dispersed mixed oxide Zn3V2O8 (ZVO) in water under 100 kPa of 10% O-2/N-2 at 160, 180, and 200 degrees C for 4 h. This nanostructured mixed oxide was prepared via the precipitation process and then characterized by several techniques. The results showed that this mixed oxide has interesting catalytic properties and is a versatile catalyst for biomass delignification and lignin and hemicellulose depolymerization. ZVO exhibited high activity on poplar biomass delignification and fractionation (degree delignification > 97%) and lignin and holocellulose conversion with high yield into aromatic and furan compounds (80 mg/g initial wood at 200 degrees C), with high selectivities for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (25 mg/g of initial wood), vanillin, and syringaldehyde.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Macromolecular valorisation of humins, keratin and lignin through sustainable copolymers and composites
- Author
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Dinu, Roxana-Mihaela, STAR, ABES, Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Université Côte d'Azur, and Alice Mija
- Subjects
Plumes de poulet ,Économie circulaire ,Chicken feathers ,Lignine ,Kératine ,Valorisation de déchets et de sous-produits ,Lignin ,Polymères & composites éco-respectueux et biosourcés ,Bio-based and sustainable polymers & composites ,Humins ,Keratin ,[CHIM.OTHE] Chemical Sciences/Other ,Waste & by-products valorisation ,[CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other - Abstract
Scientific and market researches are developed to replace the non-renewable fossil resources with renewable raw materials, and to reduce and valorise the industrial waste in order to develop new innovative green materials. Conversion of lignocellulose during acid-catalysed hydrolysis process leads to the valorisation of this biomass into value added chemical building blocks (HMF, FF, LA, etc.), but also provoke the formation of a dark-coloured by-product called humins. Feathers represent around 5‒7% of the corporal mass of an adult chicken, being one of the main wastes generated by the poultry industry. Knowing that the chicken feathers consist of 91% keratin, this side-product can be an important renewable source used as alternative for fossil derivative materials. The main objective of this thesis was the valorisation of humins and of chicken feathers in order to develop eco-friendly materials. Firstly, humins-based resins have been designed with modulable properties from elastic to rigid. Then, these humins-based resins were used for composites production with chicken feathers and lignin as bio-fillers. Thereafter, to produce fully bio-based thermoset resins, humins were copolymerized with phloroglucinol diglycidyl ether, a green epoxy comonomer from algae. Moreover, recyclable bio-based composites were developed by reinforcing humins-based thermoset resins with various natural non-woven fibers such as chicken feathers and vegetable fibers in order to develop eco-friendly materials for automotive industry. Finally, bio-based thermoset materials based on resorcinol diglycidyl ether, an aromatic epoxy compound derived from wood, and chicken feathers or lignin were developed. The studies developed in this thesis propose the synthesis, elaboration and characterization of several bio-resins and bio-composites fulfilling the criteria and requirements asked for an industrial valorisation., Des études scientifiques et industrielles sont axées pour remplacer les ressources fossiles par des matières premières renouvelables, pour réduire et valoriser les déchets industriels afin de développer de nouveaux matériaux verts et innovants. La conversion de la lignocellulose en bioraffineries par hydrolyse acide permet la valorisation de cette biomasse en produits plateforme à valeur ajoutée (HMF, FF, LA, etc.), mais provoque également la formation d'un sous-produit : les humines. Les plumes représentent de 5 à 7% de la masse corporelle d'un poulet adulte, étant l'un des principaux déchets générés par l'industrie de la volaille. Sachant que les plumes de poulet sont composées à 91% de kératine, ce déchet peut devenir une source renouvelable importante et utilisée comme alternative aux matières premières fossiles. L'objectif principal de cette thèse fut la valorisation des humines et des plumes de poulet afin de développer des matériaux « durables ». Tout d'abord, des résines à base d'humines ont été conçues, ayant des propriétés variant de flexibles au rigides. Ensuite, ces résines à base d'humines ont été utilisées comme matrice pour préparer de matériaux composites avec des plumes de poulet et de la lignine comme biocharges. Par la suite, des résines thermodurcissables entièrement biosourcées ont été synthétisées par la copolymérisation des humines avec le phloroglucinol diglycidyl éther, un monomère époxy obtenu à partir d'algues. De plus, des composites biosourcés recyclables ont été développés en renforçant les résines thermodurcissables à base d'humines avec diverses fibres non tissées comme les plumes de poulet ou les fibres végétales. Enfin, des matériaux thermodurcis biosourcés à base de diglycidyl éther de résorcinol et de plumes de poulet ou de lignine ont été élaborés. Les études réalisées dans cette thèse proposent la synthèse, l'élaboration et la caractérisation de plusieurs bio-résines et bio-composites répondant aux critères et exigences demandés pour une valorisation industrielle.
- Published
- 2020
22. FRET-SLiM on native autofluorescence: a fast and reliable method to study interactions between fluorescent probes and lignin in plant cell wall
- Author
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Corentin Spriet, Christine Terryn, Gabriel Paës, Plateforme en Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire (PICT), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), French National Research Agency (LIGNOPROG project) ANR-14-CE05-0026, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), and Paës, Gabriel
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Fluorophore ,CELLULOSE FIBER ,Interaction ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,ASSEMBLIES ,INHIBITION ,Lignocellulosic biomass ,lignin ,Plant Science ,LIFETIME ,COLOCALIZATION ,lcsh:Plant culture ,biomasse lignocellulosique ,7. Clean energy ,ACCESSIBILITY ,Rhodamine ,Cell wall ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fluorescence lifetime ,BINDING ,ENZYMATIC DIGESTIBILITY ,MICROSCOPY ,HYDROLYSIS ,Genetics ,Lignin ,lcsh:SB1-1110 ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,SLiM ,sustainable development ,Research ,food and beverages ,lignine ,Fluorescence ,Autofluorescence ,030104 developmental biology ,Förster resonance energy transfer ,chemistry ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,développement durable ,Biophysics ,FRET ,fluorescence ,Lignocellulose ,paroi cellulaire végétale ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Background Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex network of polymers making the cell walls of plants. It represents a feedstock of sustainable resources to be converted into fuels, chemicals and materials. Because of its complex architecture, lignocellulose is a recalcitrant material that necessitates some pretreatments and several types of catalysts to be transformed efficiently. In particular, enzymes degrading lignocellulose can become inactivated due to their binding to lignin through non-specific interactions, leading to a loss in catalytic efficiency of industrial processes. Gaining more knowledge in the strength of interactions would allow optimizing enzymes and selecting appropriate pretreatments. Results Measuring interactions directly in plant cell wall can theoretically be performed using confocal fluorescence techniques by evaluating fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between compatible fluorophores. In this study, autofluorescence of plant cell wall, mainly originating from lignin, was considered as a donor fluorophore while the acceptor was a common rhodamine-based fluorescent probe. To overcome complex plant cell wall fluorescence, which limits FRET analysis by standard techniques, we have developed an original approach, combining spectral and lifetime measurements. It consists in (1) dissecting autofluorescence signal in each spectral channel, (2) optimizing spectral channel choice for lifetime measurements and (3) achieving an unambiguous FRET signature with an autofluorescent donor fluorophore. Interactions between rhodamine-based probes of various sizes and untreated or pretreated wheat sample were evaluated, showing it was possible to discriminate interactions at the nano-scale, revealing some accessibility differences and the effect of pretreatment. Conclusions SLiM measurement allows precise estimation of the optimal spectral range for FRET measurement. SLiM response allows for the first time doubtless FRET measurements between lignin as a donor, and an acceptor fluorophore with high accuracy and sensitivity related to lifetime decrease studies. As demonstrated, it thus becomes possible to measure interactions of fluorescent probes directly inside plant cell wall samples. This approach can thus be applied to various fields such as lignocellulose deconstruction to optimize the action of enzymes or plant cell wall development to assay in situ the biosynthesis of lignin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13007-018-0342-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. PRODUCTION OF ENZYMATIC COMPLEX IN SOLID STATE FERMENTATION BY Trichoderma sp. USING PALMOIL EMPTY FRUIT PALM OIL BUNCH (EFB) AS SUBSTRATE
- Author
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Ibeth RODRÍGUEZ G. and Yineth PIÑEROS C.
- Subjects
Trichoderma sp. ,lignine ,cellulose ,cellulases ,palm oil wastes. ,Food processing and manufacture ,TP368-456 ,Pharmaceutical industry ,HD9665-9675 - Abstract
The oil palm industry in Colombia, the fifth world manufacter, generates lignocelulosic waste like the empty fruit bunch (EFB), which remains after removing the fruit of oil palm. Keeping in mind this characteristic, it can be used as substrate for cellulases production. In this study we evaluate the productivity of cellulases through native crop of Trichoderma viride T12 using EFB. The wastes are subject to chemical (HNO3 0,5% y 1%) and biological treatments (previous cultivate with Pleurotus ostreatus during 10 and 20 days), to get its deslignification and improving the production of cellulases. The evaluation of the activities of total cellulase (FPase) and endoglucanase (CMCase) was made after 8 days of cultivate by fermentation in solid state, using pretreated wastes as substrate. It was supplemented with two inorganic nitrogen sources (NH4H2PO4 y NaNO3). The major celulolitic activities were found in wastes treated with precultive of Pleurotus ostreatus and NaNO3 as nitrogen source, with values of 0,374 U/mL of FPase and 0,776 U/mL of CMCase. All activities were expressed in micromole of glucose units (U) of substrate hydrolyzed in 1 min.
- Published
- 2009
24. Effect of severe thermal treatment on spruce and beech wood lignins.
- Author
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Rousset, Patrick, Lapierre, Catherine, Pollet, Brigitte, Quirino, Waldir, and Perre, Patrick
- Abstract
Copyright of Annals of Forest Science (EDP Sciences) is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Learning from the past - the origin of wood.
- Author
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Savidge, Rodney Arthur
- Subjects
CAMBIUM ,CYTOLOGY ,CELLULOSE ,LIGNINS ,PALEOBOTANY ,AUTOLYSIS - Abstract
Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. The relationships among lodging, stem anatomy, degree of lignification, and resistance to mycosphaerella blight in field pea (Pisum sativum).
