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Under suitable continuity and uniqueness conditions, solutions of an α order Caputo fractional boundary value problem are differentiated with respect to boundary values and boundary points. This extends well-known results for nth order boundary value problems. The approach used applies a standard algorithm to achieve the result and makes heavy use of recent results for differentiation of solutions of Caputo fractional intial value problems with respect to initial conditions and continuous dependence for Caputo fractional boundary value problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the restrictive growth and/or monotonicity requirements inherent in their employment, classical iterative fixed-point theorems are rarely used to approximate solutions to an integral operator with Green's function kernel whose fixed points are solutions of a boundary value problem. In this paper, we show how one can decompose a fixed-point problem into multiple fixed-point problems that one can easily iterate to approximate a solution of a differential equation satisfying one boundary condition, then apply a bisection method in an intermediate value theorem argument to meet a second boundary condition. Error estimates on the iterates are also established. The technique will be illustrated on a second-order right focal boundary value problem, with an example provided showing how to apply the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Delta) derivatives of the solutions to an nth order parameter dependent dynamic equation on an arbitrary time scale are shown to exist with respect to the boundary data. This result is achieved by standard uniqueness and continuity assumptions. Moreover, these (delta) derivatives are shown to solve an associated homogeneous and nonhomogeneous dynamic equation on the same time scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research has demonstrated that Democrats and Republicans use information about party affiliation to discriminate against one another. However, we know little about how people gain the necessary information about other people’s partisanship to engage in discriminatory behavior. We explore whether people perceive partisanship when shown only images of faces, and whether they then use these perceptions to engage in partisan discrimination. We find that they do. Using two studies we show that the partisan perceptions people derive from seeing images of faces influence discrimination of job applicants, and propensities to engage is a wide range of social interactions. People appear to be making judgements about partisanship using only facial appearance, and are willing act on that perception. The implication of this finding is that partisan discrimination is likely widespread, and does not require the explicit communication of partisan affiliations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions of whether to enforce COVID-related mask mandates are complex. While enforced mandates are more effective at controlling community spread, government imposed behavioral controls have met significant opposition in conservative states, where a political bloc on the right is skeptical that COVID presents a significant and immediate threat. The authors conduct a split sample survey in order to examine how inclusion of a fine provision attached to mask mandates affects support. The survey was conducted in Idaho (a Republican dominated state) at a time when a mask mandate was a central debate. Unsurprisingly, respondents were more supportive of a mask mandate if a fine was not included. Further investigation indicates this is primarily a result of shifting Republican attitudes, which highlights the complex political situation in conservative states as leaders consider best mechanisms for battling COVID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the effect of a change in geographic location on the behavior of campaign donors? Looking at people who move presents a unique opportunity to assess the ways in which political behavior is altered by external circumstances. Holding the individual constant and observing how donation patterns vary under different external conditions allows us to explore donor behaviors in ways that are more difficult when using cross-sectional data. We use the DIME dataset to compare the donation behavior of over 7,000 individuals in the U.S. House election before and after they have moved. We observe the ways in which changes in the partisanship of the districts that they live in alter the share of their donations that go to each party. We find that the partisan composition of the districts that people arrive in influence their donation behavior – a move to a more Democratic district tends to increase the share of one's donations that go to Democrats. We conclude by discussing what these findings can tell us about the partisan and strategic motivations of campaign donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existence of a positive solution is shown for two singular two-point fractional boundary value problems with fractional boundary conditions using fixed point theory, lower order problems, and convolution of Green's functions. A nontrivial example is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on joint session of the U.S. Congress issued an apology resolution that in part attributed the change in sovereignty in 1993 to a Committee of Safety that represented the American and European sugar planters descendants of missionaries, and financiers. It mentions apology resolution uses the modifiers indicating nationality or citizenship it fails to mention individuals with Hawaiian citizenship.

2,7-Bis(3,3′′,6,6′′-tetra(tert-butyl)-9′H-9,3′:6′,9′′-tercarbazol-9-yl)-4,5,9,10-tetrahydropyrene (3) and 2,7-bis(3,3′′,6,6′′-tetra(tert-butyl)-9′H-9,3′:6′,9′′-tercarbazol-9-yl)pyrene (4), along with a model compound, 3,3′′,6,6′′-tetra(tert-butyl)-9′-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-9′H-9,3′:6′,9′′-tercarbazole (6), have been synthesized using microwave-assisted palladium-catalyzed coupling and compared to analogous 3,6-di(tert-butyl)carbazol-9-yl species (1, 2, and 5). Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations reveal absorption with quadrupolar (ter)carbazole-to-bridge CT character for 1–4. Compound 4 is unusual in showing dual fluorescence in a number of solvents; the longer wavelength feature of which is markedly more solvatochromic than the bands of the other compounds. Following the observed three oxidations on the TCz model compound 6, compounds 3 and 4 can be electrochemically reversibly oxidized to hexacations with four oxidation and three oxidation steps in a 2 : 2 : 1 : 1 and a 2 : 2 : 2 current ratio, respectively. Tercarbazole derivatives 3 and 4 have been used as the emissive layers of simple solution-processed few-layer organic light-emitting diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores whether the places where people live—and specifically the diversity of incomes where people live—influence views about income inequality. Using a unique survey of New York City that contains geographic identifiers and questions about attitudes toward inequality, coupled with a rich array of Census data, we assess the degree to which the income diversity within spatially customized neighborhood boundaries influences beliefs about inequality. We find consistent evidence that attitudes about inequality are influenced by the places where people live—those who are exposed to more income diversity near their homes perceive larger gaps between the rich and everybody