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Laser speckle imaging has been widely used for in-vivo visualization of blood perfusion in biological tissues. However, existing laser speckle imaging techniques suffer from limited quantification accuracy and spatial resolution. Here we report a novel design and implementation of a powerful laser speckle imaging platform to solve the two critical limitations. The core technique of our platform is a combination of line scan confocal microscopy with laser speckle autocorrelation imaging, which is termed Line Scan Laser Speckle Autocorrelation Imaging (LS-LSAI). The technical advantages of LS-LSAI include high spatial resolution (~4.4 μm) for visualizing and quantifying blood flow in microvessels, as well as video-rate imaging speed for tracing dynamic flow.

The cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging method is widely used to determine the nanoscale thickness of thin films. However, thin films to be analyzed within TEM samples often have a curved or distorted shape, or poor alignment with the electron beam direction, which can easily overestimate the thickness due to TEM projection artifacts. This study develops a novel method to measure the thickness of thin films using a TEM energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) line scan. This method is based on the constant integration of the quantitative line scan profile regardless of geometric configuration, making it possible to overcome the projection problem. The proposed method is experimentally validated with a Si/Ti/Si stacked sample. The EDS line scan is performed at various tilt angles at the same location, and it is confirmed that the integration of each quantification profile has the same value, thus providing a consistent thickness value. This method is effective in measuring the thickness of the thin film more accurately and reliably regardless of the inclination angle of the thin film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabrics are susceptible to defects caused by various factors during the dyeing and finishing processes. Fabric defects are mostly detected through manual visual inspection. Under the influence of fatigue from long working hours and human error in general, this method results in misjudgment and missed defects. Certain difficulties are encountered in the development of automated optical inspection (AOI) machines because large pieces of fabric must be inspected at high speed. In this study, an AOI system was developed. The image acquisition system consisted of an IDS industrial camera equipped with a sensor for fabric defect inspection and a line scan function, as well as a white light-emitting diode (LED) light bar. The parameters were configured and calibrated using uEye Cockpit software. The inspection mechanism of the proposed machine was a roller device that simulated fabric production. Under continuous rotation of the roller, images were captured using the camera and then were combined to form a two-dimensional plane image. Long-term inspection was performed simultaneously. The line scan settings were a pixel clock (PCLK)S rate of 474 MHz and 10 scan lines per single scan when the tangential rotation velocity of the roller simulation was 0.9 m/s. The minimum vertical distortion of the acquired image was 1.658 mm when the total image length was 210 mm. Uneven illumination from the nonlinear light source resulted in the generation of noise in the captured images, which was eliminated through the combination of posterization and closing, with only a slight loss of defect features. Overall, the proposed AOI system effectively detected the defects. The minimum width of black defects that could be detected in the dyed and finished dark fabrics was 0.24 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analysed the influence of wildfire area, topography, fuel, surface weather and upper-level weather conditions on long-distance spotting during wildfires. The analysis was based on a large dataset of 338 observations, from aircraft-acquired optical line scans, of spotting wildfires in south-east Australia between 2002 and 2018. Source fire area (a measure of fire activity) was the most important predictor of maximum spotting distance and the number of long-distance spot fires produced (i.e. >500 m from a source fire). Weather (surface and upper-level), vegetation and topographic variables had important secondary effects. Spotting distance and number of long-distance spot fires increased strongly with increasing source fire area, particularly under strong winds and in areas containing dense forest and steep slopes. General vegetation descriptors better predicted spotting compared with bark hazard and presence variables, suggesting systems that measure and map bark spotting potential need improvement. The results from this study have important implications for the development of predictive spotting and wildfire behaviour models. We investigated the main drivers of spotting in wildfires by analysing infrared aerial images and environmental data for 338 spotting wildfires in south-east Australia. We found source fire area to be the most important predictor of spotting distance and number of spot fires (>500 m), with important secondary effects of fuel, weather and topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the methods to prevent unsuitable lubrication of moving components of devices and machinery is using bi-metal and three-metal bearings. Centrifugal casting process is one of the manufacturing methods that is used for such bearings. In this study, the purpose is microstructure evaluation of the bonding location and length determination of diffusion bond in structural steel-bronze. A mold made of structural steel with inner diameter of 240mm, length of 300mm and thickness of 10mm was coated by a 6mm film of bronze under centrifugal casting process. At first, a bronze ingot with dimension of 5mm×10mm×20mm is located inside of the hollow cylindrical mold and then the two ends of it will be sealed. During mold rotation with the rate of 800 rpm, two high power flames are used for heating the mold under Ar gas atmosphere to melt the bronze ingot at 1000°C. After 15minutes, the system is cooled rapidly. Results showed that the diffusion bonding of bronze in structural steel to depth of 1.2μm from the bonding line was obtained. In this bonding, copper element was diffused to 50% of its initial concentration.