- Author
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Banniza, S., Hashemi, P., Warkentin, T. D., Vandenberg, A., and Davis, A. R.
- Subjects
- *
PEA diseases & pests , *PLANT stems , *MYCOSPHAERELLA , *PLANT cells & tissues , *CULTIVARS , *PLANT diseases , *LIGNINS , *XYLEM - Abstract
The relationships among lodging, stem anatomy, degree of stem lignification, and resistance to mycosphaerella blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Blox.) Vestergr.) in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were investigated in field experiments in Saskatchewan from 2000 to 2002. Disease severity, lodging resistance, plant height, internode length and diameter, and the cellulose, lignin, and fibre contents of stems were measured from 9 (2000) and 20 (2001, 2002) cultivars of field pea. Significant differences were observed in resistance to mycosphaerella blight and lodging among cultivars. In all years, ‘AC Tamor’ was among those cultivars with the highest disease ratings and lodging scores, whereas ‘CDC Striker’, ‘Carneval’, and ‘Integra’ were among those with the lowest ratings. Disease severity was positively correlated with lodging scores of plants. Lodging was negatively correlated with the proportions of supportive tissue (formerly parenchyma cells in the pith periphery, which have differentiated to sclerenchyma) and xylem in stem sections, whereas disease ratings were negatively correlated with xylem. Lignin and fibre contents in pea stems were negatively correlated with both lodging and mycosphaerella blight severity. Cellulose content was also negatively correlated with lodging scores. This study establishes an anatomical and biochemical basis for further research into pea stem lodging and disease resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Genetic and molecular basis of grass cell-wall biosynthesis and degradability. III. Towards a forage grass ideotype
- Author
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Ralph, John, Guillaumie, Sabine, Grabber, John H., Lapierre, Catherine, and Barrière, Yves
- Subjects
- *
FORAGE plants , *GRASSES , *PLANT cell walls , *LIGNINS , *GENETICS , *PLANT germplasm - Abstract
Lignification of cell walls is the major factor controlling the digestibility of forage grasses. Thus far, from QTL analysis, about 15 locations involved in cell-wall lignification or digestibility have been identified in the maize genome, many of which colocalise with QTLs involved in corn borer susceptibility. Genetic diversity for enhancing cell-wall digestibility in maize must be identified in novel germplasm, but genetic engineering is also a relevant way both to design specific cell-wall characteristics for improved digestibility and to identify genes involved in these traits for further discovery of alleles of interest in grass germplasm. To cite this article: J. Ralph et al., C. R. Biologies 327 (2004). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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28. Genetic and molecular basis of grass cell-wall degradability. I. Lignin–cell wall matrix interactions
- Author
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Grabber, John H., Ralph, John, Lapierre, Catherine, and Barrière, Yves
- Subjects
- *
GRASSES , *LIGNINS , *PLANT cell walls , *HERBIVORES , *PLANT cells & tissues - Abstract
Lignification limits grass cell-wall digestion by herbivores. Lignification is spatially and temporally regulated, and lignin characteristics differ between cell walls, plant tissues, and plant parts. Grass lignins are anchored within walls by ferulate and diferulate cross-links,
p -coumarate cyclodimers, and possibly benzyl ester and ether cross-links. Cell-wall degradability is regulated by lignin concentration, cross-linking, and hydrophobicity but not directly by most variations in lignin composition or structure. Genetic manipulation of lignification can improve grass cell-wall degradability, but the degree of success will depend on genetic background, plant modification techniques employed, and analytical methods used to characterize cell walls. To cite this article: J.H. Grabber et al., C. R. Biologies 327 (2004). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Biobleaching chemistry of laccase-mediator systems on high-lignin-content kraft pulps.
- Author
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Chakar, Fadi S. and Ragauskas, Arthur J.
- Subjects
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LACCASE , *LIGNINS , *PHENOLS , *AROMATIC compounds , *CARBOXYLIC acids - Abstract
A high-lignin-content softwood kraft pulp was reacted with laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT), N-acetyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine (NHA), and violuric acid (VA). The biodelignification response with violuric acid was superior to both 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and N-acetyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine. NMR analysis of residual lignins isolated before and after the biobleaching treatments revealed that the latter material was highly oxidized and that the magnitude of structural changes was most pronounced with the laccase – violuric acid biobleaching system. An increase in the content of carboxylic acid groups and a decrease in methoxyl groups were noted with all three laccase-mediator systems. The oxidation biobleaching pathway is directed primarily towards noncondensed C5 phenolic lignin functional structures for all three laccase-mediated systems. The laccase – violuric acid system was also reactive towards C5-condensed phenolic lignin structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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30. Lignification of spruce tracheid secondary cell walls related to longitudinal hardness and modulus of elasticity using nano-indentation.
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Gindl, W, Gupta, H S, and Grünwald, C
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LIGNINS , *SPRUCE , *PLANT cell walls , *HARDNESS , *ELASTICITY - Abstract
The lignin content and the mechanical properties of lignifying and fully lignified spruce tracheid secondary cell walls were determined using UV microscopy and nano-indentation, respectively. The average lignin content of developing tracheids was 0.10 g·g[sup –1] , as compared with 0.21 g·g[sup –1] in mature tracheids. The modulus of elasticity of developing cells was on average 22% lower than the one measured in mature, fully lignified cells. For the longitudinal hardness, a larger difference of 26% was observed. As lignifying cells in the cambial zone are undergoing cell wall development, spaces in the cellulose–hemicellulose structure are filled with lignin and the density of the cell wall is believed to increase. It is therefore suggested that the observed difference in modulus of elasticity between developing and fully lignified cell walls is due to the filling of spaces with lignin and an increase of the packing density of the cell wall during lignification. Although remarkably less stiff than the composite polysaccharide structure in the secondary cell wall, lignin may be considered equally hard. Therefore, the observed increase in lignin content may contribute directly to the measured increase of hardness.Key words: secondary cell wall, hardness, lignin, modulus of elasticity, wood formation.Chez l'épinette et à l'aide de microscopie en UV et de la nano-indentation, les auteurs ont déterminé la teneur en lignine et les propriétés mécaniques des parois cellulaires secondaires des trachéïdes, en voie de lignification ou complètement lignifiées. La teneur moyenne en lignine des trachéïdes en développement est de 0,10 g·g[sup –1] , comparativement à 0,21 g·g[sup –1] chez les trachéïdes matures. Le module d'élasticité des cellules en développement est d'environ 22 % plus faible que celui mesuré chez les cellules matures complètement lignifiées. Pour la dureté longitudinale, cette différence atteint 26 %. À mesure que les cellules en lignification de la zone cambiale subissent le développement de leur paroi, les lacunes de la structure cellulose–hémicellulose se remplissent de lignine et on croit que la densité de la paroi cellulaire augmente. Conséquemment, on suggère que la différence observée dans le module d'élasticité, entre les cellules en développement et les cellules complètement lignifiées, est due au remplissage des espaces avec la lignine et à une augmentation de densité de paquetage de la paroi cellulaire au cours de la lignification. Bien que remarquablement moins inflexibles que la structure composite de polysaccharides dans la paroi secondaire des cellules, on peut considérer que la lignine est tout aussi dure. On déduit que l'augmentation observée dans l'augmentation de la teneur en lignine peut contribuer directement à l'augmentation de dureté mesurée.Mots clés : paroi cellulaire secondaire, dureté, lignine, module d'élasticité, formation du bois.[Traduit par la Rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2002
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31. Attempt to approach the role of phenolic phenylpropenol structures in the photoyellowing of softwood mechanical pulps.