else, and are more likely to believe that the gap should be smaller. Moreover, this effect appears to be especially pronounced among those with lower educational attainment and at either end of the income spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political knowledge is central to the success of representative democracy. However, public policy has been shown to follow public opinion even despite low levels of political information in the electorate. Does this mean that political knowledge is irrelevant to policy representation? We consider whether knowledgeable electorates are better able to achieve representative policy outcomes. Using the heterogeneity in the responsiveness of government across the states, we consider how state political knowledge moderates the connection between citizen ideology and the policy outcomes of state government. Using national surveys and multilevel logit with post-stratification, we develop measures of collective political knowledge in the states. We test whether knowledgeable electorates are more likely to secure representative political outcomes than less politically informed constituencies. We find that as state political knowledge increases, so does the correspondence between the preferences of the public and the ideological tenor of state policy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For α Є (1, 2], the singular fractional boundary value problem Dα0+x + f (t, x,Dμ0+x) = 0, 0 < t < 1, satisfying the boundary conditions x(0) = Dβ0+x(1) = 0, where β Є (0, α-1], μ Є (0, α-1], and Dα0+, Dβ0+ and Dμ0+ are Riemann-Liouville derivatives of order α, β and μ respectively, is considered. Here f satisfies a local Carathéodory condition, and f(t, x, y) may be singular at the value 0 in its space variable x. Using regularization and sequential techniques and Krasnosel'skii's fixed point theorem, it is shown this boundary value problem has a positive solution. An example is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that the solution of the dynamic boundary value problem yΔΔ = ƒ (t, y, yΔ), y(t1) = y1, y(t2) = y2, on a general time scale, may be delta-di erentiated with respect to y1, y2, t1 and t2. By utilising an analogue of a theorem of Peano, we show that the delta derivative of the solution solves the boundary value problem consisting of either the variational equation or its dynamic analogue along with interesting boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an application is made of a recent extension of the Leggett- Williams fixed point theorem, commonly referred to as an Avery type fixed point theorem, to a second order boundary value problem with antiperiodic boundary conditions. Under certain conditions and with the use of concavity, an antisymmetric solution to the boundary value problem is shown to exist. In conclusion, a non-trivial example is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reformers advocate the use of commissions rather than legislatures to redistrict as a way of promoting less partisan districts and ideologically moderate congressional members. Much of the evidence in political science suggests that gerrymandering is not a cause of congressional polarization, but whether or not commissions produce different types of districts or members remains an important and unanswered question, especially now that many states have adopted reforms. This article examines whether commissions reduce district partisanship or ideological extremity using time-series-cross-sectional data. We find that bipartisan districts promote member moderation, but there is no evidence that commissions have distinct effects on districts or members as compared to districts drawn by legislatures, consistent with the notion that limiting gerrymandering is not a solution for polarization. These conclusions call into question the appropriateness of redistricting reform, especially when one considers the undemocratic nature of commissions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Do citizens engage in disagreeable discussion to acquire novel information about politics, or does such behavior reflect more social/expressive motives? In this article, we use emotion to illuminate why citizens would engage in political discussion across lines of difference. Advancing hypotheses informed by affective intelligence theory, we use two data sets from the American National Election Studies to examine the conditions under which disagreeable discussion is consistent with different models of political discussion. Our findings are twofold. First, overall we find mixed evidence to support information seeking motives. Disagreeable discussion—regardless of conceptualization and operationalization—is poorly predicted by emotions associated with information seeking (e.g., fear), while it is better structured by emotions associated with expression and participation (e.g., enthusiasm). Second, leveraging available temporal information, we find evidence that, although only suggestive, is consistent with emotion leading to disagreeable discussion (rather than disagreement leading to emotion). We discuss the utility and limitations of using emotion to examine interpersonal discussion networks, situating our effort in a broader research agenda on social influence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Do the social pressures individuals encounter from the political environments they reside in affect the stability of their partisanship? Are some citizens able to insulate themselves from such pressure through the composition of their discussion networks? While partisanship is widely regarded as stable, I consider whether it is influenced by such factors. I use panel data from the 1992-1996 and 2000-2004 American National Election Studies to address this, constructing a measure of partisan context at the county level. I find that those residing in a partisan minority county are more likely to change their party identification and that as the degree of incongruence rises, individuals become increasingly likely to change their identification across panel waves. These findings demonstrate the powerful effect of contextual social forces on an otherwise stable and enduring attachment such as partisanship and suggest that partisan socialization is a process that extends beyond an individual’s childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Discusses the history behind the establishment of the American Pacific submarine telegraph cable and the circumstances that led to its completion in July 1903. Influence of the technological achievement of the Atlantic submarine telegraph cable on the eventual completion of the Pacific cable; Impact of the cable on the worldwide dominance of British news gathering and reporting; Information on the global telegraphic communication race between Great Britain and the U.S.

The article focuses on the book "Memoirs of Henry Obookiah," by Edwin W. Dwight is the story of a young Hawaiian man from 19th century Hawaii who lived for only 26 years and yet whose brief existence changed the course of a nation and the people of Hawaii. Further, it could be argued that effects of the Protestant missionaries who came to Hawaii, beginning in 1820 with the first company, left a lasting impression upon the Hawaiian Islands. For they reduced the unwritten language of Hawaiian into its first orthography, printed primers, taught a nation history, printed the Bible and hymns in Hawaiian, established schools on every major island in the Hawaiian archipelago, educated many members of the Hawaiian monarchy, printed the first newspapers in the Hawaiian language.