Active thermography is a proven technology used in a wide variety of applications. In the most common approach using a static configuration, the elements involved in the inspection do not move. This presents serious drawbacks when it is applied to the inspection of large products and machines. An alternative approach is the dynamic inspection, which enables the inspection of large and complex products with better resolution, but it is also extremely challenging as data reconstruction is necessary. This work analyzes two methods for dynamic inspection using active infrared thermography: the thermal photocopier and the line scan. Automatic robust methods are proposed to calculate the temperature–time history, producing a pseudostatic sequence that can be further processed using advanced data processing algorithms to improve defect detection. Results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed methods and the ability to inspect large products with excellent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A WC–12Co coating was sprayed on H13 hot work mould steel using a high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF). The surface and cross–section morphologies, chemical compositions, and phases of obtained coatings were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X–ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The friction–wear properties were investigated using a wear test, the wear mechanism of WC–12Co coating was also discussed. The results show that the WC–12Co coating primarily is composed of WC hard phase with high hardness and Co as a binder, which is evenly distributed on the coating surface, no atom–rich zones. There is no W3O phase appearing in the HVOF spraying, showing that the WC–12Co coating has high oxidation resistance, the new phases of W2C and C are produced due to the decarburization of WC. The coating thickness is ~200 μm, which is combined the substrate with the mechanical binding and local micro–metallurgical bonding. The average coefficient of friction (COF) of WC–12Co coating is 0.272, showing good friction performance, the wear mechanism is primarily abrasive wear, accompanied with fatigue wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A titanium carbonitride (TiCN) coating was deposited on YT14 cutting tool by using a CAIP (cathodic arc ion plating). The surface-interface morphologies, chemical compositions, and phases of TiCN coatings were observed by using a FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), respectively, and the bonding energy, surface roughness, and bonding strength were characterized with an XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), AFM (atomic force microscope), and scratch test, respectively. The results show that the phases of the TiCN coating are primarily composed of TiN, TiC, and amorphous C, of which the TiC and TiN increases the coating hardness, and the amorphous C atom improves friction and lubrication properties of the coating. The effect of CAIP on the topography of the TiCN coating is at nano-scale, the Ti and N atoms are enriched in the coating at the bonding interface, and the part of chemical elements are diffused in the gradual transformation layer. The bonding form of the TiCN coating interface is primarily composed of mechanical combination, accompanying with slight metallurgical combination, and the bonding strength is characterized with 60.85 N by scratch test. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periodically arranged thin filaments within the striated myofibrils of skeletal and cardiac muscle have precisely regulated lengths, which can change in response to developmental adaptations, pathophysiological states, and genetic perturbations. We have developed a user-friendly, open-source ImageJ plugin that provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for super-resolution measurement of thin filament lengths by applying Distributed Deconvolution (DDecon) analysis to periodic line scans collected from fluorescence images. In the workflow presented here, we demonstrate thin filament length measurement using a phalloidin-stained cryosection of mouse skeletal muscle. The DDecon plugin is also capable of measuring distances of any periodically localized fluorescent signal from the Z- or M-line, as well as distances between successive Z- or M-lines, providing a broadly applicable tool for quantitative analysis of muscle cytoarchitecture. These functionalities can also be used to analyse periodic fluorescence signals in nonmuscle cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca ratios and trace element contents in stalagmites provide important indices for high resolution paleoclimate reconstruction. In situ LA-ICP-MS analysis is introduced here instead of solution methods due to their large errors and mixing with multi-micro layers. The spatial distributions of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca parallel to the growth axis of stalagmite are compared in sampling ways of line scan and spot ablation respectively, which consistently show significant cyclical variations. The line scan ablation with 40 μm beam spot has the advantages of high stability, high resolution, and of being fast and simple. The relationship of relative sensitivity coefficients and element fractionation are discussed among NIST 610, NIST 612, KL2G, ATHO-G and MASC-3. Indications are that the matrix effect is the main reason for the relative sensitivity coefficient change. The calibration method of 45 major, minor and trace elements in stalagmites was established by using normalization with multi-external standards and internal standard element of Ca. The matrix normalization of Ca and Mg major elements in forms of CaCO3 and MgCO3 with other elements, not only changes the calculation method of the content of the internal standard elements in domestic and foreign studies, when using other analytical techniques, but also avoids the problem of inaccurate detection of carbon successfully, which is consistent with the result when using internal standard element Ca.