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Ruffin, Brigitte, Grelier, Stéphane, Nourmamode, Aziz, and Castellan, Alain
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BIPHENYL compounds , *PHENOLS , *SOFTWOOD , *MECHANICAL pulping process , *GAS chromatography - Abstract
Three biphenyl (I, II, III) compounds and a benzylarylether (IV) compound were synthesized to detect and quantify the presence of phenolic phenylpropenols in unbleached, peroxide-bleached, or sodium borohydride-reduced mechanical softwood pulps. The methodology used is based on a gas chromatography – mass spectrometry search of the prepared compounds in the residue obtained after ethylation, thioacidolysis, and desulfurization of the pulps. Detection of biphenyl I (4 × 10[sup –6] mol g[sup –1] ) in unbleached and NaBH[sub 4] -reduced pulps is indicative of the presence of phenolic coniferaldehyde units in these pulps. Traces of biphenyl II, found in the peroxide-bleached pulp, probably came from ferulic acid units formed by oxidation of coniferaldehyde by H[sub 2] O[sub 2] . No biphenyl ether III or benzylaryl ether IV were detected in the three pulps. This result indicates that phenolic phenylpropenol units are not present in softwood mechanical pulps and do not contribute to the fast part of their photoyellowing.Key words: mechanical pulp, photoyellowing, phenol, coniferyl alcohol, biphenyl.Trois biphenyls (I, II, III) et un éther benzylaryle (IV) ont été synthétisés afin de détecter et quantifier la présence de structures phénylpropénol dans des pâtes mécaniques de bois tendre non-blanchie, blanchie avec du peroxyde d'hydrogène ou réduite avec du borohydrure de sodium. La méthodologie utilisée est basée sur une recherche, par chromatographie – spectrométrie de masse, des composés préparés dans le résidu obtenu après éthylation, thioacidolyse et désulfuration des pâtes. La détection du biphényl I (4 × 10[sup –6] mol g[sup –1] ) dans la pâte non-blanchie et dans celle réduite par NaBH[sub 4] indique la présence de motifs coniféraldéhyde phénolique dans ces pâtes. Les traces du biphényl II, trouvées dans la pâte blanchie avec H[sub 2] O[sub 2] , proviennent vraisemblablement de structures acide férulique formées par oxydation par H[sub 2] O[sub 2] d'unités coniféraldéhyde. L'absence de détection du biphényl III ou de l'éther benzylaryle dans les trois pâtes indique que les unités phénylpropénol phénolique ne sont pas présentes dans les pâtes mécaniques de bois tendre et ne contribue pas à la phase rapide de leur photojaunissement.Mots clés : pâte à papier, lignine, photojaunissement, phénols, alcool coniférylique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
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32. Résines phénoliques biosourcées pour la protection ignifuge du bois et des composites à base de bois
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De Hoyos Martinez, Pedro luis, Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les materiaux (IPREM), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Universidad del País Vasco. Facultad de ciencias, Fatima Charrier El Bouhtoury, and Jalel Labidi
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[CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry ,Tannin ,Coatings ,Lignine ,Tanin ,Biomasse ,Biomass ,Fireproofing ,Lignin ,Revêtements ,Ignifugation - Abstract
The depletion of the non-renewable sources of energy and materials, also known as fossil fuels, is an issue well known nowadays. Thereby, the replacement of these sources of energy and materials by others of renewable nature has become a crucial point to ensure the sustainability of the current production system. In this respect, focusing more specifically in the field of materials, solid-wood and wood-based products play currently a significant role in buildings and interior fittings due to their structural, mechanical and environmental properties. However, wood is also known for being vulnerable against different agents, e.g. fire exposure. In this context, the development of state-of- the-art fireproofing treatments for wood and wood-based products has turned into a subject of considerable importance. Within the different existing methods, the employment of intumescent coatings is considered the most practical and efficient one for the protection of wood against fire. This type of coatings are products, which are generally based on synthetic resins at the industrial level. Among the resins available in the market, the phenolic resins are one of the most utilized. Nevertheless, their main disadvantage is that they are produced based on non-renewable compounds such as phenol and formaldehyde. Moreover, these compounds are highly toxic for human health. Consequently, the substitution of these constituents by others of renewable nature presents a great relevance. Lignin and tannins are two families of polyphenolic compounds widely abundant in nature. Thus, the replacement of phenol and formaldehyde by these types of compound would allow the synthesis of biosourced phenolic resins, environmentally friendly and with properties similar to those of the products existing in the market. Thereby, phenol was substituted by wood derived products such as lignin and tannins, which were obtained from agroforestal residues. On the other side, glyoxal (nontoxic aldehyde) was used instead formaldehyde. The enhancement of the thermal properties of the coating was achieved by introducing an inorganic phase into the polymeric matrix. For this purpose, natural flame-retardants like montmorillonite or silicates in nanoscale were implemented.Different formulation of the resins were tested as wood coating to assess their compatibility with wood and therefore select the one with the better performance. Several analyses were carried out on the coated-wood samples to evaluate the protection of wood against fire. On the one hand, it was seen a reduction of the heat released during combustion. On the other hand, the mass loss experienced during fire exposure was diminished and the flame propagation was delayed as well. These results were more notable in the hardwood species compared to softwood.; L’épuisement des sources d’énergie et des matériaux non-renouvelables est bien connue de nos jours. De ce fait, leur remplacement par des ressources d’origine renouvelable est devenu un point crucial pour assurer la durabilité du système productif actuel. A cet égard, et plus particulièrement dans le domaine des matériaux, le bois massif et les produits dérivés du bois jouent un majeur rôle, notamment dans les secteurs de la construction et de l’aménagement intérieur en raison de leurs propriétés structurelles, mécaniques et environnementales. Cependant, le bois est également connu pour sa vulnérabilité du bois face à différents agents de dégradation tels que le feu par exemple. Parmi les différentes approches existantes dans le domaine de la protection du bois contre le feu, l’utilisation de revêtements intumescents est considérée comme étant le choix le plus pratique, rentable et efficient pour la protection de bois contre le feu. Ces types de revêtements sont normalement produits industriellement à base de résines synthétiques. Parmi les différentes résines présentes sur le marché, les résines phénoliques sont unes des plus utilisées. Néanmoins, elles présentent l’inconvénient d’être élaborées à base des composants chimiques d’origine non renouvelable comme le phénol et le formaldéhyde, qui sont de plus hautement toxiques pour la santé. Dans ce contexte, la substitution de ces deux constituants par des composés biosourcés et la mise au point de traitements ignifuges d’origine renouvelable pour protéger le bois et produits à base de bois est devenu un sujet de grande pertinence. La lignine et les tanins sont deux composants polyphénoliques abondantes dans la nature susceptible de remplacer le phénol et le formaldéhyde permettrait l’élaboration résines phénoliques plus respectueuses de l’environnement ayant des propriétés similaires à celles existant sur le marché. C’est avec cet objectif que les travaux ont été développés et orientés dans le cadre de cette thèse. Ainsi, d’une part la lignine et les tanins ont été employés en tant que substituts du phénol. Et d’autre part, le formaldéhyde a été remplacé par le gyoxal qui est un composé non toxique de la famille des aldéhydes. De plus, une phase inorganique a été introduite dans la matrice polymérique afin d’améliorer les propriétés thermiques du revêtement. À cette fin, des retardateurs de flamme naturels tels que la montmorillonite (argile) ou les nanosilicates ont été employés. Différentes formulations de résines ont été élaborées afin d’évaluer leur compatibilité avec bois et donc de sélectionner la plus performant. Les différentes analyses menées sur les échantillons de bois revêtu de la résine ont montré de bons résultats concernant la protection contre le feu. D’un part, une réduction du dégagement de chaleur a été confirmé pendant la combustion. Une baisse de la perte de masse des échantillons ainsi qu’un retard dans la propagation des flammes ont été observés après l’exposition au feu. Ces résultats étaient plus notables chez les espèces de bois de feuillu par rapport au bois de résineux.
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- 2019
33. Survey on the chemical composition of several tropical wood species
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Gerard, Jean, Paradis, Sébastien, Thibaut, Bernard, BioWooEB (UPR BioWooEB), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Bois (BOIS), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), and Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
base de données ,pentosan ,ethanol-benzene ,water ,lignin ,ash ,lignine ,éthanolbenzène ,cellulose ,cendres ,chimie du bois ,[SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials ,silice ,wood chemistry ,silica ,eau ,espèces tropicales ,wood components ,tropical species ,pentosane ,composants du bois ,database - Abstract
International audience; Variability in the chemical composition of 614 species is described in a database containing measurements of wood polymers (cellulose, lignin andpentosan), as well as overall extraneous components (ethanol-benzene, or hot water extracts and ash, with a focus on silica content). These measurements were taken between 1945 and 1990 using the same standard protocol. In all, 1,194 trees belonging to 614 species, 358 genera and 89 families were measured. At species level, variability (quantified by the coefficient of variation) was rather high for density (27%), much lower for lignin and cellulose (14% and 10%) and much higher for ethanol/benzene extractives, hot water extractives and ash content (81%, 60% and 76%). Considering trees with at least five different specimens, and species with at least 10 different trees, it was possible to investigate within-tree and withinspecies variability. Large differences were found between trees of a given species for extraneous components, and more than one tree should be needed per species. For density, lignin, pentosan and cellulose, the distribution of values was nearly symmetrical, with mean values of 720 kg/m3 for density, 29.1% for lignin, 15.8% for pentosan, and 42.4% for cellulose. There were clear differences between species for lignin content. For extraneous components, the distribution was very dissymmetrical, with a minority of woods rich in this component composing the high value tail. A high value for any extraneous component, even in only one tree, is sufficient to classify the species in respect of that component. Siliceous woods identified by silica bodies in anatomy have a very high silica content and only those species deserve a silica study.; La variabilité de la composition chimique de 614 espèces est décrite dans une base de données contenant des mesures de polymères du bois (cellulose, lignine et pentosane), ainsi que de l’ensemble des composants externes (extraits éthanolbenzéne ou à l’eau chaude et cendres, en particulier la teneur en silice). Ces mesures ont été effectuées entre 1945 et 1990 selon le même protocole standard. Au total, 1 194 arbres appartenant à 614 espèces, 358 genres et 89 familles ont été mesurés. La variabilité entre les espèces (quantifiée par le coefficient de variation) était plutôt élevée pour la densité (27 %), beaucoup plus faible pour la lignine et la cellulose (14 % et 10 %) et beaucoup plus élevée pour les extractibles éthanol/benzène, les extractibles à l’eau chaude et les cendres (81 %, 60 % et 76 %). En considérant des arbres avec au moins cinq spécimensdifférents et des espèces avec au moins 10 arbres différents, il a été possible d’étudier la variabilité intra-arbre et intraespèce. De grandes différences ont été constatées entre les arbres d’une espèce donnée pour les composants externes, et plus d’un arbre devrait être nécessaire par espèce. Pour la densité, la lignine, le pentosane et la cellulose, la distribution des valeurs était presque symétrique, avec des valeurs moyennes de 720 kg/m3 pour la densité, 29,1 % pour la lignine, 15,8 % pour le pentosane et 42,4 % pour la cellulose. La teneur en lignine variait nettement d’une espèce à l’autre. Pour les composants externes, la distribution était très dissymétrique, avec une minorité de bois riches en ce composant constituant la queue de valeurs élevées. Une valeur élevée pour tout composant externe, même dans un seul arbre, est suffisante pour classer l’espèce à l’égardde ce composant. Les bois siliceux identifiés par les cristaux de silice en anatomie ont une teneur très élevée en silice et seules ces espèces méritent une étude sur la silice.
