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Objective The objective of our research is to conduct a comprehensive review that aims to systematically map, describe, and summarize the current utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in the recruitment and retention of participants in clinical trials. Materials and Methods A comprehensive electronic search was conducted using the search strategy developed by the authors. The search encompassed research published in English, without any time limitations, which utilizes AI in the recruitment process of clinical trials. Data extraction was performed using a data charting table, which included publication details, study design, and specific outcomes/results. Results The search yielded 5731 articles, of which 51 were included. All the studies were designed specifically for optimizing recruitment in clinical trials and were published between 2004 and 2023. Oncology was the most covered clinical area. Applying AI to recruitment in clinical trials has demonstrated several positive outcomes, such as increasing efficiency, cost savings, improving recruitment, accuracy, patient satisfaction, and creating user-friendly interfaces. It also raises various technical and ethical issues, such as limited quantity and quality of sample size, privacy, data security, transparency, discrimination, and selection bias. Discussion and Conclusion While AI holds promise for optimizing recruitment in clinical trials, its effectiveness requires further validation. Future research should focus on using valid and standardized outcome measures, methodologically improving the rigor of the research carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates with high morbidity and mortality. EBOV infection is dependent on its structural glycoprotein (GP), but high levels of GP expression also trigger cell rounding, detachment, and downregulation of many surface molecules that is thought to contribute to its high pathogenicity. Thus, EBOV has evolved an RNA editing mechanism to reduce its GP expression and increase its fitness. We now report that the GP expression is also suppressed at the protein level in cells by protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). Although PDIs promote oxidative protein folding by catalyzing correct disulfide formation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), PDIA3/ERp57 adversely triggered the GP misfolding by targeting GP cysteine residues and activated the unfolded protein response (UPR). Abnormally folded GP was targeted by ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) machinery and, unexpectedly, was degraded via the macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosomal pathway, but not the proteasomal pathway. PDIA3 also decreased the GP expression from other ebolavirus species but increased the GP expression from Marburg virus (MARV), which is consistent with the observation that MARV-GP does not cause cell rounding and detachment, and MARV does not regulate its GP expression via RNA editing during infection. Furthermore, five other PDIs also had a similar inhibitory activity to EBOV-GP. Thus, PDIs negatively regulate ebolavirus glycoprotein expression, which balances the viral life cycle by maximizing their infection but minimizing their cellular effect. We suggest that ebolaviruses hijack the host protein folding and ERAD machinery to increase their fitness via reticulophagy during infection. Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; 4-PBA: 4-phenylbutyrate; ACTB: β-actin; ATF: activating transcription factor; ATG: autophagy-related; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BDBV: Bundibugyo ebolavirus; CALR: calreticulin; CANX: calnexin; CHX: cycloheximide; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; ConA: concanamycin A; CRISPR: clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Cas9: CRISPR-associated protein 9; dsRNA: double-stranded RNA; EBOV: Zaire ebolavirus; EDEM: ER degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase like protein; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; Env: envelope glycoprotein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated protein degradation; ERN1/IRE1: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; GP: glycoprotein; HA: hemagglutinin; HDAC6: histone deacetylase 6; HMM: high-molecular-mass; HIV-1: human immunodeficiency virus type 1; HSPA5/BiP: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; IAV: influenza A virus; IP: immunoprecipitation; KIF: kifenesine; Lac: lactacystin; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; MAN1B1/ERManI: mannosidase alpha class 1B member 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MARV: Marburg virus; MLD: mucin-like domain; NHK/SERPINA1: alpha1-antitrypsin variant null (Hong Kong); NTZ: nitazoxanide; PDI: protein disulfide isomerase; RAVV: Ravn virus; RESTV: Reston ebolavirus; SARS-CoV: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SBOV: Sudan ebolavirus; sGP: soluble GP; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ssGP: small soluble GP; TAFV: Taï Forest ebolavirus; TIZ: tizoxanide; TGN: thapsigargin; TLD: TXN (thioredoxin)-like domain; Ub: ubiquitin; UPR: unfolded protein response; VLP: virus-like particle; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; WB: Western blotting; WT: wild-type; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RuRh and RuPt bimetallic dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) were successfully prepared by a two-step process involving co-complexation, using ruthenium and rhodium or ruthenium and platinum complex ions with partially quaternized fifth-generation poly(amidoamine) (G5-Q), and then coreduction with NaBH [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PdPt bimetallic nanoparticles stabilized by 15-membered triolefinic macrocycle-stabilized poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (G3-M(Pd xPt10− x) DSNs) have been prepared via synthesis of a 15-membered triolefinic macrocycle-modified third-generation poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (G3-M) and then synchronous with Pd(PPh3)4/Pt(PPh3)4 complexes. The structure and of the DSNs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, transmission , energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray photoelectron analyses. As a novel catalyst system, it can be concluded that the composition of the bimetallic nanoparticles has an influence on the of the reaction of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, which can be related to