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Animals with different life‐history types vary in their stress‐coping styles, which can affect their fitness and survival in changing environments. We studied how chronic exposure to manganese sulfate (MnSO4), a common aquatic pollutant, affects life‐history traits, physiology, and behavior of zebrafish (Danio rerio) with two life‐history types: fast (previously selected for fast juvenile growth, early maturation, and small adult body size) and slow life histories (selected for slow juvenile growth, late maturation, and large adult body size). We found that MnSO4 had negative effects on growth and condition factors, but the magnitude of these effects depended on the life‐history type. Individuals with fast life histories were more susceptible to MnSO4 than fish with slow life histories as they had lower growth rate, condition factor and feeding probability in high MnSO4 concentrations. Our results demonstrate that MnSO4 can impair fish performance, and life‐history variation can modulate the stress‐coping ability of individuals. Animals with different life‐history types vary in their stress‐coping styles, which can affect their fitness and survival in changing environments. We found that MnSO4 had negative effects on growth and condition factors, but the magnitude of these effects depended on the life‐history type. Individuals with fast life histories were more susceptible to MnSO4 than fish with slow life histories as they had lower growth rate, condition factor and feeding probability in high MnSO4 concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese dioxide is a promising adsorbent which can be used to remove SO2 from diesel exhaust gases through dry flue gas desulfurization. In addition, MnO2 is active in moderate temperatures and produces manganese sulfate as a valuable byproduct. Therefore, obtaining kinetic parameters of this reaction is important in process design of emitted SO2 removal in various industrial units. We used the random pore model to investigate the kinetics of this non-catalytic gas–solid reaction for the first time. To obtain the degree of the reaction; the reaction rate constant; activation energy; and diffusion coefficient of SO2 in the product layer (DP), several experiments were conducted using isothermal thermogravimetry. Operating conditions of experiments were between 300 and 500 °C and SO2 concentrations between 0.1 and 0.8 vol%. It was confirmed that the reaction follows a first-order model, and activation energy was obtained to be 84.8 kJ mol−1. The diffusion of gas inside the product layer was considered to be a function of solid conversion and temperature and its parameters were estimated. The model results were compared with experimental at data various operating conditions. The results of random pore model matched very well with experimental conversion-time data with an average absolute relative deviation of about 2.36%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to evaluate green-nano manganese produced at the Microbial Biotechnology Department, National Research Centre, Egypt, and assess its impact on the growth, yield, and fruit properties of grapevines. To this end, two experiments were conducted. The first was microbiological, where several incorporation strategies were utilized to enrich the yeast with manganese, as follows: (1) manganese was added to the liquid medium (non-growth phase), and (2) manganese was added after 24 h of incubation (growth phase). The results showed that the non-growth phase had a reduced possibility of medium contamination. The manganese concentration in the yeast cells was increased due to manganese sulfate in the medium. The manganese incorporation in yeast cells was 99.93% (1.205 × 105) higher than that of the medium at 0.0195 g/L of manganese. Although the concentration of manganese in the medium raised the optical density (OD) of the yeast cell biomass, manganese sulfate had no passive influence on it. The second experiment was horticultural, where Flame Seedless grapevines were sprayed with frozen and active fresh yeast enriched with manganese that resulted from the microbiological experiment. Grapevines were sprayed twice a year at 10 or 20 cm3/L, and the results were compared with those for the mineral and chelate forms. The results demonstrated that yeast extracts in both forms showed positive effects on grapevine. The most effective treatment with regard to growth, yield, and fruit properties was frozen yeast enriched with manganese at 20 cm3/L, which yielded 10.14 and 12.6 kg/vine, compared with the control, which recorded 3.7 and 5.6 kg/vine in the two seasons, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recovering manganese from waste batteries is an important issue to promote the development of new energy. Herein, nickel sulfate and cobalt sulfate, representative impurities in waste battery leachate, are selected to examine their influence on the crystallization thermodynamics and crystal nucleation of manganese sulfate monohydrate. This work assessed alterations in solubility and metastable zone width (MSZW) due to the presence of impurities. The results showed a decrease in manganese sulfate monohydrate solubility in water with increasing impurity concentrations of either nickel sulfate or cobalt sulfate. The effects of initial concentration, heating rate, and impurity concentration on MSZW demonstrated a consistent increase in MSZW as these factors increased. The MSZW data are fitted using the self‐consistent Nývlt‐like model and the classical 3D nucleation theory model. The results revealed a general increase in the nucleation rate constant, K, with increasing saturation temperature or decreasing nickel sulfate concentration. Conversely, the solid‐liquid interface energy, γ, generally decreases with increasing saturation temperature or decreasing nickel sulfate concentration. Based on the influence observed on the interface energy, a possible mechanism is proposed that suggests that impurities inhibit crystal nucleation through adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of cathode materials for spent NCM has always been a major concern for the energy industry. However, among the current processing methods, the general leaching efficiency of Li is between 85% and 93%, with much room for improvement. The recovery of Ni, Co and Mn requires a high cost of secondary purification. In this study, to recycle the NCM cathode material, a route of sulphated reduction roasting – selective Li water leaching – efficiency acid leaching of Ni, Co, Mn – extraction separation – crystallisation was adopted. The results showed that after roasting (a temperature of 800 °C, a reaction time of 90 min, a carbon content of 26%, and a sulphuric acid addition of nH2SO4:nLi = 0.85), Li water leaching efficiency was 98.6%, followed by acid leaching of Ni, Co and Mn at around 99%. Mn, Co were extracted with Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid and 2-Ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester respectively to obtain Ni, Co, Mn solutions, which eventually were crystallized for manganese sulphate, cobalt sulphate, lithium carbonate and nickel sulphate products, with high purity of 99.40%, 98.95%, 99.10%, and 99.95%. The results of this study improved the leaching efficiency of Li and were closely linked to the actual industrial preparation of Ni, Co and Mn sulphates, providing a feasible and promising basis for spent NCM cathode materials industrial recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly used as silage inoculants. Manganese sulphate (MnSO4) has been proposed to protect certain LAB during oxygen exposure and improve silage aerobic stability (ASTA). The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of inoculants in preservation of different forages. A short‐term screening trial investigated the effect of 24 additive treatments, compared to a negative control, on ensiling perennial grass in mini‐silos (2.75 L) for 7 d. The additive treatments comprised different ratios of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum [IMI 507026, IMI 507027, and IMI 507028] and Pediococcus pentacaceus [IMI 507024 and IMI 507025], with or without MnSO4. Target parameters, such as low levels of fresh matter loss, pH, acetic acid, ammonia‐nitrogen fraction (NH3–N/Total N), and high levels of lactic acid and ASTA, were considered for treatment selection. Eight treatments were selected based on a principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering of the target parameters. These selected treatments subsequently underwent a 100 d long‐term trial using lucerne, perennial grass, and perennial grass‐white clover forages. All silages treated with the eight additives exhibited an improved homolactic fermentation and a lower (p <.001) pH, acetic acid, and ethanol content than the control. Although DM losses and ASTA markedly improved in the treatments containing MnSO4 in the short‐term trial, these effects were not observed in the long‐term trial. These outcomes suggest that the selected additives can improve silage fermentation quality across a broad range of forages, but further studies are required to assess the impact of MnSO4 on ASTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Chronic wound treatment has emerged as a significant healthcare concern worldwide due to its substantial economic burden and the limited effectiveness of current treatments. Effective management of biofilm infections, regulation of excessive oxidative stress, and promotion of tissue regeneration are crucial for addressing chronic wounds. Hydrogel stands out as a promising candidate for chronic wound treatment. However, its clinical application is hindered by the difficulty in designing and fabricating easily and conveniently. To overcome these obstacles, we present a supermolecular G-quadruplex hydrogel with the desired multifunction via a dynamic covalent strategy and Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonding. The G-quadruplex hydrogel is made from the self-assembly of guanosine, 2-formylphenyboronic acid, polyethylenimine, and potassium chloride, employing dynamic covalent strategy and Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonding. In the acidic/oxidative microenvironment associated with bacterial infections, the hydrogel undergoes controlled degradation, releasing the polyethylenimine domain, which effectively eliminates bacteria. Furthermore, nanocomplexes comprising guanosine monophosphate and manganese sulfate are incorporated into the hydrogel skeleton, endowing it with the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and modulate macrophages. Additionally, the integration of basic fibroblast growth factor into the G-quadruplex skeleton through dynamic covalent bonds facilitates controlled tissue regeneration. In summary, the facile preparation process and the incorporation of multiple functionalities render the G-quadruplex hydrogel a highly promising candidate for advanced wound dressing. It holds great potential to transition from laboratory research to clinical practice, addressing the pressing needs of chronic wound management. [Display omitted] • Biofilm eradication, oxidative stress regulation, and tissue regeneration are crucial for chronic wound treatment. • A supramolecular G-quadruplex hydrogel is constructed using dynamic covalent and Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonding. • The multifunctional supramolecular G-quadruplex hydrogel achieves a synergistic effect for wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preformed flocs prepared by using coagulants, i.e. Fe2(SO4)3, MnSO4.4H2O, and MnCl2.4H2O, were applied as adsorbents for the decolorization of an aqueous C.I. Acid Red 1 dye solution. In order to determine the decolorizing efficiency of different adsorbents, kinetic and equilibrium studies were carried out at the optimum pH. Excellent color removal of 87 % was obtained with Fe2(SO4)3 at pH 4, good color removal of 65 % was achieved with manganese sulfate at pH 10, and moderate color removal of 58 % was obtained with manganese chloride at pH 10, at an optimum sorbent dose of 500 mg L−1 and an equilibrium contact time of 15 min. The sorption data of the equilibrium studies fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm, stating the occurrence of monolayer formation in the adsorption process of dye color removal. The maximum adsorption capacities of ferric sulfate and manganese sulfate are 47.619 and 23.474 mg g−1, respectively. The data of the kinetic studies fitted well to the pseudo‐second‐order equation, stating that chemisorption is the rate‐limiting step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Flavonoids are vital for the development of high‐quality grapes and wine, and manganese deficiency decreases grape berry coloration. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of manganese sulfate on grape metabolic profiles have not been adequately researched. In this study, three concentrations of manganese sulfate solutions, 0.5 μmol·L−1 (low, L), 5 μmol·L−1 (middle, M – the standard manganese concentration of Hoagland nutrient solution, control), and 1000 μmol·L−1 (high, H), were applied to the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to explore the effect on berry composition. RESULTS: Manganese application improved manganese concentration effectively in grape organs. Furthermore, the concentrations of malvidin 3‐O‐(6‐O‐acetyl)‐glucoside, malvidin 3‐O‐glucoside, malvidin‐trans‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐p‐coumaryl)‐glucoside, and peonidin 3‐O‐(6‐O‐acetyl)‐glucoside increased significantly under H treatment. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that the structural genes (VvDFR, VvUFGT, and VvOMT) of flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated under H treatment, and their transcription levels correlated positively with malvidin‐ and peonidin‐derived anthocyanin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that manganese application regulates berry transcriptional and flavonoid metabolic profiles, providing a theoretical basis for improving the color of red grapes and wines. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple electrochemical technique was employed to synthesize nanocorn electrolytic manganese dioxide (MnO2) (EMD) in the presence of the structure-directing agent poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) at the optimum concentration in an aqueous acidic manganese sulfate bath. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed the formation of γ-manganese dioxide with nanocorn-shaped crystals at the optimum concentration – namely, 20 mg/l PVP. The finely ground material was successfully employed in the removal of the toxic dyes Chicago sky blue (CSB) and malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution. Various process parameters such as different adsorbents, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial dye concentration and pH were varied and optimized for both dyes. It was found that EMD20PVP showed 99.61% adsorption efficiency at an optimum dose of 0.04 g/20 ml of the 100 mg/l CSB dye solution at room temperature within 20 min. However, the same EMD20PVP sample showed 99.5% adsorption efficiency at an optimum dose of 0.07 g/20 ml of the 100 mg/l MG dye solution at room temperature within 120 min. From the adsorption kinetics study, it was concluded that the adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and the adsorption isotherm confirms that the reaction follows Langmuir adsorption for both dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) are important micronutrients in plant growth and development. In this study, the effect of Zn and Mn sulfate treatments at different growth stages of mother plants in common bean on seed production and germination potential was carried out. Results showed that zinc sulfate (ZnSo4 ) treatments significantly affected yield and pod number per plant compared to manganese sulfate tetrahydrate (MnSO4 ) treatments. Treatment in any form or at any stage of growth increased yield and its components in common bean. The highest efficiency of ZnSO4 was obtained in the pod production stage; MnSO4 enjoyed greater efficiency in the flowering stage; and the minimum efficiency was observed for soil application. The zinc and manganese content in the seed production by foliar application in the stem elongation + flowering + pod production stages were the highest. The two-year performance increase for three-stage consumption of zinc sulfate in comparison to no-consumption and soil consumption was respectively 173 and 202 g/ m² ; by using manganese sulfate, the consumption was 92 and 134 g/m² . This increased yield seems economical compared with the costs incurred in the preparation and consumption of it. The increase in seed quality due to the increasing content of micronutrients, especially zinc, was noticeable. The results of the germination experiment showed that the plant dry weight and germination percentage treated with ZnSO4 in the lab were significantly higher than MnSO4. In the treatments by foliar application, the plant height was related to the seeds treated with Zn fertilizer, but in soil treatments, the use or nonuse of Mn fertilizer caused higher plant height. The seed production from the treated crops with foliar application at flowering + stem elongation germination was faster than the other treatments, but the minimum rate was obtained for the control group. The result showed that Zn and Mn-sprayed seeds had a significant impact on the vigor of the seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growth of the new energy industry, the requirements for manganese have increased significantly. In this paper, the method of manganese extraction from pyrolusite using ammonium sulfate roasting and water leaching was presented. At the optimal process parameters: mass ratio of (NH4)2SO4 to pyrolusite of 2:1, the roasting temperature of 420°,C and duration of 120 min, the leaching efficiency of Mn and Fe was 94.55% and 54.38%, respectively. The mechanism analysis shows that MnO2 and Fe2O3 in pyrolusite were converted to (NH4)2Mn2(SO4)3, (NH4)3Fe(SO4)3, and NH4Fe(SO4)2 by roasting with ammonium sulfate. Iron was removed from the leaching solution with the addition of ammonia. Afterward, manganese carbonate products were prepared from iron‐free manganese sulfate solution by adding ammonium carbonate at a stirring duration of 60 min, a reaction temperature of 40°C, a pH of 7, and a molar ratio of ammonium carbonate to the manganese of 1.1:1, the precipitation efficiency of manganese could reach 99.8%, and the obtained manganese carbonate products were compliant with the industry standards. The ammonia released during the roasting process could be absorbed to regenerate (NH4)2SO4 and the final filtrate after evaporation and crystallization could be used to recycle (NH4)2SO4, both of which were used again into roasting process to reduce the consumption of raw material. In this process, the roasting temperature was only 420°C, which was significantly lower than the pyrometallurgical process suggested in earlier studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Densities of aqueous solutions of MnSO 4 , CoSO 4 , NiSO 4 and CuSO 4 have been measured by vibrating tube densimetry up to near-saturation concentrations over the temperature range 293.15 ≤ T / K ≤ 343.15 at 5 K intervals and at 0.1 MPa pressure. Apparent molar volumes, V ϕ , calculated from the densities revealed close similarities among all four electrolytes, with their V ϕ values essentially differing by constant concentration-independent addends for each salt at each temperature. It was found that there is an almost linear relationship between V ϕ (MSO 4 ,aq) and the M–O bond length of the hydrated cations obtained from structural studies. This relationship can be used to predict values of V ϕ (MSO 4 ,aq) for other sulfate salts over wide ranges of concentration and temperature, providing that the requisite structural data are available. Measurements of selected ternary, quaternary and quinary mixtures of these electrolytes at constant total concentrations showed that their V ϕ values almost always exhibit linear mixing (Young's rule) behavior at all temperatures investigated. This finding can be exploited to predict the volumetric properties of solutions containing complex mixtures of bivalent metal sulfates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L threonine is one of the amino acids exhibiting NLO properties. Study of Manganese sulfate doped in L threonine has been investigated. Pure L threonine and doped with MnSO4 were grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature. Good quality & transparent crystals were obtained in a month. . The Powder XRD study shows the tetragonal structure with lattice parameter a = b = 7.506 Å and c = 7.555 Å. Doping of MnSO4 in L-threonine crystal was confirmed by FT--IR spectroscopy. NLO properties & hardness testing was executed for grown crystal. Poor SHG efficiency of grown crystal was observed as compared to KDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dependence of physico-chemical, structural, and electrochemical properties of cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries based on the manganese dioxide with birnessite-type structure on the conditions of the MnO2 hydrothermal synthesis are analyzed. The manganese oxides obtained are capable of the reversible zinc ion intercalation into their crystal lattice because of large interlayer distances. Two approaches to the synthesis are considered: a reaction between manganese sulfate and potassium permanganate at 160°С (MnO2-I) and hydrothermal treatment of potassium permanganate solution at 220°С (MnO2-II). From the structural analysis, both methods are shown to allow obtaining the birnessite-type manganese dioxide. At the same time, the electrochemical properties of the cathodes obtained differ in the prototypes of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. The MnO2-II-based material demonstrated higher initial specific capacity (180 mA h g–1 at the current density of 0.3 A g–1), while its cyclic stability is by 40% lower than that for the MnO2-I-based material. This can be explained by higher surface area and lower crystallinity of the active material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of functional nanohybrid material is an emerging research area in material science due to its vast range of applications. The use of novel technology and innovative therapeutics has led to potent applications, including