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- 2019
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34. Utilisation de moyens d’activation non-conventionnels pour le clivage oxydant de la lignine par le dioxygène
- Author
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Al-Hussaini, Louay, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Franck Launay, Maria Elena Galvez-Parruca, and María Elena Gálvez Parruca
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Valorisation de la biomasse ,Molybdovanadophosphates ,Sonochemical intensification ,Lignine ,Ball-Milling ,Oxydation aérobie ,Aerobic oxidation ,Biomass valorization ,[CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other ,Lignin ,Intensification sono-chimique - Abstract
Due to the depletion of fossil resources, the interest of lignin as a sustainable alternative to petroleum is growing. Thus, the main purpose of this thesis was to develop a process for oxidative cleavage of lignin by dioxygen that involves unconventional methodologies like sonochemistry and ball-milling. The catalysts used here were KEGGIN molybdovanadophosphates (PMoVx). First, the operating conditions (solvent, catalytic charge and vanadium content) were optimized to afford the cleavage of two models, 2-phenoxyacetophenone (K1HH) and 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol (A1HH), at atmospheric O2 pressure, into phenol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid. For A1HH, harsher conditions were found to be necessary (O2 5 bar, 120°C). The catalysts were conventionally synthesized using a hydrothermal pathway, which consists in the H3PO4 attack of MoO3 and V2O5 in reflux water. A long heating period is often required to get moderate yields of PMoVx. Ball-milling synthesis was therefore considered. It consisted in preparing a mixed oxide by grinding MoO3 and V2O5. The latter's attack by H3PO4 was then shorter, took place at a lower temperature and resulted in higher yields of PMoVx. The activity of thus obtained PMoVx for model cleavage was similar to that of their hydrothermally synthesized counterparts. Preliminary tests on an Organosolv lignin from wheat straw under optimized conditions yielded low yields of cleavage products. Sonochemical assistance was therefore tested showing, in the case of A1HH, that a low frequency in conjunction with dioxygen bubbling was the best option.; Du fait de l'épuisement des ressources fossiles, l'intérêt de la lignine en tant qu'alternative durable est grandissant. Ainsi, le but principal de cette thèse était de mettre au point un procédé de clivage oxydant de la lignine par le dioxygène qui implique des voies non conventionnelles (sonochimie, ball-milling). Les catalyseurs utilisés sont des molybdovanadophosphates de KEGGIN. D'abord, nous avons optimisé les conditions opératoires (solvant, charge catalytique et taux de vanadium) pour le clivage, à pression atmosphérique de deux modèles, i. e. 2-phénoxyacétophénone (K1HH) et le 2-phénoxy-1-phenyléthanol (A1HH) en phénol, en benzaldéhyde et en acide benzoïque. Pour A1HH, des conditions plus dures se sont avérées être nécessaires (O2 5 bar, 120°C). Le catalyseur est synthétisé conventionnellement par la voie hydrothermale qui consiste à attaquer MoO3 et V2O5 dans l'eau à reflux en présence de H3PO4. Une longue durée de chauffage est souvent requise pour des rendements modérés. La synthèse par ball-milling a donc été envisagée. Elle consiste à préparer un oxyde mixte par broyage. L'attaque de ce dernier est alors plus courte, se déroule à plus faible température et donne lieu à des rendements en catalyseur plus élevés. Leur activité pour le clivage des modèles est similaire à celle de leurs homologues synthétisés par voie hydrothermale. Des tests préliminaires sur une lignine Organosolv issue de la paille de blé dans des conditions optimisées ont donné des faibles rendements en produits de clivage. L'assistance sonochimique a donc été testée montrant, dans le cas de A1HH, qu'une basse fréquence en conjonction avec un bullage de dioxygène constitue la meilleure option
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- 2019
35. Enhancing the antioxidant activity of technical lignins by combining solvent fractionation and ionic-liquid treatment
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Majira, Amel, Godon, Blandine, Foulon, Laurence, van der Putten, Jacinta C., Cezard, Laurent, Thierry, Marina, PION, Florian, Bado-Nilles, Anne, Pandard, Pascal, Jayabalan, Thangavelu, Aguié-Beghin, Véronique, Ducrot, Paul Henri, Lapierre, Catherine, Marlair, Guy, Gosselink, Richard J. A., Cottyn, Betty, and Baumberger, Stéphanie
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antioxidants ,biorefinery ,green chemistry ,ionic liquids ,lignins ,antioxydant ,chimie verte ,lignine - Abstract
A grass soda technical lignin (PB1000) underwent a process combining solvent fractionation and treatment with an ionic liquid (IL), and a comprehensive investigation of the structural modifications was performed by using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, P-31 NMR spectroscopy, thioacidolysis, and GC-MS. Three fractions with distinct reactivity were recovered from successive ethyl acetate (EA), butanone, and methanol extractions. In parallel, a fraction deprived of EA extractives was obtained. The samples were treated with methyl imidazolium bromide ([HMIM]Br) by using either conventional heating or microwave irradiation. The treatment allowed us to solubilize 28 % of the EA-insoluble fraction and yielded additional free phenols in all the fractions, as a consequence of depolymerization and demethylation. The gain of the combined process in terms of antioxidant properties was demonstrated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical-scavenging tests. Integrating further IL safety-related data and environmental considerations, this study paves the way for the sustainable production of phenolic oligomers competing with commercial antioxidants.
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- 2019
36. Production of fiberboards from shives collected after continuous fiber mechanical extraction from oleaginous flax
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Guadalupe Vaca-Medina, Benjamin Barthod-Malat, Marie Grégoire, Laurent Labonne, Thierry Véronèse, Stéphane Ballas, Pierre Ouagne, Philippe Evon, Chimie Agro-Industrielle (CAI), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire Génie de Production (LGP), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tarbes, Ovalie Innovation, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Toulouse, Ovalie Innovations, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA (FRANCE), Ovalie Innovation (FRANCE), Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle - LCA (Toulouse, France), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre d’Application et de Traitement des AgroRessources [Toulouse] (CRT CATAR), and Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE)
- Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Materials science ,Thermo-pressing ,Fiberboards ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,extrudeuse bi-vis ,Matériaux ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,[SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Lignin ,General Materials Science ,Fiber ,Oleaginous flax shives ,défibrillation thermo-mécanique de fibre ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Thermomechanical fiber extraction ,anas de lin oléagineux ,Water resistance ,Extraction (chemistry) ,[CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry ,Straw ,Lignocellulosic fibers ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,lignine ,thermopressage ,chemistry ,panneau aggloméré de fibres ,0210 nano-technology ,Twin-screw extruder - Abstract
National audience; In this study, fiberboards were produced from shives collected after continuous fiber mechanical extraction from oleaginous flax straw. Fiberboards were produced through thermo-pressing, and their mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties were studied, as well as their water resistance. The influence of one pretreatment for shives and lignin addition was investigated on the different properties. Boards obtained were all cohesive hardboards. The optimal board was obtained from fibers extruded from shives and without addition of any supplementary lignin amount. Looking at its characteristics and standard NF EN 312, the latter perfectly complied with the requirements for type P1 boards, i.e. boards for general uses in dry conditions.; Dans cette étude, des panneaux agglomérés de fibres ont été produits à partir d’anas collectés après extraction mécanique des fibres libériennes de paille de lin oléagineux. Les panneaux ont été mis en oeuvre par thermopressage. Leurs propriétés mécaniques et thermo-mécaniques ont été étudiées ainsi que leur comportement vis-à-vis de l’eau. L’influence d’un prétraitement thermo-mécanique des anas bruts à l’aide d’une extrudeuse bi-vis a été étudiée ainsi que l’ajout de lignine exogène. Tous les panneaux mis en oeuvre possèdent une tenue suffisante pour être manipulés à la main. Le panneau ayant obtenu les propriétés optimales a été obtenu à partir des anas extrudés et sans ajout supplémentaire de lignine. Au regard de ses caractéristiques et du standard NF EN 312, ce dernier remplit complètement les critères d’un panneau aggloméré de type P1 (panneau d’usage général utilisé en milieu sec).
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- 2019
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37. Suivi de la composition chimique de plusieurs espèces de bois tropicaux
- Author
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Bernard Thibaut, Sébastien Paradis, Jean Gérard, BioWooEB (UPR BioWooEB), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Bois (BOIS), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), and Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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0106 biological sciences ,K50 - Technologie des produits forestiers ,pentosan ,ethanol-benzene ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes ,[SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Tropical wood ,Lignin ,Chemical composition ,database ,base de données ,Ecology ,Component (thermodynamics) ,Forestry ,Composition chimique ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,lignine ,éthanolbenzène ,Silice ,cellulose ,Horticulture ,wood chemistry ,C30 - Documentation et information ,silica ,Standard protocol ,0210 nano-technology ,Banque de données ,Coefficient of variation ,water ,lignin ,Bois ,Species level ,010608 biotechnology ,eau ,tropical species ,Cellulose ,pentosane ,composants du bois ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,ash ,15. Life on land ,cendres ,chimie du bois ,chemistry ,espèces tropicales ,wood components ,U30 - Méthodes de recherche - Abstract
International audience; Variability in the chemical composition of 614 species is described in a database containing measurements of wood polymers (cellulose, lignin andpentosan), as well as overall extraneous components (ethanol-benzene, or hot water extracts and ash, with a focus on silica content). These measurements were taken between 1945 and 1990 using the same standard protocol. In all, 1,194 trees belonging to 614 species, 358 genera and 89 families were measured. At species level, variability (quantified by the coefficient of variation) was rather high for density (27%), much lower for lignin and cellulose (14% and 10%) and much higher for ethanol/benzene extractives, hot water extractives and ash content (81%, 60% and 76%). Considering trees with at least five different specimens, and species with at least 10 different trees, it was possible to investigate within-tree and withinspecies variability. Large differences were found between trees of a given species for extraneous components, and more than one tree should be needed per species. For density, lignin, pentosan and cellulose, the distribution of values was nearly symmetrical, with mean values of 720 kg/m3 for density, 29.1% for lignin, 15.8% for pentosan, and 42.4% for cellulose. There were clear differences between species for lignin content. For extraneous components, the distribution was very dissymmetrical, with a minority of woods rich in this component composing the high value tail. A high value for any extraneous component, even in only one tree, is sufficient to classify the species in respect of that component. Siliceous woods identified by silica bodies in anatomy have a very high silica content and only those species deserve a silica study.; La variabilité de la composition chimique de 614 espèces est décrite dans une base de données contenant des mesures de polymères du bois (cellulose, lignine et pentosane), ainsi que de l’ensemble des composants externes (extraits éthanolbenzéne ou à l’eau chaude et cendres, en particulier la teneur en silice). Ces mesures ont été effectuées entre 1945 et 1990 selon le même protocole standard. Au total, 1 194 arbres appartenant à 614 espèces, 358 genres et 89 familles ont été mesurés. La variabilité entre les espèces (quantifiée par le coefficient de variation) était plutôt élevée pour la densité (27 %), beaucoup plus faible pour la lignine et la cellulose (14 % et 10 %) et beaucoup plus élevée pour les extractibles éthanol/benzène, les extractibles à l’eau chaude et les cendres (81 %, 60 % et 76 %). En considérant des arbres avec au moins cinq spécimensdifférents et des espèces avec au moins 10 arbres différents, il a été possible d’étudier la variabilité intra-arbre et intraespèce. De grandes différences ont été constatées entre les arbres d’une espèce donnée pour les composants externes, et plus d’un arbre devrait être nécessaire par espèce. Pour la densité, la lignine, le pentosane et la cellulose, la distribution des valeurs était presque symétrique, avec des valeurs moyennes de 720 kg/m3 pour la densité, 29,1 % pour la lignine, 15,8 % pour le pentosane et 42,4 % pour la cellulose. La teneur en lignine variait nettement d’une espèce à l’autre. Pour les composants externes, la distribution était très dissymétrique, avec une minorité de bois riches en ce composant constituant la queue de valeurs élevées. Une valeur élevée pour tout composant externe, même dans un seul arbre, est suffisante pour classer l’espèce à l’égardde ce composant. Les bois siliceux identifiés par les cristaux de silice en anatomie ont une teneur très élevée en silice et seules ces espèces méritent une étude sur la silice.