A layer of titanium carbon nitride (TiCN) coating was deposited on YT14 cutting tool by a cathodic arc ion plating (CAIP); the friction-wear behaviors of TiCN coating at the temperatures of 200, 300, and 400 °C were investigated by a high-temperature friction-wear tester. The results show that a metallurgical bonding is formed at the TiCN coating interface, of which the bonding strength is 58.15 N measured by scratch test. The average coefficient of friction (COF) of TiCN coating at the temperatures of 200, 300, and 400 °C is 0.2931, 0.5252, and 0.4114, respectively; the wear rates increase gradually with the wear temperatures. The TiO that is produced during the wear improves the lubrication of the coating; the wear mechanisms are primarily composed of oxidation wear, abrasive wear, and adhesive wear, accompanied by slight fatigue wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel method that can perform measurements of the contact potential difference (CPD) between a tip and a thin film transistor (TFT) panel using the Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is proposed for inspection of critical invisible defects on TFT panels. In this application, the surface potential of a TFT panel is inferred from the electrostatic interaction force between a tip and a TFT panel induced by the electric field. The experimental results are given to illustrate that the KPFM provides a novel and feasible way to detect the most critical invisible defects on TFT panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical routines for a comprehensive in-depth morphological, structural, and chemical characterization of functionalized TiO2 films by using different state-of-the-art analytical techniques are presented and discussed with the main objective to identify potential reference TiO2 coating parameters able to be certified at a later stage. TiO2 films fabricated by two different synthetic procedures as representative for two main large-scale applications were selected: (i) pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering for photocatalytic applications and (ii) screen printing from preformed anatase nanoparticles. The screen-printed films were further loaded with a sensitizing dye for application as a dye-sensitized solar cell. Film properties such as microstructure and crystallographic texture of pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering synthesized films were systematically studied by means of scanning nanobeam electron diffraction in a transmission electron microscope and the surface and inner morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The dye distribution over the depth of screen-printed TiO2 layers was analyzed before and after dye-loading by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at scanning electron microscope, Auger electron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The long-term goal of the present study is the improvement of quality of the TiO2 film parameters as measured by using different types of reference TiO2 coatings having specific parameters certified. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is believed that increased intracranial pressure immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes extensive brain ischemia and results in worsening clinical status. Arterial flow to the cerebral surfaces is clinically well maintained during clipping surgery regardless of the severity of the World Federation of Neurological Societies grade after SAH. To explore what kinds of changes occur in the cortical microcirculation, not at the cerebral surface, we examined cortical microcirculation after SAH using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). Methods: SAH was induced in mice with an endovascular perforation model. Following continuous injection of rhodamine 6G, velocities of labeled platelets and leukocytes and unlabeled red blood cells (RBCs) were measured in the cortical capillaries 60 min after SAH with a line-scan method using TPLSM, and the data were compared to a sham group and P-selectin monoclonal antibody-treated group. Results: Velocities of leukocytes, platelets, and RBCs in capillaries decreased significantly 60 min after SAH. Rolling and adherent leukocytes suddenly prevented other blood cells from flowing in the capillaries. Flowing blood cells also decreased significantly in each capillary after SAH. This no-reflow phenomenon induced by plugging leukocytes was often observed in the SAH group but not in the sham group. The decreased velocities of blood cells were reversed by pretreatment with the monoclonal antibody of P-selection, an adhesion molecule expressed on the surfaces of both endothelial cells and platelets. Conclusions: SAH caused sudden worsening of cortical microcirculation at the onset. Leukocyte plugging in capillaries is one of the reasons why cortical microcirculation is aggravated after SAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AlTiCrN coating was prepared on the surface of YT14 tungsten carbide cutting tools by cathodic arc ion plating with Ti, Al and Cr as targets. The surface morphologies, interface energy spectrum, phase and elements' binding energy of the coatings were observed with SEM, EDS, XRD and XPS, respectively, and bonding strength of the coating interface was measured with scratch tester. The results show that the phases of AlTiCrN coating are mainly composed of AlN, CrN and TiN, the crystal plane of (111) has a strong preferred orientation. The concentrations of Al, Ti, Cr, N in the coating are higher than those in the substrate, showing the gradient diffusion distribution at the bonding interface, while C atoms of the substrate have diffused into the lattices of TiN, AlN and CrN to form an obvious interdiffusion layer, and the average bonding strength of coating interface is 57.65 N. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Insect frass presents risk of bacterial pathogens to fresh fruits and vegetables. [•] Violet 405-nm LED lights used for hyperspectral fluorescence imaging of tomatoes. [•] Two-band fluorescence ratio method detects diluted frass contamination on tomatoes. [•] Ratio imaging algorithm shows potential for online safety inspection of tomatoes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new method for producing computer generated holograms using line scanning is presented. Using the centrosymmetry and axisymmetry of the principal fringe patterns in a novel look-up table method, the proposed method only needs to calculate and store the intensity data for the scan line in the principal fringe pattern. The memory size and amount of computation can be significantly reduced in the proposed method. The calculational and experimental results show that this method is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In poultry processing plants, fecal material and ingesta are the primary source of carcass contamination with microbial pathogens. The current practice of the poultry inspection in the United States is primarily human visual observations. Since the visual inspection is becoming more challenging in poultry processing plants adopting high-speed lines, a rapid sorting system could significantly improve the detection and monitoring of carcasses with surface fecal material and ingesta. As a result, we developed a prototype line-scan hyperspectral imaging system configured as a real-time multispectral imaging subsystem for online detection of surface fecal material and ingesta. Specifically, we integrated a commercially available off-the-shelf hyperspectral image camera into the system with two line lights and a custom software program for real-time multispectral imaging. The bottleneck of the imaging system was the data acquisition. For that reason, a multithreaded software architecture was designed and implemented not only to meet the application requirements such as speed and detection accuracy, but also to be customizable to different imaging applications such as systemic disease detection in the future. The image acquisition and processing speed tests confirmed the system could operate to scan poultry carcasses in commercial poultry processing plants. The fecal detection algorithm was based on the previous research using different hyperspectral imaging systems. A new carcass detection and image formation algorithm was developed to allow existing image processing and detection algorithms reusable without any modifications. Sixteen chicken carcasses and four different types of fecal and ingesta samples were used in a study to test the imaging system at two different speeds (140 birds per minute and 180 birds per minute) in a pilot-scale poultry processing facility. The study found that the system could grab and process three waveband images of carcasses moving up to 180 birds per minute (a line-scan rate 286Hz) and detect fecal material and ingesta on their surfaces. The detection accuracy of the system varied between 89% and 98% with minimum false positive errors (less than 1%), depending on tested detection algorithms. Therefore, these findings provide the basis of not only a commercially viable imaging platform for fecal detection but also a single poultry inspection system for multiple tasks such as systemic disease detection and quality sorting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A line-scan machine vision system and multispectral inspection algorithm was developed and evaluated for differentiation of wholesome and systemically diseased chickens on a high-speed processing line. The inspection system acquires line-scan images of chicken carcasses on a 140 bird/mm processing line and is able to automatically detect individual birds entering and exiting the field of view of the camera, locate a specified region of interest for spectral image analysis, and produce a decision output for each bird. The same spectral line-scan imaging system was used for hyperspectral data acquisition-analysis to develop the multispectral detection and differentiation algorithm and for multispectral implementation of the algorithm for real-time on-line inspection on the processing line. Results showed that effective multispectral inspection could be achieved by analysis of a selected region of interest across the breast area from images at the 580and 620-nm wavebands. Overall system performance was evaluated during two 8-h shifts in which the system inspected over 100,000 chickens, with system results compared with Food Safety and Inspection Service inspector tallies of wholesome and systemically diseased birds for that same time period. During system