controlling the size of nanoparticles (NPs). This has resulted in a novel report on the synthesis of manganese oxide NPs using aerial parts of queen of roses Prunus dulcis (almond) leaves, seed, and seed oil (using Clevenger apparatus), which functions as a reducing agent. Manganese sulfate was used as a precursor in the synthesis process. The synthesized nanohybrid Mn3O4 NPs were studied using different characteristics techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). The photoluminescence spectra display the blue emission ranging from 483.2 to 486.5 nm. The biosynthesized Mn3O4 NPs were tested for bactericidal activity and showed tremendous inhibition against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. The antioxidant activity of Mn3O4 NPs was enhanced using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, which revealed the higher activity of Mn3O4 NPs from P. dulcis leaf extract. In vitro cytotoxicity of hybrid Mn3O4 NPs was examined using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against cervical cancer (HeLa cell line) with different concentrations. The results showed an IC50 value of 61.97 μg mL−1 for Mn3O4 NPs from P. dulcis leaf extract. In general, the phytosynthetic route with synergistic effect of nanohybrid demonstrated an interaction with cancer cells, highlighting a pioneering optimum approach in synthesis of Mn3O4 NPs from aerial parts of P. dulcis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall effect of reactants in the form of sulfates of ammonium, calcium, copper(II), iron(III), manganese(II) and zinc on the thermal behavior of ammonium nitrate has been reported. Thermal stability assessment was performed with the use of thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis coupled with mass spectroscopy. Interestingly, sulfate anions present in the system were often not sufficient to properly inhibit the decomposition of ammonium nitrate. Sulfate ion and cation supplied with the selected compound significantly influence the studied process. Studied mixtures with ammonium sulfate and calcium sulfate were concluded to show the highest stability. Manganese and iron sulfate salts caused a significant acceleration of the initial thermal decomposition. The addition of these compounds led to visible changes in the process mechanism, which allowed them to be classified as catalysts of the decomposition of ammonium nitrate. Furthermore, small amounts of substances in the system, even those that are generally considered to be inhibitors, worsened the thermal stability of AN. Zinc and copper sulfates, under studied conditions, created double salts that were characterized by a higher thermal stability than pure ammonium nitrate. This property indicates the possibility of obtaining systems containing ammonium nitrate with significantly higher thermal stability, what could potentially have multiple useful applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The application of soil conditioner has become one of the most important strategies to reduce nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural fields. However, it is still unclear about the effect of conditioners on soil profile N accumulation and crop N utilization under different irrigation levels. Materials and methods: In this study, the effects of combination of N fertilizer (255 kg/ha) and different doses of soil conditioner (mixture of anionic polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, and manganese sulfate) (0 (N), 0.008 (P1N), 0.016 (P2N), and 0.024 (P3N) g/kg) on soil - oat crop N transport and oat crop N utilization were explored under different irrigation levels (conventional irrigation volume (4.1 × 106 L/ha), W100; 80% of the conventional irrigation volume (3.28 × 106 L/ha), W80). Results and discussion: The combination of conditioner and N fertilizer increased soil capillary moisture capacity (CWC), field capacity (FC), total porosity (TP), and capillary porosity (CP) in the 0–40 cm (W80) and 20–60 cm (W100) soil layers, and reduced non-capillary porosity (N-CP) of the 0–40 cm soil layer (W100). Besides, it also positively affected the total N storage (STN) and nitrate N storage (SNN) in the 0–80 cm soil layer, especially under the W100 condition (the STN and SNN in the combination treatments of conditioner and N fertilizer (P1N, P2N, and P3N) increased by 5.5%–9.2% and 14.6%–16.3%, respectively compared with those in the single N treatment). Correlation analysis of N fractions and soil physical properties showed that STN was significantly positively correlated with CP; SNN was significantly negatively correlated with CP under the W80 condition, but there was no significant correlation between them under the W100 condition. Finally, the combination of different doses of conditioner and N fertilizer increased grain N accumulation and oat yield, especially under the W80 condition. Conclusions: The addition of conditioner had a higher N loss risk under the W100 condition than under the W80 condition, although it was beneficial to reducing N loss (31.8%–32.2%) and increasing inorganic N accumulation (14.5%–16.0%) during the reproductive period. We suggest that the combination of 12 kg/ha conditioner, 255 kg/ha N, and 80% of the conventional irrigation volume could be widely used to increase oat crop yield and reduce production cost and environmental pollution risk in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biomass of Lactobacillus strains depends on the culture media and culture conditions. The purpose of this study was to optimize the culture medium composition and culture conditions of Lactobacillus plantarum Y44 to improve its biomass. The utilization of different carbon sources and nitrogen sources by L. plantarum Y44 was assessed by single factor experiment to screen out the economical carbon and nitrogen sources for L. plantarum Y44 growth. Through optimization experiments, the optimized culture medium for L. plantarum Y44 growth consists of soybean peptone 44.1 g/L, yeast extract 22.1 g/L, sucrose 35.6 g/L, hydrogen diamine citrate 2 g/L, anhydrous sodium acetate 8.5 g/L, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 4 g/L, Tween-80 2 mL/L, manganese sulfate 0.25 g/L, and magnesium sulfate 0.58 g/L, and the initial pH 6.7. The concentration of viable bacteria cells of L. plantarum Y44 culturing in the optimized medium at 37 °C for 16 h was up to 3.363 × 1010 CFU/mL, as 6.11 times higher than that in the MRS medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberries, known for their high sugar content and rich bioactive compounds, have attracted attention for their potential health benefits. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid with multiple physiological functions. To increase the GABA content and enhance the antioxidant capacity in fermented mulberry beverages, we screened a high-yielding strain, Lactobacillus brevis S3, known for its probiotic properties. L. brevis S3 demonstrated an excellent tolerance to simulated gastric acid, gastric juice, intestinal fluid, bile salts, osmotic pressure, and phenol, making it a safe and valuable probiotic candidate for mulberry fermentation. We attempted the addition of different nutritional components to enhance the GABA content in mulberry juice, including 1% yeast extract; 0.5% peptone; 0.01% metal ion complex (magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, and ferrous sulfate); combinations of yeast extract and peptone, and all three components. Mulberry juice supplemented with all three components reached a viable cell count of 1.2 × 1010 CFU/mL after 72 h. The antioxidant capacity and GABA titer were enhanced. The DPPH free radical scavenging capacity increased by 1.62 times, and the GABA content reached 7.48 g/L. By utilizing L. brevis S3 with excellent probiotic properties and supplementation with nutritional components, it is possible to produce low-sugar mulberry functional beverages with a high DPPH free radical scavenging capacity that are rich in GABA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese oxide nanocomposites attract huge attention in various biotechnological fields due to their extensive catalytic properties. This study reports an easy, rapid, and cost‐effective method of using the cell lysate of haloarchaeon, Haloferax alexandrinus GUSF‐1 for the synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles. The reaction between the cell lysate and manganese sulfate resulted in the formation of a dark brown precipitate within 48 h at room temperature. The X‐ray diffraction pattern showed the existence of Mn3O4 and MnO2 phases consistent with the JCPDS card no. (01‐075‐1560 and 00‐050‐0866). The dark brown colloidal suspension of MnO3‐MnO2 in methanol showed maximum absorption between 220 and 260 nm. The EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of manganese and oxygen. The Transmission electron microscopy revealed the spherical morphology with an average particle size between 30 and 60 nm. The magnetic moment versus magnetic field (MH) curve, at room temperature (300 K) did not saturate even at a high magnetic field (±3T) indicating the paramagnetic nature of the prepared nanocomposite. The Atomic Emission Spectroscopic analysis showed a negligible amount of soluble manganese (0.03 ppm in 50 ppm) in the Mn3O4‐MnO2 suspension suggesting the maximum stability of the material in the solvent over time. Interstingly, Mn3O4‐MnO2 nanocomposites evidenced antimicrobial activity in the order of Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Salmonella typhi > Escherichia coli > Proteus vulgaris > Candida albicans > Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusively, this is the first report on the formation of Mn3O4‐MnO2 nanocomposites using cell lysate of salt pan haloarcheon Haloferax alexandrinus GUSF‐1 with antimicrobial potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: What are the main findings? Nano-manganese dioxide modified biochar was prepared. It is proved that nano-manganese dioxide modified biochar can effectively reduce the effective arsenic content in soil. What is the implication of the main finding? When biochar, potassium permanganate and manganese sulfate monohydrate are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:0.18:0.29, manganese can be loaded onto the surface of biochar more efficiently. It can promote the prevention and control of high arsenic groundwater. Among them, the preparation of passivation materials and the experimental design of potting can also provide certain reference value for the passivation and restoration of arsenic-contaminated soil. [Objective] The irrigation area in northern Henan is an important grain producing area in China. Native high arsenic groundwater exists in the area and has long been used for agricultural irrigation. Increased soil arsenic (As) content under long-term irrigation threatens the quality and safety of crop products. Soil passivation is the use of adding passivators to the soil to fix pollutants to achieve the purpose of limiting their migration. Therefore, the preparation of an efficient and clean passivator and its arsenic fixation effect in soil are important research areas to reduce the risk of high arsenic groundwater. [Method] Firstly, nano-manganese dioxide (MnO2)-modified biochar was prepared via the pyrolysis of sawdust biochar, potassium permanganate and manganese sulfate monohydrate at a mass ratio of 1:0.18:0.29. Secondly, the adsorption characteristics were explored using adsorption kinetics and adsorption isothermal experiments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) feature mapping and other characterization methods were used to study its physical properties and adsorption mechanism. Finally, a potting experiment was designed to explore the changes in arsenic content in soil when the passivator dosages were 0%, 1% and 5%. [Results] (1) The nano-MnO2 modified biochar could reach the adsorption dynamic equilibrium after 180 min, and its maximum adsorption capacity was 58.12 μg/g. (2) When the dosing ratio was 1%, the fixed efficiency of soil effective As content in potted crops of unplanted crops and planted crops was 4.18–5.51% and 1.99–3.83%. When the dosing ratio was 5%, it was 7.48–8.75% and 5.58–9.58%. [Conclusions] The results show that when the addition ratio is 0–5%, the passivation effect of soil effective As is positively correlated with the passivator dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese sulfate solution would be affected by various factors in electrolytic production of manganese. When different electrolysis time was controlled, the effects of current density on the growth law of cathode manganese, the current efficiency, cell voltage and energy consumption in the electrodeposition process were studied. The results showed that too low or too high current density was not conducive to the growth of manganese grains. When the current density was about 450 A/m2, the manganese grains grew uniformly with spherical morphology and the cathode manganese sheet had high density. The α-manganese with good crystallinity and high density was obtained after electrodeposition for 10 h. Under this current density, the current efficiency of manganese deposition was high, the cell voltage was stable, and the energy consumption was low. The average current efficiency was 71.656%, the cell voltage fluctuated between 3.89 and 3.95 V, and the average energy consumption was 5.33 kW h/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese oxide has been studied as a promising supercapacitor electrode due to its high theoretical capacitance, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Supercapacitor performance such as specific capacitance, resistance, and cycle life greatly depends on the morphology and crystal structure of manganese oxide. In this study, a Mn3O4 hybrid structure was successfully synthesized using electrodeposition and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) techniques which are simple, cost-effective, and low-temperature wet chemical processes. It was found that Mn3O4 morphology is different depending on manganese precursors and synthesis techniques. Sea-grape-like and bird nest-like morphologies were obtained via the electrodeposition technique, while flower-like and nanoparticle morphologies were formed via the SILAR technique using manganese acetate and manganese sulfate as precursors, respectively. The hybrid structure of the nanoparticle-decorated bird nest-like heterostructure was prepared using manganese sulfate electrodeposition and subsequent SILAR deposition of manganese acetate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the Mn3O4 formation. Electrochemical properties of manganese oxide hybrid structure were systematically studied with cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge, showing the highest areal capacitance of 390 mF cm−2 at 0.1 mA cm−2 with series and charge transfer resistances down to 4.55 and 4.91 Ω in 1 M sodium sulfate electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of MnO2 electrodeposition on α, β, γ, and δ-MnO2 polymorphs