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- 2019
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38. Analytical Py-GC/MS of Genetically Modified Poplar for the Increased Production of Bio-aromatics
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Gorugantu SriBala, Guy B. Marin, Frederik Ronsse, Kevin Van Geem, Annabelle Déjardin, Wout Boerjan, Gilles Pilate, Hilal Ezgi Toraman, Steffen H. Symoens, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Biologie intégrée pour la valorisation de la diversité des arbres et de la forêt (BioForA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Office National des Forêts (ONF), Department of plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Gent, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, and Department of Biosystems Engineering [Ghent]
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THIOACIDOLYSIS ,Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase ,arbre transgénique ,Syringol ,Analytical fast pyrolysis ,H, p-hydroxyphenyl units ,Genetically modified poplar ,Principal component analysis ,Lignin ,Phenolic compounds ,Py, Micropyrolysis or micropyrolyzer ,Biochemistry ,FAST PYROLYSIS ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,S, Syringyl units ,0302 clinical medicine ,Structural Biology ,Caffeic acid ,GC, Gas chromatography ,Food science ,PC, Principal component ,2. Zero hunger ,0303 health sciences ,Vegetal Biology ,as, Antisense line ,food and beverages ,G, Guaiacyl units ,lignine ,L-H, p-Hydroxyphenyl lignin-derived compounds ,Computer Science Applications ,pyrolyse analytique ,CAD, CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE ,CCoAOMT, CAFFEOYL-CoA O-METHYLTRANSFERASE ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,L-G, Guaiacyl lignin-derived compounds ,Biotechnology ,Research Article ,s, Sense line ,lcsh:Biotechnology ,XYLEM ,MS, Mass spectroscopy ,Biophysics ,composé phénolique ,Syringaldehyde ,L-S, Syringyl lignin-derived compounds ,03 medical and health sciences ,STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS ,lcsh:TP248.13-248.65 ,CINNAMYL ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE ,Genetics ,[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology ,analyse en composantes principales ,ALGORITHM ,peuplier transgénique ,OILS ,030304 developmental biology ,O-METHYLTRANSFERASE ,COMPLEX ,Vanillin ,fungi ,Biology and Life Sciences ,COMT, CAFFEIC ACID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE ,L, Lignin-derived aromatic compounds ,chemistry ,C, Holocellulose ,MD, Mahalanobis distance ,Guaiacol ,Biologie végétale ,Coniferyl alcohol - Abstract
Genetic engineering is a powerful tool to steer bio-oil composition towards the production of speciality chemicals such as guaiacols, syringols, phenols, and vanillin through well-defined biomass feedstocks. Our previous work demonstrated the effects of lignin biosynthesis gene modification on the pyrolysis vapour compositions obtained from wood derived from greenhouse-grown poplars. In this study, field-grown poplars downregulated in the genes encoding CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD), CAFFEIC ACID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT) and CAFFEOYL-CoA O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (CCoAOMT), and their corresponding wild type were pyrolysed in a Py-GC/MS. This work aims at capturing the effects of downregulation of the three enzymes on bio-oil composition using principal component analysis (PCA). 3,5-methoxytoluene, vanillin, coniferyl alcohol, 4-vinyl guaiacol, syringol, syringaldehyde, and guaiacol are the determining factors in the PCA analysis that are the substantially affected by COMT, CAD and CCoAOMT enzyme downregulation. COMT and CAD downregulated transgenic lines proved to be statistically different from the wild type because of a substantial difference in S and G lignin units. The sCAD line lead to a significant drop (nearly 51%) in S-lignin derived compounds, while CCoAOMT downregulation affected the least (7–11%). Further, removal of extractives via pretreatment enhanced the statistical differences among the CAD transgenic lines and its wild type. On the other hand, COMT downregulation caused 2-fold reduction in S-derived compounds compared to G-derived compounds. This study manifests the applicability of PCA analysis in tracking the biological changes in biomass (poplar in this case) and their effects on pyrolysis-oil compositions., Graphical Abstract Unlabelled Image
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- 2019
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39. Uncovering the physiological and cellular effects of uranium on the root system of Arabidopsis thaliana
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Claude Alban, Stéphane Ravanel, Nelson B.C. Serre, Jacques Bourguignon, Plantes, Stress & Métaux (MetalStress), Physiologie cellulaire et végétale (LPCV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), ANR-17-CE34-0007,GreenU,Identification de protéines impliquées dans le devenir de l’uranium chez les plantes(2017), ANR-10- LABX-49-01,Labex GRAL,Labex GRAL, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), ANR-17-CE34-0007,GreenU,Identification de protéines impliquées dans le devenir de l'uranium chez les plantes(2017), ANR-10-LABX-0049,GRAL,Grenoble Alliance for Integrated Structural Cell Biology(2010), UMR 1417 PCV Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale. Centre de recherche Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Physiologie cellulaire et végétale [2016-2019] (LPCV [2016-2019]), and Region Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, French National Research Agency, ANR-17-CE34-0007, LabEx GRAL ANR-10-LABX-49-01, Toxicology program of the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Lignine ,Iron ,Phosphate ,Plant Science ,Root system ,01 natural sciences ,Lignin ,Nitric oxide ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Uranyl ,Homeostasis ,[SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology ,Mitosis ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Reporter gene ,Toxicity ,Callose ,Plant ,[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics ,Cell biology ,Root development ,030104 developmental biology ,Uranyl nitrate ,chemistry ,Radionuclide ,Uranium ,[SDV.TOX.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology/Ecotoxicology ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience; Uranium (U) is a naturally occurring radionuclide that is toxic for plants. The aim of this study was to gain insights into the physiological and cellular responses of roots to U stress. We analyzed the effects of uranyl nitrate on the architecture and physiology of Arabidopsis thaliana roots using different staining procedures and reporter genes. Also, we examined the homeostasis of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and Fe during U stress. We showed that, at a sub-toxic dose, U stimulated the apex mitotic activity, resulting in improved primary root growth and reduced secondary root formation. At a toxic level, U arrested primary root growth and increased the formation of secondary and higher-order lateral roots. U stress was linked with a depletion of Pi and a redistribution of Fe in root tissues, together with the production of ROS and nitric oxide. Also, U triggered the deposition of the defense polymers callose and lignin. These results showed that part of the radionuclide effects are linked with the signaling cascade of Pi sensing in the root apex. Other mechanisms involved in U toxicity are likely related to perturbations of Fe homeostasis and direct deleterious effects of U on root components.
