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Introduction: Articular cartilage injuries of the knee are a complex and challenging clinical pathology. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish consensus statements via a Delphi process on concomitant procedures for knee cartilage injuries. Methods: A consensus process on knee cartilage injuries utilizing a modified Delphi technique was conducted. Seventy-nine surgeons across 17 countries participated in these consensus statements. Twelve questions were generated on concomitant procedures, with 3 rounds of questionnaires and final voting occurring. Consensus was defined as achieving 80% to 89% agreement, whereas strong consensus was defined as 90% to 99% agreement, and unanimous consensus was defined as 100% agreement with a proposed statement. Results: Of the 12 total questions and consensus statements on concomitant procedures developed from 3 rounds of voting, 0 achieved unanimous consensus, 5 achieved strong consensus, 5 achieved consensus, and 2 did not achieve consensus. Conclusions: The statements achieving consensus were primarily related to the tibiofemoral joint, meniscal insufficiency, and ligamentous stability. Concomitant procedures, including osteotomy, meniscal repair or transplantation, and ligamentous repair or reconstruction, should be performed with cartilage procedures for the most optimal outcome. The statements that did not reach consensus were related to the patellofemoral joint and unloading osteotomies in patients with normal alignment.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare bone marrow stimulation using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis of an abrasion arthroplasty technique, drilling k-wire technique, traditional microfacture awl, or a microdrill instrument for subchondral bone defects. Methods: Eleven cadaveric distal femoral specimens were obtained and divided into 3 common areas of osteochondral defect: trochlea and weightbearing portions of the medial and lateral femoral condyles. Each area of interest was then denuded of cartilage using a PoweRasp and divided into quadrants. Each quadrant was assigned either a 1.6 mm Kirschner wire (k-wire), 1.25 mm microfracture awl, 1.5 mm fluted microdrill, PowerPick, or a curette (abrasion arthroplasty) to create 4 channels into the subchondral bone sing the same instrument. Subchondral bone and adjacent tissue areas were then evaluated using micro-CT to analyze adjacent bone destruction and extension into the bone marrow. Results: Overall, there was a significantly decreased area of bone destruction or compression using the microdrill (0.030 mm) as compared to the microfracture awl (0.072 mm) and k-wire (0.062 mm) (P < .05). Within the trochlea and the medial femoral condyle, there was significantly decreased bony compression with the microdrill as compared to the awl and k-wire (P < .05); however, when stratified, this was not significant among the lateral femoral condylar samples (P = .08). Conclusion: Bone marrow stimulation causes bony compression that may negatively impact subchondral bone and trabecular alignment. It is important to understand which tools used for bone marrow stimulation cause the least amount of damage to the subchondral bone. Clinical Relevance: This study demonstrates the decreased subchondral bony defects seen with the microdrill versus the traditional microfracture awl indicating that when performing bone marrow stimulation, the microdrill may be a less harmful tool to the subchondral bone.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Acute ankle sprains are one of the most common lower extremity injuries sustained by athletes and it is particularly common in sports such as lacrosse. The majority of ankle sprains affect the lateral ligaments; however, injuries can also occur to the medial ankle and the syndesmosis ligaments, commonly referred to as high ankle sprains. Objectives: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the management of ankle injuries in lacrosse players. Methods: Review of current literature was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Ovid. All published English articles related to ankle injuries in athletes, in particular soccer players, were selected. Results: Despite its high prevalence, a significant proportion of athletes experience residual symptoms and recurrence of injury, prolonging their ability to safely return to sport. Depending on the severity of injury, management often includes rehabilitation with conservative modalities, such as rest, ice, compression, elevation therapy, and adjunctive treatments like bracing, immobilization, and foot orthotics. Severe or refractory cases may warrant operative intervention. There remains significant emphasis on the importance of the rehabilitation process, regardless of whether conservative or surgical management is pursued. Conclusions: The decision to return to sport can be challenging and should involve a multidisciplinary approach, with the knowledge that there is a high rate of residual symptoms and injury recurrence.

Background: The quadrangular (or quadrilateral) space is defined by its anatomical borders and is the passageway for the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA). Quadrangular space syndrome (QSS) can present due to various compressive pathologies but is commonly seen in overhead athletes. Quadrangular space syndrome can present with neurogenic symptoms including pain and paresthesias, as well as vascular complications from compression of the PCHA including thrombosis, aneurysm formation, and distal emboli. Indications: Surgical decompression of the quadrangular space is indicated for severe neurogenic or vascular compromise in the case of QSS refractory to nonoperative treatment. Technique Description: After appropriate preoperative physical examination findings and trial of nonoperative treatment, including physical therapy and injections, surgical decompression was indicated. The posterior border of the deltoid was marked, and an incision centered over the posterior border of the deltoid lateral to the axillary fold was made. Posterior border of deltoid was identified and retracted, revealing the interval of the teres minor and major. The nerve to the teres minor was identified, protected, and fibrous bands compressing the nerve were released. The nerve to the teres minor was tracked deep to find the axillary nerve. This was identified and fibrous bands around the nerve were decompressed. The circumflex vessels were protected throughout. Following decompression of the nerves, there was free movement of the nerves indicating adequate surgical decompression. Results: Adequate surgical decompression of the axillary nerve and PCHA achieved with resolution of neurogenic symptoms of pain and paresthesias at first postoperative visit. Discussion/Conclusion: Quadrangular space syndrome is a rare disorder, can be difficult to diagnose, and is the cause of significant morbidity, particularly in overhead athletes. If symptoms persist after nonoperative treatment, operative decompression of the quadrangular space may be indicated. Adequate surgical decompression results in relief of neurogenic and vascular symptoms.