from aqueous zinc sulfate solution with manganese sulfate additive (zinc-ion battery (ZIB) electrolyte) have been examined by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Even three cycles of anodic charge and cathodic discharge in the typical potential range used in zinc-ion battery research are sufficient for entire electrode surface coverage by essentially X-ray amorphous deposit with a minor contribution of γ-MnO2. The fast MnO2 deposition proceeds via Mn2+ anodic oxidation upon charge at potentials above 1.8 V (vs. Zn2+/Zn). As a consequence of the fast electrodeposition, the choice of MnO2 polymorph for the positive electrode in aqueous ZIB with Mn(II) additive in the electrolyte turns to be even less critical than in ZIB without Mn(II) additive. Though using a narrower potential range in the battery charging may help to mitigate the MnO2 electrodeposition, the cost of the mitigation would be a reduction of an enhanced capacity of Mn(II)-containing ZIB, as the latter is essentially due to MnO2 anodic deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To make supercapattery devices feasible, there is an urgent need to find electrode materials that exhibit a hybrid mechanism of energy storage. Herein, we provide a first report on the capability of lithium manganese sulfates to be used as supercapattery materials at elevated temperatures. Two compositions are studied: monoclinic Li2Mn(SO4)2 and orthorhombic Li2Mn2(SO4)3, which are prepared by a freeze-drying method followed by heat treatment at 500 °C. The electrochemical performance of sulfate electrodes is evaluated in lithium-ion cells using two types of electrolytes: conventional carbonate-based electrolytes and ionic liquid IL ones. The electrochemical measurements are carried out in the temperature range of 20–60 °C. The stability of sulfate electrodes after cycling is monitored by in-situ Raman spectroscopy and ex-situ XRD and TEM analysis. It is found that sulfate salts store Li+ by a hybrid mechanism that depends on the kind of electrolyte used and the recording temperature. Li2Mn(SO4)2 outperforms Li2Mn2(SO4)3 and displays excellent electrochemical properties at elevated temperatures: at 60 °C, the energy density reaches 280 Wh/kg at a power density of 11,000 W/kg. During cell cycling, there is a transformation of the Li-rich salt, Li2Mn(SO4)2, into a defective Li-poor one, Li2Mn2(SO4)3, which appears to be responsible for the improved storage properties. The data reveals that Li2Mn(SO4)2 is a prospective candidate for supercapacitor electrode materials at elevated temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of metal salts-based nanocomposites is highly desired for the Fenton or Fenton-like reaction-based chemodynamic therapy of cancer. Manganese sulfate (MnSO4)-dispersed nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated with a hot-melt extrusion (HME) system for the chemodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer in this study. MnSO4 was homogeneously distributed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (as a hydrophilic polymer) with the aid of surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80) by HME processing. Nano-size distribution was achieved after dispersing the pulverized extrudate of MnSO4-based composite in the aqueous media. The distribution of MnSO4 in HME extrudate and the interactions between MnSO4 and pharmaceutical additives were elucidated by Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Hydroxyl radical generation efficiency by the Fenton-like chemistry capability of Mn2+ ion was also confirmed by catalytic assays. By using the intrinsic H2O2 in cancer cells, MnSO4 NPs provided an elevated cellular reactive oxygen species level, apoptosis induction capability, and antiproliferation efficiency. The designed HME-processed MnSO4 formulation can be efficiently used for the chemodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soils of South-Western Punjab are alkaline and exhibited widespread nutrient deficiencies. Foliar applications of micronutrients under such circumstances hold great importance. However, micronutrient sprays on Kinnow grown in such soils are limited only to Zn and Mn. Therefore, the response of Kinnow to foliar applications of micronutrient mixture (containing Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, B, and Mo) was expected. In this viewpoint, studies were carried out during 2015–2019 to see the effect of foliar sprays (0.3 and 0.6%) of non-chelated and EDTA-chelated micronutrient mixtures in Kinnow mandarin. The results were compared with standard practice i.e., 0.3% sprays each of zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate on spring and summer flushes. The data was analyzed in Randomized Block Design, repeated in octuplet. The overall performance of treatments was evaluated using weighted aggregated sum product assessment model (WASPAS). The WASPAS score varied between 0.638–0.649 and 0.194–0.245 in treatments received non-chelated and chelated micronutrient mixtures, respectively, pointing out the superiority of the former. In overall, treatment followed standard practice registered highest WASPAS score and ranked at number 1 among all. Highly significant (p < 0.01) correlation between WASPAS score and leaf Zn, Mn, and Cu concentrations clearly demonstrated the importance of foliar sprays of these micronutrients in the citrus production under the prevailing conditions. The study also suggests that multi criteria decision making analysis holds a key importance in agriculture domain for insightful decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, glycerate was produced from glucose using engineered Escherichia coli BW25113. Plasmid pSR3 carrying gpd1 and gpp2 encoding two isoforms of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and plasmid pLB2 carrying aldO encoding alditol oxidase from Streptomyces violaceoruber were introduced into E. coli to enable the production of glycerate from glucose via glycerol. Disruptions of garK and glxK genes in the E. coli genome were performed to minimize the consumption of glycerate produced. As a result, E. coli carrying these plasmids could produce nearly three times higher concentration of glycerate (0.50 ± 0.01 g/L) from 10 g/L glucose compared to E. coli EG_2 (0.14 ± 0.02 g/L). In M9 medium, disruption of garK and glxK resulted in an impaired growth rate with low production of glycerate, while supplementation of 0.5 g/L casamino acids and 0.5 g/L manganese sulfate to the medium replenished the growth rate and elevated the glycerate titer. Further disruption of glpF , encoding a glycerol transporter, increased the glycerate production to 0.80 ± 0.00 g/L. MR2 medium improved the glycerate production titers and specific productivities of E. coli EG_4, EG_5, and EG_6. Upscale production of glycerate was carried out in a jar fermentor with MR2 medium using E. coli EG_6, resulting in an improvement in glycerate production up to 2.37 ± 0.46 g/L with specific productivity at 0.34 ± 0.11 g-glycerate/g-cells. These results indicate that E. coli is an appropriate host for glycerate production from glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Increasing the yield of agricultural products per unit area is very important for preparing the food needed by the growing population of the country. One of the solutions is to add fertilizers in different forms and compositions to the soil to increase crop yield and strengthen soil fertility. Far away has been common all over the world. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of different levels of camel manure and manganese sulfate on growth and yield and yield components of Setaria italic, a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2009-2010 in Abuzar well cultivated lands. Khosf city was implemented. Experimental treatments included: camel manure at three levels (0,10 and 20 tz ha) and manganese sulfate at four levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kgZha). Results and Discussion The results of statistical analysis of the data showed that different levels of manure and manganese sulfate and the interaction between them had a significant effect on biological yield, number of grains per panicle and grain yield. So that the highest values of the above indices were observed in the treatment of manure 20 tons per hectare and 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. The highest and lowest number of panicles were obtained in the treatment of 20 tons of camel manure and the application of 30 kg/ha of manganese sulfate and the control treatment without the use of camel manganese and manganese sulfate. The length of the panicle was also affected by the main effects of manure and manganese sulfate. So that the maximum panicle length was obtained in the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of manure and the treatment of 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. The effect of manure levels on number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant and number of plants per square meter was significant, but other effects had no significant effect on these traits and the highest number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant and number of plants In the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure were obtained per square meter. The main effects of different levels of manure and manganese sulfate at the level of one percent probability had a significant effect on 1000-grain weight and millet harvest index, but the interaction of these factors did not have a significant effect on these traits. The highest 1000-seed weight was observed in the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and the treatment of 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. Also, the highest harvest index was related to the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and also the highest harvest index was obtained from the consumption of 60 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. Conclusion Finally, it can be concluded that the best treatments in this experiment were the use of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. In fact, manure improves plant growth by gradually providing elements and using micronutrients. The use of manure is one of the appropriate solutions to achieve ecological agriculture that can increase agricultural production and due to the fact that most of the soils of South Khorasan province are calcareous and manganese deficient, the use of this element can be Help to remove this limitation and increase plant yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autochthonous strain Latilactobacillus sakei sp. sakei ACU-2 was selected as a meat starter culture for dry sausage production. Transferring this strain from laboratory scale to industry requires an increase in biomass production, while lowering process costs. In this study, a combination of techniques was applied in order to optimize the culture medium composition to enhance biomass production of L. sakei ACU-2. One variable at a time experiments, Plackett–Burman design, and mixture design were performed to fulfill the strain nutritional requirements. Eventually, the optimized formulation contained 19.46 g/L yeast extract; 8.28 g/L whey protein concentrate; 2.26 g/L soy peptone; 30 g/L cerelose; 1 g/L Tween 80; 5 g/L sodium acetate; 0.2 g/L magnesium sulfate and 0.05 g/L manganese sulfate. When L. sakei ACU-2 was cultivated in a bioreactor using the alternative medium, an enhancement of 75.5% of biomass production was achieved, in comparison to its growth in the commercial de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe medium. Furthermore, a reduction of 62–86% of the cost was also attained. These results support a promising large-scale application of the designed medium for high biomass yields of the starter culture at minor costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of wastewater treatment at a mining enterprise developing a complex ore deposit in the Murmansk region, Russia. The main pollutants are sulfate, manganese, and strontium. For this complex wastewater treatment, a two-stage scheme was proposed and tested using two sorbents (at a pH of 6): an aminated peat biosorbent to remove sulfate and a commercial sorbent based on the mineral brucite to remove metals. Optimal conditions were established for purifying the wastewater of sulfate and manganese and strontium ions to the level of maximum available concentrations in water bodies for fishery purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium feldspar is a typical insoluble potassium ore with enormous deposits in China. Its industrial utilization has not been developed yet because of high costs and technological difficulties. One of the problems is related to a low potassium extraction ratio. To address this, the KAS6-chloride salts-CaCO3 system has been studied with a focus on the influence of calcination temperature, type, and the portion of additives. The results demonstrate that the extraction ratio of potassium appeared to be typically extremely low because of the nature of CaCO3 additive. The extraction ratio can be notably raised by increasing the content of chloride salts. The potassium extraction has been shown to reach 85% in the KAS6-MgCl2-CaCO3 and KAS6-CaCl2-CaCO3 systems, whereas the leaching rate was only 60% in the KAS6-NaCl-CaCO3 system at 800°C. Extraction in the KAS6-NaCl-CaCO3 system increased as the roasting temperature raised to 900°C. With the mass ratio of KAS6:NaCl:CaCO3 = 1:2:4, the extraction of potassium constitutes to 97.29% at 900°C. A method of improving the extraction of potassium in the KAS6-chloride salts-CaCO3 system with manganese ions as an additive has been investigated. The results indicate that adding 5 wt% anhydrous manganese sulfates enables to increase the leaching rate of potassium in the KAS6-chloride salts-CaCO3 system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights a hydrometallurgical method for the purification, extraction, and beneficiation of a multi-elemental leach liquor obtained via reductive leaching of spessartine ore, for the production of high-grade manganese compound. During these treatments, the effect of Cyanex®272 concentrations, pH, aqueous: organic (A/O) was quantified. At optimal conditions (Temperature = 27 ± 2°C, 0.2 mol/L Cyanex®272, pH = 4.5, A/O = 1:1), manganese extraction efficiency was >90%. The stripping of the loaded organic phase by 0.1 mol/L sulphuric acids yielded 95.7% in a single stripping stage. The resulting aqueous solution was appreciably beneficiated to produce manganese sulphate monohydrate (MnSO4.H2O: 49–315-9500, melting point = 702.8°C) via precipitation and crystallisation methods. Finally, a flow sheet summarising the analytical treatment steps was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrobacter freundii SRS1, gram-negative bacteria, were isolated from Savar, Bangladesh. The strain could tolerate up to 80 mmol L−1 sodium arsenite, 400 mmol L−1 sodium arsenate, 5 mmol L−1 manganese sulfate, 3 mmol L−1 lead nitrate, 2.5 mmol L−1 cobalt