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- 2019
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40. Kinetic modeling of catalytic lignin hydroconversion for aromatic production
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Pu, Junjie, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'automatique, de génie des procédés et de génie pharmaceutique (LAGEPP), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon, Dorothée Laurenti, Isabelle Pitault, and STAR, ABES
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Catalytic hydroconversion ,Sulfide catalyst ,Hydroconversion catalytique ,Catalyseur sulfure ,Modèle cinétique ,Kinetic modeling ,Reaction scheme ,Lignine ,[CHIM.CATA] Chemical Sciences/Catalysis ,[CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis ,Lignin ,Schéma réactionnel - Abstract
Nowadays, due to the fossil fuels depletion and environmental concerns, transformation of lignocellulosic biomass is becoming a great challenge in order to provide biofuels and biochemicals in a near future. Lignin, which accounts for nearly 30 wt% of lignocellulosic biomass, is the most relevant and abundant bio-resource to produce aromatic compounds because of its original polymeric structure composed by phenylpropane units with ether linkages. In this context, the use of lignin as a precursor of aromatic compounds attracts lots of attention thanks to its low cost and high availability in pulp industry or bio-refinery. In the literature, it appears that an interesting thermochemical method for obtaining high yields of liquid products was the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin. The aim of this work was to investigate the reaction scheme of the catalytic process and develop a kinetic model for catalytic lignin hydroconversion over a sulfided CoMoS/Al2O3. In the first part of this work, kinetic measurements were carried out in a H-donor solvent (tetralin) at 350 °C and 80 bar using a semi-continuous batch reactor, which is opened for gas phase with continuous supply of H2 and equipped with a condensing reflux followed by cooled traps. The recovered products were isolated in four fractions: gases (methane, carbon dioxide, light hydrocarbons, etc.), organic liquid (phenols, aromatics, naphthenes, etc.), THF-soluble and THF-insoluble residues. Thanks to several appropriate analytical tools (GPC, NMR, GCXGC, etc.), the evolution of these different fractions as a function of reaction time was followed in order to understand the transformations occurring during the conversion. Accordingly, a lumped reaction network was established based on the observed reaction schemes. The second part of this work was dedicated to the development of a parameterized kinetic model allowing to have a mathematical description for each reaction step involved in the lignin hydroconversion. Firstly, physical phenomena involved (the gas hydrodynamic behavior of our set-up, the vapor-liquid equilibrium of mixtures and the liquid-gas mass transfer) were characterized. Subsequently, a complete reactor model was constructed by coupling the suitable chemical kinetics and these physical characterizations. Taking the gathered experimental data as a basis, reliable kinetic parameters (rate constants and stoichiometric coefficients) for each reaction step were obtained by means of non-linear regression technique. The resulting model allows us to have an in-depth understanding of the lignin conversion process, De nos jours, en raison de l'épuisement des combustibles fossiles et des préoccupations environnementales, la transformation de la biomasse lignocellulosique devient un gros challenge pour fournir des biocarburants et des bioproduits dans un futur proche. La lignine, qui représente près de 30 %pds de la biomasse lignocellulosique, est la bioressource la plus pertinente et la plus abondante pour produire des composés aromatiques grâce à sa structure polymérique composée d’unités phénylpropane avec des liaisons éthers. Dans ce contexte, l’utilisation de la lignine en tant que précurseur de composés aromatiques suscite beaucoup d’attention de par son faible coût et sa haute disponibilité puisque co-produit dans l’industrie papetière ou les bio-raffineries. Dans la littérature, il apparaît que l'hydroconversion catalytique de la lignine constitue une méthode thermochimique intéressante pour obtenir des rendements élevés en produits liquides. Le but de ce travail était d'étudier les processus réactionnels lors de ce procédé et de développer un modèle cinétique pour l'hydroconversion catalytique de la lignine sur un catalyseur sulfure (CoMoS/Al2O3). Dans la première partie de ce travail, des mesures cinétiques ont été effectuées dans un solvant donneur d’hydrogène (tétraline) à 350 °C et 80 bar en utilisant un réacteur semi-continu, ouvert en phase gazeuse avec l’alimentation continue en H2 et équipé d’un condenseur à reflux et de pièges refroidis. Les produits récupérés ont été isolés en quatre fractions : gaz (méthane, dioxyde de carbone, hydrocarbures légers, etc.), liquide organique (phénols, aromatiques, naphtènes, etc.), résidus solubles dans le THF et insolubles dans le THF. Grâce à plusieurs outils analytiques appropriés (GPC, RMN, GCXGC, etc.), l'évolution et la composition de ces différentes fractions en fonction du temps de réaction ont été étudiés afin de comprendre les transformations lors de la conversion. Un schéma réactionnel (approche regroupée) a été établi sur la base de ces observations. La deuxième partie de ce travail a été consacrée au développement d'un modèle cinétique paramétré permettant de décrire mathématiquement chaque étape de réaction au cours de l'hydroconversion de la lignine. Premièrement, les phénomènes physiques impliqués (comportement hydrodynamique des gaz dans notre installation, équilibre vapeur-liquide des mélanges et transfert de masse liquide gaz) ont été caractérisés. Par la suite, un modèle complet de réacteur a été construit en couplant la cinétique chimique appropriée et les caractérisations physiques. En prenant les données expérimentales recueillies comme base, des paramètres cinétiques fiables (constantes de vitesse et coefficients stoechiométriques) pour chaque étape de réaction ont été obtenus au moyen d'une technique de régression non linéaire. Le modèle résultant nous permet d'avoir une compréhension approfondie du processus de conversion de la lignine
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- 2018
41. Near infrared spectroscopy, a new tool to characterize wood for use by the cooperage industry
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Chaix, Gilles, Giordanengo, Thomas, Segura, Vincent, Mourey, Nicolas, Charrier, Bertrand, Charpentier, Jean-Paul, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Tonnellerie Radoux, Biologie intégrée pour la valorisation de la diversité des arbres et de la forêt (BioForA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Office National des Forêts (ONF), and Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)
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K50 - Technologie des produits forestiers ,[SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics ,Lignine ,Spectroscopie infrarouge ,Bois ,Quercus ,Fût ,Composé phénolique ,[CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry ,U30 - Méthodes de recherche ,Cellulose ,Lignocellulose ,Propriété physicochimique - Abstract
Confronted with growing competition, wood industry manufacturers are increasingly looking to optimize their processing processes and to control the quality of their finished products. Similarly, research and development teams in genetics and forest genetic improvement need new powerful tools enabling the evaluation of a large number of samples at a low cost and quickly. In this context, the development of non-destructive tools for measuring wood material performances (in all its forms: massive, de structured or reconstructed) is essential. Since the early 1990s, numerous research studies have explored the usefulness of using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate the properties of wood material.This chapter, divided into two parts, aims to present a state of the art on the use of NIRS methodology in the wood domain. The first part describes technology and principles of its operation as well as its various fields of application for macromolecules, some physical and mechanical properties. The second part takes stock of the latest knowledge gained to date on the use of NIRS in the cooperage sector and takes example of an original industrial process for measuring the quality of oak wood directly on the production line.
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- 2018
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42. Lavender- and lavandin-distilled straws: an untapped feedstock with great potential for the production of high-added value compounds and fungal enzymes
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Lesage-Meessen, Laurence, Bou, Marine, Ginies, Christian, Chevret, Didier, Navarro, David, Drula, Elodie, Bonnin, Estelle, del Río, José C., Odinot, Elise, Bisotto, Alexandra, Berrin, Jean-Guy, Sigoillot, Jean-Claude, Faulds, Craig B., Lomascolo, Anne, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale (SQPOV), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé (MICALIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Unité mixte de recherche de biotechnologie des champignons filamenteux, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, FranceAgriMer, Naturamole, Pôle PASS, Río Andrade, José Carlos del, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), and Río Andrade, José Carlos del [0000-0002-3040-6787]
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Lavender and lavandin straws ,Sugar and lignin ,Terpenes and phenolics ,Antioxidant ,Pycnoporus cinnabarinus ,Laccase ,Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase ,Biorefinery ,[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology ,lcsh:Biotechnology ,Research ,composé phénolique ,Biotechnologies ,enzyme fongique ,[CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry ,fleurs de lavande ,lignine ,champignon filamenteux ,lcsh:Fuel ,antioxydant ,lcsh:TP315-360 ,lcsh:TP248.13-248.65 ,biotechnologie industrielle ,terpène - Abstract
[Background] Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lavandin (a sterile hybrid of L. angustifolia × L. latifolia) essential oils are among those most commonly used in the world for various industrial purposes, including perfumes, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The solid residues from aromatic plant distillation such as lavender- and lavandin-distilled straws are generally considered as wastes, and consequently either left in the fields or burnt. However, lavender- and lavandin-distilled straws are a potentially renewable plant biomass as they are cheap, non-food materials that can be used as raw feedstocks for green chemistry industry. The objective of this work was to assess different pathways of valorization of these straws as bio-based platform chemicals and fungal enzymes of interest in biorefinery., [Results] Sugar and lignin composition analyses and saccharification potential of the straw fractions revealed that these industrial by-products could be suitable for second-generation bioethanol prospective. The solvent extraction processes, developed specifically for these straws, released terpene derivatives (e.g. τ-cadinol, β-caryophyllene), lactones (e.g. coumarin, herniarin) and phenolic compounds of industrial interest, including rosmarinic acid which contributed to the high antioxidant activity of the straw extracts. Lavender and lavandin straws were also suitable inducers for the secretion of a wide panel of lignocellulose-acting enzymes (cellulases, hemicellulases and oxido-reductases) from the white-rot model fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Interestingly, high amounts of laccase and several lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases were identified in the lavender and lavandin straw secretomes using proteomics., [Conclusions] The present study demonstrated that the distilled straws of lavender and lavandin are lignocellulosic-rich materials that can be used as raw feedstocks for producing high-added value compounds (antioxidants, aroma) and fungal oxidative enzymes, which represent opportunities to improve the decomposition of recalcitrant lignocellulose into biofuel. Hence, the structure and the physico-chemical properties of these straws clearly open new perspectives for use in biotechnological processes involving especially filamentous fungi. These approaches represent sustainable strategies to foster the development of a local circular bioeconomy., This work was funded by the French National Institute for Agricultural and Sea Products (FranceAgriMer), the company Naturamole (Susville, France), and the French Pole of Competitiveness for Perfumes, Flavors and Fragrances (PASS pole, Grasse, France).
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- 2018
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43. An Overview on the Use of Lignin and Its Derivatives in Fire Retardant Polymer Systems
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Aurélie Cayla, Stéphane Giraud, Jinping Guan, Neeraj Kumar Mandlekar, Giulio Malucelli, Fabine Salaün, and François Rault
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,textile ,Chemistry ,lignine, textile, flame retardancy ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,lignine ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Lignin ,Organic chemistry ,0210 nano-technology ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,flame retardancy ,Fire retardant - Published
- 2018
44. Synthesis of CoFeO mixed oxides via an alginate gelation process as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for lignin depolymerization in water
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B. Manoun, Abdellatif Barakat, Abdallah Oukarroum, L. Hdidou, Abderrahim Solhy, Khadija Khallouk, Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie et Matériaux [Casablanca] (LIMAT), Faculté des Sciences Ben M'sik [Casablanca], Université Hassan II [Casablanca] (UH2MC)-Université Hassan II [Casablanca] (UH2MC), Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), LCME, and Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University
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Organosolv ,Ingénierie des aliments ,lignin ,010402 general chemistry ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Syringaldehyde ,Catalysis ,oxydation catalytique ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Oxidizing agent ,[SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering ,Food engineering ,Lignin ,depolymerization ,Benzoic acid ,010405 organic chemistry ,Depolymerization ,food and beverages ,lignine ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Selectivity ,dépolymérisation - Abstract
A catalytic oxidative fragmentation of a lignin dimer and polymer extracted from wheat straw was successfully performed under eco-friendly conditions: 10% O2/N2 as the oxidizing agent, water as the solvent (pH ≈ 7), and Co3O4, Fe2O3 and CoFeO mixed oxides as heterogeneous catalysts and at temperatures of T = 150 °C and 200 °C. These catalysts unexpectedly showed tunable selectivity that directly depends on the composition of the selected bimetallic nanoparticles. High selectivity for benzoic acid and alkylbenzene (above 50%) was observed over Co50–Fe50 at 200 °C. Under similar conditions, the conversion of wheat organosolv lignin over Co50–Fe50 at 150 °C for 4 h yielded up to 50 wt% of monomeric species (based on dry lignin) and up to 19% of aromatic molecules with high selectivity to aromatic aldehydes (syringaldehyde and vanillin), up to 60%. An important fraction of water-soluble oligomers, with low molecular weights, was also formed during the catalytic treatment. The oxide nanomaterials were readily separated from the residual lignin during the recyclability test. The yield and the product distribution can be tuned by choosing the oxidation parameters: temperature, reaction time, oxygen partial pressure, solvent and catalyst charges.
