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The defining characteristic of neural stem cells (NSCs) is their ability to multiply through symmetric divisions and proliferation, and differentiation by asymmetric divisions, thus giving rise to different types of cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A strict temporal space control of the NSC differentiation is necessary, because its alterations are associated with neurological dysfunctions and, in some cases, death. This work reviews the current state of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the transcription in NSCs, organized according to whether the origin of the stimulus that triggers the molecular cascade in the CNS is internal (intrinsic factors) or whether it is the result of the microenvironment that surrounds the CNS (extrinsic factors).

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial disease characterized by the convergence of genetic, immunological, and viral elements resulting in a complex interaction of both internal and external factors. The role of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human endogenous retroviruses (HERV-E) as triggers and maintenance elements in the pathogenesis of SLE has been widely recognized. Previous studies have independently evaluated the effects of EBV and HERV-E in this disease. In this work, for the first time, these viral factors are jointly investigated in SLE patients. This study aimed at assessing the differential expression of immune regulatory genes and the incidence of specific viral pathogens (EBV and HERV-E), alongside the detailed characterization of surface markers in T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with SLE and control participants. A comparative analysis between patients with SLE and control participants was performed, evaluating the expression of phenotypic markers and genes involved in the immune response (TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFNG, TLR3), as well as HERV-E gag and EBV viral genes (LMP1 and BZLF1).A significant association between SLE and EBV was found in this study. A notable increase in EBV LMP1 gene expression was observed in patients with SLE . Also, a significant overexpression of HERV-E was observed, in addition to a considerable increase in the distribution of the cell surface marker CD27 + on T- and B-lymphocytes, observed in individuals with SLE compared to the control group. This study provides evidence regarding the role that EBV virus plays in lymphocytes in the context of SLE, highlighting how both the virus and the host gene expression may influence disease pathogenesis by altering immune regulatory pathways mediated by TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10, as well as parallel overexpression of HERV-E gag. The decrease in TLR3 could indicate a compromised antiviral response, which could facilitate viral reactivation and contribute to disease activity.

Glioblastoma (GB), the most aggressive malignant glioma, is made up of a large percentage of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAM), suggesting that immune cells play an important role in the pathophysiology of GB. Under physiological conditions, microglia, the phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS), are involved in various processes such as neurogenesis or axonal growth, and the progression of different conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. Through immunohistochemical studies, markers that enhance GB invasiveness have been shown to be expressed in the peritumoral area of ​​the brain, such as Transforming Growth Factor α (TGF-α), Stromal Sell-Derived Factor 1 (SDF1/CXCL12), Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P) and Neurotrophic Factor Derived from the Glial cell line (GDNF), contributing to the increase in tumor mass. Similarly, it has also been described 17 biomarkers that are present in hypoxic periarteriolar HSC niches in bone marrow and in hypoxic periarteriolar GSC niches in glioblastoma. Interestingly, microglia plays an important role in the microenvironment that supports GB progression, being one of the most important focal points in the study of therapeutic targets for the development of new drugs. In this review, we describe the altered signaling pathways in microglia in the context of GB. We also show how microglia interact with glioblastoma cells and the epigenetic mechanisms involved. Regarding the interactions between microglia and neurogenic niches, some authors indicate that glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) are similar to neural stem cells (NSC), common stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), suggesting that this could be the origin of GB. Understanding the similarities between SVZ and the tumor microenvironment could be important to clarify some mechanisms involved in GB malignancy and to support the discovering of new therapeutic targets for the development of more effective glioblastoma treatments.

La infección por el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2) ha causado una de las emergencias epidemiológicas más grandes de los últimos 10 años y sus efectos patológicos son aún estudiados. Por lo anterio, resulta importante describir los mecanismos asociados al compromiso renal y digestivo en la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Los mecanismos patológicos en tejido renal y en intestino causados por la infección por SARS-CoV-2 son propios del tropismo viral por células de estos sistemas y de los mecanismos citopáticos de etapa lítica de la infección, con una liberación continua de viriones que favorece la generación de un entorno inflamatorio con la consecuente secreción descontrolada de citoquinas proinflamatorias que conducen a la infección entérica del intestino y a las alteraciones en el riñón.

