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Biocides used in paints and renders prevent algae and fungi growth but can wash off during wind-driven rain and enter urban environments. Retention ponds represent part of storm water management that retain water and partly pollutants. However, it is poorly understood which percentage of biocides leached from facades reaches a pond and how efficiently biocides are retained inside ponds although biocides can have harmful environmental effects. Here, we combined measurements and modeling to address diffuse biocide loss and a pond’s retention capacity in a delimited residential area of 3 ha, with detached houses connected to an ephemeral retention pond. Six storm water events were sampled within 2 years and confirmed biocidal residuals at pond inflow. Model results revealed that during the sampled events only 11% of terbutryn leachate arrived at the pond while the major part of this biocide was diffusely lost in the residential area. Measured low terbutryn concentrations in the sediment (mean 2.6 ng g-1 ) confirmed this result. Model results suggested that approximately 50% of terbutryn reaching the pond were retained and degraded. Our results are site-specific but suggest that biocide retention in ponds is limited, environmental entry pathways are diverse and that biocide use should be limited at its source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocides used in film protection products leaching from facades are known to be a potential threat for the environment. This study identifies individual sources and entry pathways in a small-scale urban area. We investigate emissions of commonly used biocides (terbutryn, diuron and octylisothiazolinone (OIT)) and some of their transformation products (TPs; diuron-desmethyl, terbumeton, terbuthylazin-2-hydroxy and terbutryn-desethyl) from a 2 ha residential area, 13 years after construction has ended. Sampling utilizes existing urban water infrastructure representative for decentralized storm water management in central and northern Europe and applies a two-step approach to (a) determine the occurrence of biocides above water quality limits (i.e. predicted no effect concentration, PNEC) and (b) identify source areas and characterize entry pathways into surface- and groundwater. Monitoring focuses on the analysis of selected biocides and TPs by LC-MS/MS in water samples taken from facades, rainwater pipes, drainage and storm water infiltration systems. In standing water in a swale we found high concentrations of diuron (174 ng L-1) and terbutryn (40 ng L-1) above PNEC for surface water. We confirmed expected sources, i.e. facades, but sampling of rain downpipes from flat roofs identified additional sources of all biocides and two TPs of terbutryn and one TP of diuron. Diuron and terbutryn were found in three drainage pipes representing different entry pathways of biocides. In one drainage pipe collecting road runoff only diuron-desmethyl and terbutryn-desethyl were detected. In two other drainage pipes collecting infiltrated water through soil additionally terbuthylazin-2-hydroxy was detected. Concentration of terbutryn and two of its TPs (terbutryn-desethyl and terbuthylazin-2-hydroxy) were highest in one of the pipes collecting infiltrated water through soil which suggests a high leaching potential of this biocide. This study shows that target-oriented monitoring of urban water infrastructure for biocides and their TPs allows for a better identification of biocide emissions into urban aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]