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- 2018
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45. Diversity of fungal DyP-type peroxidases and their potential contribution to organic matter degradation
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Adamo, Martino, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon, Università degli studi (Torino, Italia), Roland Marmeisse, Mariangela Girlanda, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)
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Peroxydases ,[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment ,Organic matter decomposition ,DyPs ,Fungal Diversity, Organic Matter Degradation, Lignin, Dyp-type Peroxidases, Peroxidases ,Peroxidases ,Lignine ,Dyp-type Peroxidases ,Organic Matter Degradation ,Décomposition de la Matière Organique ,Diversité des champignons ,Lignin ,Fungal Diversity - Abstract
Lignin is one of the most abundant natural polymers on earth whose resistance to degradation contributes to the mechanical strength of plant cellwalls and protects plant cells from pathogen attack. Few organisms are candegrade lignin efficiently; most of them belong to the fungal Kingdom. Inmost cases, plant cell wall degradation results from enzymatic attack. Recent studies also underline the contribution of secreted fungal enzymes in many areas:- many of these enzymes are already in use in numerous industrial processes,- thanks to the comparison between fungal genomes, through the study ofgenes implicated in organic matter degradation, it becomes obvious that fungal evolution and their ecology are two tightly linked phenomena,- saprotrophic fungi degrading organic matter are the main decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems. Among other, they contribute in a decisive way tothe carbon biogeochemical cycle in temperate and boreal ecosystems. Thestudy and a better comprehension of carbon fluxes are of prime importance in the evaluation of climate changes.The fungal enzymatic machinery involved in organic matter decomposition is compozed of dozens of enzymes whose functions are diversely understood. The roles of several of them need to be clarified. This is the case for the DyP peroxidases, an enzyme family recently described but already well known in the field of biotechnology for their capacity of catalyzing many reactions. Their natural role in natural ecosystems are however matter of discussion. It has been suggested that they could participate in lignin degradation although a role in detoxification during biomass degradation cannot be excluded.In the course of this thesis, we highlighted the potential roles of these enzymes.The DyP gene family had been divided in different sub-families but nostudy specifically dealt with the phylogeny of fungal DyPs. Such an analysis revealed the unsuspected existence of both intracellular and extracellular DyPs in fungi. To better understand the potential roles of this fungal gene family we developed ecological analyses that first required the development of specific tools such as a protocol to extract RNA directly from decomposing wood. Following a molecular ecology approach, we evaluated the source and diversity of DyP-producing fungi in three distinct habitats; grassland soils, forest soils and decomposing wood. A metabarcoding analysis of the fungal communities present in these different environments has first been conducted and has revealed the beneficial impact of performing metabarcoding on both environmental DNA and RNA to accurately describe fungal communities.The study of DyPs expressed within fungal communities colonizing these different habitats has been conducted by sequence capture on environmental RNA. Preliminary results demonstrate the validity of this approach to isolate the corresponding full-length genes from all studies environmental samples. Several of these environmental DyP genes were transformed in the fungus Podospora anserina and the expression of one of them in this heterologous host was demonstrated.In conclusion, DyP peroxidases still represent a family of fungal enzymes of unclear role. We suggest that extracellular and intracellular DyPs may play complementary roles in both lignin degradation and detoxification of toxic environmental compounds, respectively. This enzyme family is more specifically present in the genomes of basidiomycete fungi capable of enzymatic deconstrustion of lignin. A restricted number of DyP genes has been isolated from each of the different studied environmental samples, thus suggesting that the corresponding enzymes are not abundantly produced although present in all environments; La lignine est un des polymères naturels les plus abondants sur la terre particulièrement résistant à la dégradation du fait de sa structure particulière qui lui permet de participer au renforcement des parois végétales ainsi qu'à la protection de celles-ci contre l'attaque de pathogènes. Peu d'organismes peuvent dégrader efficacement la lignine et la plupart de ceux-ci appartiennent au Règne Fongique. Dans la plupart des cas la dégradation des composants de la paroi végétale est réalisée par des enzymes sécrétées. Des études récentes soulignent combien l'arsenal enzymatique des champignons est intéressant dans plusieurs domaines :- nombreuses de ces enzymes sont déjà utilisées en biotechnologies dans de nombreux et divers processus industriels,- grâce à la possibilité de comparer les génomes de nombreuses espèces fongiques, au travers de l'étude des gènes impliqués dans la matière organique il apparait que l'évolution fongique et l'écologie de ces microorganismes sont étroitement liés,- les champignons dégradateurs de la matière organique végétale sont les principaux décomposeurs en milieu terrestre. Ils contribuent notamment de manière décisive dans le cycle biogéochimique du carbone en milieu forestier tempéré et boréal. L'étude et une meilleure compréhension des flux de carbone est importante pour mieux appréhender les phénomènes de changements climatiques.L'appareil enzymatique fongique permettant la dégradation de la matière organique est composé de dizaines, sinon de centaines d'enzymes aux rôles bien décrits pour certaines. Mais pour d'autres, leurs rôles restent à définir. C'est le cas des peroxydases de type DyP, une famille enzymatique découverte récemment et déjà bien connue dans le domaine des biotechnologies, étant capables de catalyser de nombreuses réactions. Leurs rôles dans la nature sont toutefois incertains. Il a été suggéré qu'elles puissent jouer un rôle dans la dégradation de la lignine, mais certaines études suggèrent plutôt un rôle de détoxification durant la dégradation de la biomasse.Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes attachés à mettre en lumière les rôles potentiels joués par ces enzymes. La famille des DyP a récemment été divisée en sous-groupes, mais pour ce qui concerne les DyP fongiques, il n'existait pas d'analyse approfondie de leur évolution phylogénique. Un tel travail nous a conduit à mettre en lumière l'existence ignorée jusqu'à présent de DyP aussi bien intracellulaires qu'extracellulaires.Afin d'améliorer nos connaissances sur cette famille enzymatique nous nous sommes orientés sur des analyses écologiques pour lesquelles nous avons dû au préalable développer des outils appropriés tel qu'un protocole d'extraction d'ARN à partir de bois en décomposition.Par une approche d'écologie moléculaire, nous avons évalué quelle est la source et la diversité des champignons producteurs de DyP dans 3 habitats distincts : des sols forestiers, des sols de prairies et du bois en décomposition.Une analyse par métabarcoding des communautés fongiques de ces environnements a au préalable été réalisée et a démontré le bénéfice que l'on peut tirer en métabarcoding de l'analyse comparative de l'ADN et de l'ARN environnemental pour une description optimale de ces communautés.L'étude de la diversité des DyP exprimées au sein des communautés fongiques présentes dans ces différents habitats a été réalisée par capture de séquences à partir d'ARN environnementaux.Les résultats préliminaires obtenus démontrent la capacité de l'approche expérimentale à isoler les gènes pleine longueur correspondants de tous les échantillons étudiés. Certaines de ces DyP environnementales ont été transformées dans le champignon Podospora anserina, et l'expression de l'une d'entre elle dans ce système hétérologue a pu être démontrée [etc...]
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- 2018
46. Oxidative conversion of lignin over cobalt-iron mixed oxides prepared via the alginate gelation
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Abdellatif Barakat, Hassan Hannache, L. Hdidou, Abderrahim Solhy, Lamfeddal Kouisni, B. Manoun, Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department, Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie et Matériaux [Casablanca] (LIMAT), Faculté des Sciences Ben M'sik [Casablanca], Université Hassan II [Casablanca] (UH2MC)-Université Hassan II [Casablanca] (UH2MC), AgroBioSiences department, LS3M, Université Hassan 1er [Settat], Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
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Scanning electron microscope ,Size-exclusion chromatography ,Ingénierie des aliments ,chemistry.chemical_element ,lignin ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,Heterogeneous catalysis ,01 natural sciences ,Catalysis ,Catalyst preparation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Catalytic processes ,[SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering ,Food engineering ,Lignin ,depolymerization ,Biomass ,catalyst activity ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Depolymerization ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,General Chemistry ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,lignine ,activité catalytique ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,dépolymérisation ,Cobalt - Abstract
The depolymerization of polymer lignin model to low molecular weight products was studied in water, at 200 °C under 100 MPa of 10% O2 using cobalt-iron mixed oxides as catalysts. These nanostructured oxides with different Co/Fe ratios were prepared via alginate gelation. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and size exclusion chromatography were used to study the influence of the Fe/Co ratios on the structure and the proprieties of the oxides as well as the morphology, the structure, and the composition of the obtained degraded products. The results showed that the oxides used in this study were versatile catalysts with a high catalytic activity for lignin depolymerization. Furthermore, these oxides demonstrated high yield and high selectivity towards aromatic compounds.
