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Background: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is present in more than 50% of patients suffering from heart failure. LVDD animal models are limited and its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) may cause LVDD, and we recently reported LVDD in an AVS rabbit model. Here we aimed to develop a rabbit model of LVDD without AVS. Methods: Rabbits were fed with a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet (n = 9) or normal diet (n = 8) until they developed LVDD defined by a value of the echocardiographic parameter E/Em ratio higher than the mean at baseline + 2SD. Rabbits were then fed a 0.2% cholesterol-enriched diet for 4 weeks (average total diet duration: 20 weeks). Detailed cardiac structure and function measurements were assessed by echocardiography at baseline, weeks 8, 12 and 14 to 20, when applicable. Histological analyses and RT-qPCR were performed on LV samples. Results: The hypercholesterolemic diet induced LVDD without systolic dysfunction or AVS, as shown by multiple echocardiographic parameters, including early filling mitral peak velocity and deceleration rate, Em/Am ratio and E/Em ratio (all p<0.05), and by increased cardiac mRNA expression of brain natriuretic peptide (Bnp). Cardiac expression of mRNA for Nox2, Vcam1, Mmp12, Mmp12/Timp1, and Col1/Col3 ratios was also higher in these rabbits (p<0.05). In contrast, cardiac Sod2 mRNA expression was reduced in hypercholesterolemic rabbits compared to controls. Conclusion: Rabbits fed with a cholesterol-enriched diet develop LVDD with preserved systolic function and evidence of cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress. This rabbit model may be used in future studies to test treatment strategies against LVDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the last decade, the incidence and mortality rates of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been steadily increasing in young women but not in men. Environmental variables that contribute to cardiovascular events in women remain ill-defined. Methods and results: A total of 2199 consecutive patients presenting with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, 25.8% women, mean age 62.6±12.4 years) were admitted at the Montreal Heart Institute between June 2010 and December 2014. Snow fall exceeding 2cm/day was identified as a positive predictor for STEMI admission rates in the overall population (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.07–1.48, p = 0.005), with a significant effect being seen in men (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.06–1.53, p = 0.01) but not in women (p = NS). An age-specific analysis revealed a significant increase in hospital admission rates for STEMI in younger women ≤55 years, (n = 104) during days with higher outside temperature (p = 0.004 vs men ≤55 years) and longer daylight hours (p = 0.0009 vs men ≤55 years). Accordingly, summer season, increased outside temperature and sunshine hours were identified as strong positive predictors for STEMI occurrence in women ≤55 years (RR 1.66, 95% CI 1.1–2.5, p = 0.012, RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.2–2.5, p = 0.007, and RR 1.67, 95% CI 1.2–2.5, p = 0.011, respectively), while an opposite trend was observed in men ≤55 years (RR for outside temperature 0.8, 95% CI 0.73–0.95, p = 0.01). Conclusion: The impact of environmental variables on STEMI is age- and sex-dependent. Higher temperature may play an important role in triggering such acute events in young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), which can be easily dispersed in an aqueous medium and exhibit high magnetic relaxivities, are ideal candidates for biomedical applications including contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. We describe a versatile methodology to render water dispersibility to SPIONs using tetraethylene glycol (TEG)-based phosphonate ligands, which are easily introduced onto SPIONs by either a ligand exchange process of surface-anchored oleic-acid (OA) molecules or via direct conjugation. Both protocols confer good colloidal stability to SPIONs at different NaCl concentrations. A detailed characterization of functionalized SPIONs suggests that the ligand exchange method leads to nanoparticles with better magnetic properties but higher toxicity and cell death, than the direct conjugation methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining Fluorescent Molecular Tomography (FMT) with anatomical imaging, e.g. MRI facilitates interpreting functional information. Furthermore, using a heterogeneous model for light propagation has been shown in simulations to be superior to homogeneous modeling to quantify fluorescence. Here, we present a combined FMT-MRI system and apply it to heart and aorta molecular imaging, a challenging area due to strong tissue heterogeneity and the presence of air-voids due to lungs. First investigating performance in a phantom and mouse corpse, the MRI-enabled heterogeneous models resulted in an improved quantification of fluorescence reconstructions. The system was then used in mice for in vivo atherosclerosis molecular imaging. Results show that, when using the heterogeneous model, reconstructions were in agreement with the ex vivo measurements. Therefore, the proposed system might serve as a powerful imaging tool for atherosclerosis in mice.