verification, the system accurately classified wholesome and systemically diseased chickens that were observed by a veterinarian posted beside the system to perform real-time identifications of the same birds. The high accuracy of the results demonstrated that the spectra line-scan imaging system and multispectral detection and differentiation algorithm can be effectively used for on-line high-speed presorting applications for young broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: PU-Packing is widely used in machinery to prevent fluid from leaking. Due to the high demand for productivity and quality, bare-eye-inspection approach becomes extremely inadequate. In view of that, we developed a machine-vision-based system for detecting flaws occurred in PU-packings. The system consists of three inspection stations. The first station uses area-scan cameras to check the top and bottom surfaces of a packing. The second station uses an area-scan camera to check the interior of a packing incorporated with an infrared LED backlight. The third station uses two line-scan cameras to simultaneously scan inner and outer cylindrical surfaces of a packing. After images have been scanned, we applied variance of radius inspection method, projection method, coordinate transformation techniques, and normalized grayscale absolute difference inspection method to locate seven frequently detected defects, including deformations, burrs, interstices, scratches, blisters, air bubbles, and inclusions. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated by the accuracy, false positive rate, false negative rate and inspection time. The overall accuracy is 90.1% indicating that the proposed inspection apparatuses and methodologies are appropriate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A machine vision system was developed and evaluated for the automation of online inspection to differentiate freshly slaughtered wholesome chickens from systemically diseased chickens. The system consisted of an electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device (EMCCD) camera used with an imaging spectrograph and controlled by a computer to obtain line-scan images quickly on a chicken processing line of a commercial poultry plant. The system scanned chicken carcasses on an eviscerating line operating at a speed of 140 chickens per minute. An algorithm was implemented in the system to automatically recognize individual carcasses entering and exiting the field of view, to locate the region of interest (ROI) of each chicken, to extract useful spectra from the ROI as inputs to the differentiation method, and to determine the condition for each carcass as being wholesome or systemically diseased. The system can acquire either hyperspectral or multispectral images without any cross-system calibration. The essential spectral features were selected from hyperspectral images of chicken samples. The differentiation of chickens on the processing line was then carried out using multispectral imaging. The high accuracy obtained from the evaluation results showed that the machine vision system can be applied successfully to automatic online inspection for chicken processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Lanthanum, Cerium)(Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, Palladium)(Oxygen)3- Perovskite catalyst was prepared by the citrate route and deposited on ceramic monoliths via dip coating procedure. The catalyst was applied on a car with XU7 motors and the amount of emission was monitored with vehicle emission test systems in Sapco company. The results were compared with the imported catalyst with noble metals such as palladium, platinum and rhodium by Iran Khodro company based on the Euro III standards. The catalysts were characterized by specific surface area measurements, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, line scan and map. In the results, obtained in the home made sample, the amount of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons were lower than imported catalyst with Iran Khodro company with nobel metals. The illustration shows nano particles size on coat. The microstructure evaluation showed that the improved properties can be related to the existence of nano particles on coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Analytical electron microscopy was used to characterize aquatic iron-rich colloids. We focused our attention on a redox transition medium in the drainage water of a peat soil. In the anoxic peat water, observations by transmission electron microscopy and associated energy dispersive analyses (TEM-EDS) highlight the presence of spherical entities (∼100–600 nm), containing only traces of iron. The increase of dissolved oxygen concentration favours the formation of iron oxy(hydr)oxides. In the oxygenated drain, particles with the same morphology and size range are present. Statistical TEM-EDS analyses show that they represent the only colloidal form of iron in the drain samples. Nevertheless, although Fe–K peaks appear clearly on EDS spectra, the proportion of iron in these colloids reaches at most 4% at. (whereas C + O > 90% at.). Structural information completes this study. Both electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) reveal the disparity between