The aim of this study was to identity in silico the relationships among microRNAs (miRNAs) and genes encoding transcription factors, ubiquitylation, DNA methylation, and histone modifications in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To identify miRNA dysregulation in SLE, we used miR2Disease and PhenomiR for information about miRNAs exhibiting differential regulation in disease and other biological processes, and HMDD for information about experimentally supported human miRNA-disease association data from genetics, epigenetics, circulating miRNAs, and miRNA-target interactions. This information was incorporated into the miRNA analysis. High-throughput sequencing revealed circulating miRNAs associated with kidney damage in patients with SLE. As the main finding of our in silico analysis of miRNAs differentially expressed in SLE and their interactions with disease-susceptibility genes, post-translational modifications, and transcription factors; we highlight 226 miRNAs associated with genes and processes. Moreover, we highlight that alterations of miRNAs such as hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-142-5p, and hsa-miR-324-3p are most commonly associated with post-translational modifications. In addition, altered miRNAs that are most frequently associated with susceptibility-related genes are hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-374a-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-31-5p, and hsa-miR-1-3p.

Abstract Arterial hypertension (AH) is a multifactorial and asymptomatic disease that affects vital organs such as the kidneys and heart. Considering its prevalence and the associated severe health repercussions, hypertension has become a disease of great relevance for public health across the globe. Conventionally, the classification of an individual as hypertensive or non-hypertensive is conducted through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over a 24-h period. Although this method provides a reliable diagnosis, it has notable limitations, such as additional costs, intolerance experienced by some patients, and interferences derived from physical activities. Moreover, some patients with significant renal impairment may not present proteinuria. Accordingly, alternative methodologies are applied for the classification of individuals as hypertensive or non-hypertensive, such as the detection of metabolites in urine samples through liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry. However, the high cost of these techniques limits their applicability for clinical use. Consequently, an alternative methodology was developed for the detection of molecular patterns in urine collected from hypertension patients. This study generated a direct discrimination model for hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals through the amplification of Raman signals in urine samples based on gold nanoparticles and supported by chemometric techniques such as partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Specifically, 162 patient urine samples were used to create a PLS-DA model. These samples included 87 urine samples from patients diagnosed with hypertension and 75 samples from non-hypertensive volunteers. In the AH group, 35 patients were diagnosed with kidney damage and were further classified into a subgroup termed (RAH). The PLS-DA model with 4 latent variables (LV) was used to classify the hypertensive patients with external validation prediction (P) sensitivity of 86.4%, P specificity of 77.8%, and P accuracy of 82.5%. This study demonstrates the ability of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to differentiate between hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients through urine samples, representing a significant advance in the detection and management of AH. Additionally, the same model was then used to discriminate only patients diagnosed with renal damage and controls with a P sensitivity of 100%, P specificity of 77.8%, and P accuracy of 82.5%.

Lupus nephritis represents a significant immune-mediated glomerulonephritis, constituting the most important organ involvement induced by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with variable epidemiology and clinical presentation among populations. Objective: to identify clinical and immunological factors associated with the progression of lupus nephritis in a population from the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: we evaluated 401 patients diagnosed with SLE and lupus nephritis, treated at a reference center in the Colombian Caribbean, gathering data recorded in medical records. Results: A proportion of 87% were female, with a median age of 42 years. Most patients presented with proliferative classes (90%), with class IV being the most common (70%). A proportion of 52% of patients did not respond to treatment, which is described as the lack of complete or partial response, while 28% had a complete response. A significant decrease in hemoglobin, glomerular filtration rate, and proteinuria was identified by the third follow-up (p < 0.001), along with an increase in creatinine, urea, and hematuria (p < 0.001). Patients with initial proteinuria > 2 g/day were found to be 27 times more likely to be non-responders (p < 0.001). Mortality was associated with the presence of serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL (p = 0.01) (OR: 1.61 CI 95% 0.75–3.75) and thrombocytopenia (p = 0.01) (OR: 0.36; CI 95% 0.12–0.81). Conclusions: identifying factors of progression, non-response, and mortality provides an opportunity for more targeted and personalized intervention, thereby improving care and outcomes for patients with lupus nephritis.