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- 2018
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47. Integrative visual omics of the white-rot fungus Polyporus brumalis exposes the biotechnological potential of its oxidative enzymes for delignifying raw plant biomass
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Junyan Lin, Anaïs Rancon, Delphine Chaduli, Sana Raouche, Marie-Noëlle Rosso, Bernard Henrissat, Anna Lipzen, Isabelle Herpoël-Gimbert, Didier Chevret, Matthieu Hainaut, Hayat Hage, Elodie Drula, Igor V. Grigoriev, David Navarro, Shingo Miyauchi, Francisco J. Ruiz-Dueñas, Mei Wang, Laurence Lesage-Meessen, Sacha Grisel, Robert Riley, Jasmyn Pangilinan, Anne Favel, Simeng Zhou, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques (AFMB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), King Abdulaziz University, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé (MICALIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, U.S Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille (ISM2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-12-BIME-0009 ANR-14-CE06-0020-01, ANR-10-EQPX-29-01Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy, DE-AC02-05CH11231, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness BIO2017-86559-R, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Department of Energy (US), Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España), University of California (UC), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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0301 basic medicine ,Polyporus brumalis ,[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology ,Biomass ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,7. Clean energy ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Solid-state fermentation ,Lignin ,Polyporales ,0303 health sciences ,Plant biomass transformation ,biology ,Lignin degradation ,food and beverages ,Chemical Engineering ,approche omique ,lignine ,Polyporus ,General Energy ,amélioration des champignons ,procédé biotechnologique ,Biotechnology ,lcsh:Biotechnology ,030106 microbiology ,Lignocellulosic biomass ,lignin ,Biotechnologies ,Fungus ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,complex mixtures ,lcsh:Fuel ,Industrial Biotechnology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Affordable and Clean Energy ,lcsh:TP315-360 ,lcsh:TP248.13-248.65 ,Botany ,Oxidative enzyme ,Genetics ,Cellulose ,030304 developmental biology ,biomasse végétale ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,030306 microbiology ,fungi ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,enzyme oxydative ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,030104 developmental biology ,fermentation à l'état solide ,chemistry ,Fermentation ,polyporus - Abstract
[Background] Plant biomass conversion for green chemistry and bio-energy is a current challenge for a modern sustainable bioeconomy. The complex polyaromatic lignin polymers in raw biomass feedstocks (i.e., agriculture and forestry by-products) are major obstacles for biomass conversions. White-rot fungi are wood decayers able to degrade all polymers from lignocellulosic biomass including cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The white-rot fungus Polyporus brumalis efficiently breaks down lignin and is regarded as having a high potential for the initial treatment of plant biomass in its conversion to bio-energy. Here, we describe the extraordinary ability of P. brumalis for lignin degradation using its enzymatic arsenal to break down wheat straw, a lignocellulosic substrate that is considered as a biomass feedstock worldwide., [Results] We performed integrative multi-omics analyses by combining data from the fungal genome, transcriptomes, and secretomes. We found that the fungus possessed an unexpectedly large set of genes coding for Class II peroxidases involved in lignin degradation (19 genes) and GMC oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases involved in generating the hydrogen peroxide required for lignin peroxidase activity and promoting redox cycling of the fungal enzymes involved in oxidative cleavage of lignocellulose polymers (36 genes). The examination of interrelated multi-omics patterns revealed that eleven Class II Peroxidases were secreted by the fungus during fermentation and eight of them where tightly co-regulated with redox cycling enzymatic partners., This work was supported by The French National Agency for Research (ANR-12-BIME-0009, ANR-14-CE06-0020-01). The work by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, a DOE Office of Science User Facility, is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The work by CSIC was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (BIO2017-86559-R). The HPC resources of Aix-Marseille Université was supported by The French National Agency for Research (ANR-10-EQPX-29-01).
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- 2018
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48. Biological and chemical pretreatment of grasses to overcome lignin’s recalcitrance improvingcarbohydrate degradability
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Mouthier, Thibaut M.B., Wageningen University, H. Gruppen, H.A. Schols, and M.A. Kabel
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chemie ,Food Chemistry ,biomass ,biomassa ,fungi ,food and beverages ,biobased economy ,lignin ,chemie op basis van biologische grondstoffen ,chemistry ,lignine ,complex mixtures ,cellulose ,Levensmiddelenchemie ,biobased chemistry ,VLAG - Abstract
The research described in this PhD-thesis aimed to identify new routes to release monosaccharides from hard-to-convert feedstocks by a detailed structural analysis of the recalcitrant carbohydrate and lignin released from grass feedstocks mildly treated with 1) intrinsic chemical catalysts (acetic acid and ammonium); 2) novel enzymes and; 3) combination of both.Loosening of the architecture of cell walls is known to enhance accessibility to enzymes. However, the residual lignin structures are not fully understood and will vary depending on the plant source and the targeted product (i.e. conversion to biochemicals, opening the structures for compost). Hence, this research focused on the variability and the lignin recalcitrant structures of 2 main grasses (corn stover, wheat straw) and how they can be affected by a biological process (rumen digestion or composting process), by an ammonia pretreatment, and by an acetic acid (enzymatically released or added to the treatment) or sulfuric acid pretreatment. The effects and the modifications of lignin were evaluated for to their influence on further enzymatic degradation of polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence and the use of intrinsic catalysts within the biomass or within the process was investigated to increase the severity of pretreatment and its following degradability.
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- 2018
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49. Influence of potassium carbonate addition on the condensable species released during wood torrefaction
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Mathieu Pétrissans, Jérémy Valette, Lucélia Alves de Macedo, Patrick Rousset, Jean-Michel Commandre, Serviço Florestal Brasileiro, BioWooEB (UPR BioWooEB), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois (LERMAB), Université de Lorraine (UL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi [Bangkok], National Council for Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq, Brazil) grant No. 248443/2013-5, BioWooEB (Cirad-Persyst-UPR 114 BioWooEB), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)
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K50 - Technologie des produits forestiers ,bois ,Carbonate ,P06 - Sources d'énergie renouvelable ,composition chimique ,General Chemical Engineering ,Potassium ,Syringol ,bois retifie ,02 engineering and technology ,[SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials ,Potassium carbonate ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,pyruvic acid ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Lignin ,Organic chemistry ,Lignin derivatives ,vinegar ,Chemistry ,Levoglucosan ,potassium ,Thermogravimetric analysis ,Glucane ,lignine ,6. Clean water ,Fuel Technology ,acide pyruvique ,timber ,020209 energy ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,lignin ,Biocarburant ,020401 chemical engineering ,0204 chemical engineering ,Cellulose ,HMF ,Bioréacteur ,Chromatographie en phase gazeuse ,Torréfaction ,analyse thermogravimétrique ,Torrefaction ,Température ,anhydride ,acide acétique ,torrefaction ,13. Climate action ,chemical analysis ,Bioénergie ,Guaiacol ,Nuclear chemistry ,Gravimétrie - Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of potassium addition on the composition of torrefaction condensates, two demineralized wood species were impregnated with different concentrations of K2CO3 and then torrefied at 275 °C up to an anhydrous weight loss (AWL) of 25%. Torrefaction was carried out in both a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) instrument and a laboratory fixed-bed reactor. Condensates from the fixed bed reactor were collected and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS). TGA of raw and K2CO3-impregnated biopolymers (cellulose, xylan and lignin) were performed to facilitate interpretation of the results. TGA showed that when potassium content increased in the biomass, shorter torrefaction times were sufficient to obtain the targeted AWL. GC–MS showed, for both wood species, that potassium promotes the formation of acetol and slightly enhances acetic acid yield. The amount of some lignin derivatives (guaiacol, syringol, 4-vinylguaiacol) also rose with potassium addition. Yields of levoglucosan, LAC (1-hydroxy-(1R)-3,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one) and DGP (1,4:3,6-dianhydro-α-d-glucopyranose), as well as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, decreased drastically in the presence of potassium. In conclusion, small additions of potassium carbonate deeply affected thermal degradation of wood species and the speciation of torrefaction condensates. (Resume d'auteur)
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- 2018
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50. Distribution of Lignin, Hemicellulose, and Arabinogalactan Protein in Hemp Phloem Fibers
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Eva Fernandez-Tendero, Shingo Kiyoto, Brigitte Chabbert, Arata Yoshinaga, Arnaud Day, Keiji Takabe, Kyoto University, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Technopôle de l’Aube en Champagne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kyoto University Foundation, French Association for Research and Technology - Champagne-Ardenne Region and French Government, European Union, Troyes Champagne Metropole, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-SFR Condorcet, and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,hémicellulose ,Glucomannan ,Fluorescent Antibody Technique ,lignin ,01 natural sciences ,Galactans ,phloem ,Mannans ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,RETTED HEMP ,Cell Wall ,Polysaccharides ,CELL-WALL ,phloème ,Lignin ,Hemicellulose ,Fiber ,Instrumentation ,PLANT-DENSITY ,BAST FIBERS ,Arabinogalactan protein ,Cannabis ,CANNABIS-SATIVA L ,Staining and Labeling ,TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY ,Chemistry ,IN-SITU ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Immunogold labelling ,MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES ,lignine ,Xylan ,arabinogalactane ,arabinogalactan ,030104 developmental biology ,chanvre ,Biophysics ,Xylans ,Phloem ,FLAX FIBER ,MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The distribution of lignin, 8-5′ and 8-8′ linked lignin substructure, and noncellulosic polysaccharides in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) phloem fibers were explored based on histochemical and immunological methods. Ultraviolet absorption and potassium permanganate staining were observed mainly in the compound middle lamella (CML) and S1 layers, and rarely in the G-layer of phloem fibers, suggesting that lignin concentration is high at the CML and S1 layers, and very low at the G-layer of hemp fibers. Acriflavine staining, uniform KM1 labeling (8-5′ linked lignin substructure), and no KM2 labeling (8-8′ linked structure) were observed in the G-layer, suggesting that there is a small amount of lignin-like compound with 8-5′ linked structure in the G-layer. In addition, some fiber cells showed a multilayered structure. Uniform arabinogalactan protein (AGP) labeling was observed on the S1 layers and G-layers using JIM14, but little appeared in the CML of hemp fibers, indicating that these layers of the phloem fibers contain AGP. Immunogold labeling of xylan (LM11) and glucomannan (LM21) showed that xylan and glucomannan were mainly present in the S1 layers and the G-layers, respectively. In some phloem fibers, LM21 immunofluorescence labeling showed multilayered structure, suggesting the heterogeneous distribution of glucomannan.
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- 2018
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