element distributions within the drain entities. Iron and calcium are preferably distributed on the outer sphere of the particle, whereas carbon and oxygen follow the theoretical variation of the signal intensity within a plain sphere. The implication of organic matter as nucleation site for iron precipitation is spectacularly demonstrated by the presence of nanometre-sized iron-rich phases highlighted by EELS line scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that degrade diverse biomolecules and regulate a multitude of other essential processes including cell growth and metabolism, signaling, plasma membrane repair and infection. Such diverse functions of lysosomes are highly coordinated in space and time and are therefore tightly coupled to the directional transport of the organelles within the cytoplasm. Thus, robust quantitative assessments of lysosome positioning within the cell provide a valuable tool for researchers interested in understanding these multifunctional organelles. Here, we present point-by-point methodology to measure lysosome positioning by two straight forward and widely used techniques: shell analysis and line scan., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The superplasticity of the Ti- 6Al- 6V- 2Sn alloy for different temperatures was evaluated by single-sheet free blowing. The optimal superplastic temperature for the Ti- 6Al- 6V- 2Sn alloy was found to be 850 °C. Diffusion bonding of Ti- 6Al- 6V- 2Sn and 304 stainless steel was carried out in a vacuum. The interface of both bonded alloys was examined by EPMA. The concentration profile of Ni exhibited a peak at the interlayer and a valley adjacent it, whereas that of Cr exhibited a peak where Ni showed the valley. X- ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed that the Fe Ti, NiTi, and CrMn Intermetallic compounds and the Cr element formed at the interface. The thickness profiles of the blown specimens were measured and compared with theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significance: Confocal laser scanning enables optical sectioning in fiber bundle endomicroscopy but limits the frame rate. To be able to better explore tissue morphology, it is useful to stitch sequentially acquired frames into a mosaic. However, low frame rates limit the maximum probe translation speed. Line-scanning (LS) confocal endomicroscopy provides higher frame rates, but residual out-of-focus light degrades images. Subtraction-based approaches can suppress this residue at the expense of introducing motion artifacts. Aim: To generate high-frame-rate endomicroscopy images with improved optical sectioning, we develop a high-speed subtraction method that only requires the acquisition of a single camera frame. Approach: The rolling shutter of a CMOS camera acts as both the aligned and offset detector slits required for subtraction-based sectioning enhancement. Two images of the bundle are formed on different regions of the camera, allowing both images to be acquired simultaneously. Results: We confirm improved optical sectioning compared to conventional LS, particularly far from focus, and show that motion artifacts are not introduced. We demonstrate high-speed mosaicing at frame rates of up to 240 Hz. Conclusion: High-speed acquisition of optically sectioned images using the new subtraction based-approach leads to improved mosaicing at high frame rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new, computationally efficient method for 1D signal alignment with high accuracy. • The sourcecode is available at https://github.com/phflot/variational%5faligner. • The method is fast enough to allow real time applications on consumer grade hardware. • The performance is demonstrated on two applications from neuroimaging: Alignment of 2-photon imaging line scans and EP / ERP single trial alignment. In the context of signal analysis and pattern matching, alignment of 1D signals for the comparison of signal morphologies is an important problem. For image processing and computer vision, 2D optical flow (OF) methods find wide application for motion analysis and image registration and variational OF methods have been continuously improved over the past decades. We propose a variational method for the alignment and displacement estimation of 1D signals. We pose the estimation of non-flat displacements as an optimization problem with a similarity and smoothness term similar to variational OF estimation. To this end, we can make use of efficient optimization strategies that allow real-time applications on consumer grade hardware. We apply our method to two applications from functional neuroimaging: The alignment of 2-photon imaging line scan recordings and the denoising of evoked and event-related potentials in single trial matrices. We can report state of the art results in terms of alignment quality and computing speeds. Existing methods for 1D alignment target mostly constant displacements, do not allow native subsample precision or precise control over regularization or are slower than the proposed method. Our method is implemented as a MATLAB toolbox and is online available. It is suitable for 1D alignment problems, where high accuracy and high speed is needed and non-constant displacements occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]