synergistic effect. Furthermore, the selectivity and recyclability of G3-M(Pd xPt10− x) DSN catalyst are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterial phoD gene encodes alkaline phosphatase plays an important role in the release of bioavailable inorganic phosphorus (P) from organic P in environmental systems. However, phoD gene diversity in suspended particles in shallow freshwater lakes is poorly understood. In this study, we explored the potential relationship between environmental factors and phoD phosphatase gene in suspended particles in different ecosystem types (lake zones) in Lake Taihu, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China. Quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing were used to analyze phoD gene abundance and the phoD -harboring bacterial community composition. Our results indicate that the distribution of phoD gene abundance in suspended particles had a high spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The phoD gene abundance in each lake zone decreased significantly from June to September. The dominant phoD -harboring phylum in all samples was Actinobacteria , followed by Proteobacteria , Cyanobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes. The first predominant phoD -harboring genera varied among samples, but most of them belonged to phylum Actinobacteria. Driven by different environmental factors, the phoD -harboring bacterial community structure varied with sampling month and ecosystem type. Nitrate and ammonia nitrogen were the main environmental drivers of phoD -harboring bacterial community in suspended particles in the river mouth zone, while water pH and dissolved oxygen were important factors for the algae-dominated, macrophyte-dominated and central lake zones. Unlabelled Image • phoD gene abundance in suspended particles was spatiotemporal heterogeneous in Lake Taihu. • Shifts in phoD -harboring bacterial community structure were driven by N, pH and DO. • Dominant phoD -harboring phylum was Actinobacteria , Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria. • Organic P mineralization modes may be different in suspended particles in different times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In recent years, the influence of artificial intelligence technology on clinical trials has been steadily increasing. It has brought about significant improvements in the efficiency and cost reduction of clinical trials. The objective of this scoping review is to systematically map, describe and summarise the current utilisation of artificial intelligence in recruitment and retention process of clinical trials that has been reported in research. Additionally, the review aims to identify benefits and drawbacks, as well as barriers and facilitators associated with the application of artificial intelligence in optimising recruitment and retention in clinical trials. The findings of this review will provide insights and recommendations for future development of artificial intelligence in the context of clinical trials., Methods and Analysis: The review of relevant literature will follow the methodological framework for scoping studies provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute. A comprehensive electronic search will be conducted using the search strategy developed by the authors. Leading medical and computer science databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, IEEE Xplore and Web of Science Core Collection will be searched. The search will encompass analytical observational studies, descriptive observational studies, experimental and quasi-experimental studies published in all languages, without any time limitations, which use artificial intelligence tools in the recruitment and retention process of clinical trials. The review team will screen the identified studies and import them into a dedicated electronic library specifically created for this review. Data extraction will be performed using a data charting table., Ethics and Dissemination: Secondary data will be attained in this scoping review; therefore, no ethical approval is required. The results of the final review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. It is expected that results will inform future artificial intelligence and clinical trials research., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

To diminish the greenhouse effect by reducing CO 2 emission into the air based on a capture and sequestration method through hydrates, the thermodynamic and kinetic effects of additives on CO 2 hydrate formation under 1.5 MPa in the presence of 5, 6, 8, 10, and 20 wt % RNS-A (reactive SiO 2 containing amino groups) were studied, and the stirrer speed was set to 800 rpm. This paper calculated the gas consumption and explained the possible mechanisms of RNS-A on CO 2 hydrates. The results showed that RNS-A was a kinetic additive instead of a thermodynamic one. It was found that 5-10 wt % RNS-A all shortened the induction time of hydrates, but only 5 and 6 wt % RNS-A increased the gas consumption of CO 2 hydrates. Although we observed the shortest induction time at a 10 wt % RNS-A system, the lowest gas consumption indicated its weak CO 2 capture and storage ability. In addition, when the concentration was 6 wt %, RNS-A had the highest gas consumption and its reaction time was relatively short. Considering the induction time and gas consumption, 6 wt % RNS-A was the optimal RNS-A concentration for CO 2 capture and sequestration, which was the most suitable for practical applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Rapid and efficient inactivation of a target gene in Escherichia coli chromosomes is required to investigate metabolic engineering. In the present study, a multiple gene inactivation approach was demonstrated in four strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), which are the predominant pathogenic bacteria causing piglet diarrhea, mediated by λ Red and Xer recombination. The chromosomal genes, luxS and pfs were inactivated using the multiple gene inactivation approach in the wild‑type strains of E. coli, K88, K99, 987P and F41. This indicated that dif sites may be reused to inactivate multiple chromosomal genes when no antibiotic‑resistant selectable markers remain. Following inactivation of luxS and pfs, the ability of ETEC to produce the quorum sensing signal, and induce auto‑inducer 2 activity and biofilm formation were significantly reduced. Furthermore, the multiple gene inactivation approach also exhibits a high recombination efficiency and follows a simple process.