chloride, 2.5 mmol L−1 cadmium acetate, and 2.5 mmol L−1 chromium chloride. The whole-genome sequencing revealed that the genome size of C. freundii SRS1 is estimated to be 5.4 Mb long, and the G + C content is 51.7%. The genome of C. freundii SRS1 contains arsA, arsB, arsC, arsD, arsH, arsR, and acr3 genes for arsenic resistance; czcA, czcD, cbiN, and cbiM genes for cobalt resistance; chrA and chrB genes for chromium resistance; mntH, sitA, sitB, sitC, and sitD genes for manganese resistance; and zntA gene for lead and cadmium resistance. This novel acr3 gene has never previously been reported in any C. freundii strain except SRS1. A set of 130 completely sequenced strains of C. freundii was selected for phylogenomic analysis. The phylogenetic tree showed that the SRS1 strain is closely related to the C. freundii 62 strain. Further analyses of the genes involved in metal and metalloid resistance might facilitate identifying the mechanisms and pathways involved in high metal resistance in the C. freundii SRS1 strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a corrigendum for an article titled "Application of a multispecies probiotic reduces gastro-intestinal discomfort and induces microbial changes after colonoscopy." The correction made to the article involves a sentence in the Material and methods section, which has been updated to reflect the correct formulation of the probiotic used in the study. Additionally, a correction has been made to a sentence in the Discussion section, clarifying the concentration of the probiotic and its effects on colonoscopy-induced constipation. The authors apologize for the errors and state that the corrections do not affect the scientific conclusions of the article. [Extracted from the article]

Date palm is an important fruit for many human populations, especially in arid and semiarid regions. In addition, the fibers of the plant have the capability to remove various pollutants such as dyes, heavy metal ions, and phosphates. In the present study, micronutrients were used for enhancing various features pertaining to qualitative and quantitative aspects in date plants under the aforementioned soil. Six micronutrient levels were used as treatments, i.e. control (without micronutrients), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), copper sulfate (CuSO4), sulfur (S), manganese sulfate (MnSO4), and iron chelate (Fe). According to the results of the combined analysis, the effects of micronutrients were significant on fruit yield (FY), 10 seeds mass (TSM), fruit diameter (FD), fruit length (FL), seed diameter (SD), and sucrose (P <.05). The results demonstrated that iron (Fe) significantly enhanced the FY, FD, FL, TSM in comparison with the control. Based on the cluster analysis, the Fe treatment separated from the other treatments, indicating the extent of difference that this treatment had on the plants in comparison with other treatments. Finally, the results suggested that the application of Fe could improve several features of date palm fruits, especially the FY in the said soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional contamination by electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) not only composes a serious environmental problem but also leads to severe valuable resources waste. Directly recovering manganese and ammonium sulfate is a promising way, but it is still challenging to efficiently recover without high water consumption. Herein, a recovery method based on water column leaching under extremely low water consumption was firstly reported. The effect of continuous leaching and intermittent leaching on leaching behaviors, leaching trends, and spatial variations of (NH4)2SO4 and Mn with depth after leaching were fully investigated. Results indicated that some Mn-bearing soluble salts which covered on the surface of SiO2 in the micropores could be fully dissolved and transported out of the micropores in the EMR with the help of rest periods in the method of intermittent leaching, resulting in higher leaching efficiencies with comparison to continuous leaching, 73.50% of Mn and 67.71% of (NH4)2SO4 and 71.57% of Mn and 65.40% of (NH4)2SO4 were recovered by intermittent leaching and continuous leaching, respectively. This work demonstrates a practical approach to recover valuable materials from industrial solid wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitinases convert chitin into chitin oligomers and are also known antifungal agents. Chitin oligomers have numerous industrial applications. However, chitin's crystalline nature requires pretreatment before breakdown into oligomers. In the study, a novel marine bacterium Bacillus aryabhattai is isolated from the Arabian Sea. Bacterial growth in different crystalline chitin substrates like chitin powder, chitin flakes, and colloidal chitin confirmed the chitinase presence in bacterium could act upon insoluble crystalline chitin with the fractional release of oligomers. The domain architecture analysis of the chitinase confirmed the presence of two N-terminal LysM domains which help enzyme action on crystalline chitin. Statistical optimization of media and Process parameters revealed glycerol, yeast extract, magnesium chloride, and manganese sulfate as significant media components along with colloidal chitin. The optimum process parameters such as pH 7, temperature 40 °C, inoculum size 12.5% (v/v), and inoculum age 20 hours enhanced the specific enzyme activity to ±146.2 U/mL, ±114.9 U/mL and ±175.4 U/mL against chitin powder, chitin flakes and colloidal chitin respectively, which is five to six times higher than basal level activity. The antifungal activity of chitinase against plant pathogenic fungi like Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum revealed a zone of inhibition with 14 mm diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, the orchards are being established with the 'Chandler' walnut variety in different ecologies, nowadays. Plant nutrition applications are important for optimum yield and quality in terms of growing. In this study conducted at two different altitudes (51 and 740 m) in the orchard, foliar application as urea (5 gr/L), potassium nitrate (10 gr/L), borax (1 gr/L), manganese sulfate (2 gr/L) and zinc sulfate (1.5 gr/L) were sprayed for two years. Following the application, macro and micro nutrient content of kernel and fruit properties were determined. According to this, it was observed that foliar application of boron (B) in terms of nut weight and foliar application of potassium (K) in terms of kernel ratio ranked the first row. The shrinkage ratio, an important quality criterion for walnuts, was found to be low in the high altitude Demirci location (17.43%). However, in the low altitude Saruhanlı location, the shrinkage ratio was reduced with foliar K application. In addition, while all foliar applications had a positive effect on yield, the highest value was measured in Saruhanlı location (3.31 kg tree-1). The macro and micro nutrient content of kernel evaluated, there was an increase in nutrients in the second year, except for K, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Phosphorus (0.29 and 0.27%), iron (30.64 and 6.24 ppm), copper (7.64 and 11.35 ppm), zinc (32.42 and 27.03 ppm) and manganese (25.77 and 30.05 ppm) contents of the grain were found to be significant for Demirci and Saruhanlı locations, respectively. Values in Demirci location were higher than Saruhanli location. Additionally, it was also revealed in interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]